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Background: Utilization of under 5 year old child health care services in Egypt is considered low, the highest proportion of well-baby visits is mainly for immunization in the first two years of age. Parents may rely upon the internet and mobile applications (apps) for support in handling day to day parenting situations. mHealth (Mobile Health) interventions have the potential to be a useful and low-cost way to disseminate information about proper nutrition, can be used to monitor children's growth using the official charts of World Health Organization, also can help in accessing vaccine-related information and recommended immunization schedules. Objectives: To assess needs and requirements for a new comprehensive well-baby clinic mobile app. Also, to develop a mobile app prototype covering all well baby clinic service com-ponents which are: Physical growth, Developmental milestones, Immunizations, Nutrition and Safety & emergency measures. Methods: This work is done over two phases. In Exploratory phase, we assessed the need for the new app by performing bibliographic review of previous mHealth interventions in childcare field, market search of the available related apps and an online survey to assess the need and expectations of the new app. In preparatory phase, we developed the novel well baby clinic app that constituted all well baby clinic services for children's health monitoring which are: Physical growth, Developmental milestones, Immunizations, Nutrition and Safety & emergency measures relying on evidence-based information and honoring data safety. Results: 13 Arabic apps were downloaded and extracted for review. All of these apps (100%~13/13) were in the form of written articles that offered no interactive features for parents. All offered general health education not tailored according to the status of the child. None of them were developed by a university or a certified health organization. Almost all of them (92.3%~12/ 13) were commercial apps as they included ads. Our online survey on 374 mothers showed that almost all of them (97.5%) reported the need of a new app to regularly follow their children's health. They also reported the need of nutrition, developmental milestones and physical growth services in the app. We developed "Sehhat Tefly" app constituting caregiver information, child sociodemographic characteristics and the 6 previously mentioned services, it also included health education videos and a conclusive report section. Conclusion: After vigorous review of literature, market search and user requirement assessment, apps reviewed didn't provide any comprehensive approach to well-baby clinic services on a scientific basis. Upon market requirement for child m-health, we developed "Sehhat Tefly" app. The full potential of this app is yet to be defined. Further studies are needed to assess accessibility and usability of the app and to explore difficulties and barriers faced by users in different services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Female genital cutting (FGC) is the collective name given to traditional practices that involve partial or total cutting away of the female external genitalia whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. In Egypt, the result of the Demographic Health Survey in 2000 revealed that 97% of married women included in the survey experienced FGC. The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of FGC among schoolgirls in Egypt. Methods Multistage random technique was applied for site selection. First, Egypt was divided into five geographical areas; Greater Cairo, Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt, Sinai and Suez Canal Region. Second, from each governorate, two educational districts were selected randomly (except Luxor). In each of the selected districts, the schools were divided into primary, preparatory and secondary schools. In each education stage, the schools were divided into rural, urban, government and private. The total number of females interviewed was 38 816. Findings The prevalence of FGC among schoolgirls in Egypt was 50.3%. The prevalence of FGC was 46.2% in government urban schools, 9.2% in private urban schools and 61.7% in rural schools. Educational levels of mother and father were negatively associated with FGC (P < 0.001). The mean age of the time of FGC was 10.1 [+ or -] 2.3 years. Conclusion FGC prevalence is lowering, yet more active education at the grass- roots level is needed to create change. Objectif Les mutilations genitales feminines (MGF) designent I&apos;ensemble des pratiques traditionnelles comprenant une excision partielle ou totale des organes genitaux externes feminins pour des motifs non therapeutiques culturels ou autres. En Egypte, I&apos;enquete demographique et sanitaire menee en 2000 a revele que 97 % des femmes mariees ayant participe a l&apos;enquete avaient subi des MGF. L&apos;objectif de la presente etude est de mesurer la prevalence de ces mutilations chez les ecolieres egyptiennes. Methodes On a applique une methode de sondage aleatoire sur plusieurs niveaux pour selectionner les sites. On a commence par diviser l&apos;Egypte en cinq zones geographiques : Grand Caire, Basse Egypte, Haute Egypte, Sinaf et Region du Canal de Suez. En second lieu, on a selectionne au hasard, dans chaque gouvernorat, deux districts academiques (sauf celui de Louxor). Puis, dans chacun de ces districts, on a reparti les ecoles en etablissements primaires, preparatoires et secondaires. Pour chaque niveau d&apos;enseignement, on a classe les ecoles en etablissements ruraux, urbains, publics et prives. Au total, 38 816 filles ont ete interrogees. Resultats La prevalence des MGF parmi les ecolieres egyptiennes etait en moyenne de 50,3 %. Elle etait plus precisement de 46,2 % chez les ecolieres du secteur public urbain, de 9,2 % chez celles du secteur prive urbain et de 61,7 % chez celles des ecoles rurales. II existait une association negative entre les niveaux d&apos;education de la mere et du pere et la prevalence des MGF (p < 0,001). Les MGF avaient ete subies en moyenne a 10,1 [+ or -] 2,3 ans. Conclusion La prevalence des MGF est en baisse, neanmoins une education plus active a la base est necessaire pour faire changer les choses. Objetivo El concepto de mutilacion genital femenina (MGF) abarca en general las practicas tradicionales que entranan la ablacion parcial o total de los genitales externos femeninos por razones no terapeuticas, culturales o de otro tipo. En Egipto, el resultado de la Encuesta de Demografia y Salud realizada en 2000 revelo que un 97% de las mujeres casadas participantes en la encuesta habian sufrido MGF. El objetivo de este estudio fue medir la prevalencia de MGF entre las escolares de Egipto. Metodos Se aplico un metodo de muestreo aleatorizado polietapico para seleccionar los sitios. Primero, el pais se dividio en cinco zonas geograficas: area metropolitana de El Cairo, Bajo Egipto, Alto Egipto, Sinai y region del Canal de Suez. Segundo, en cada prefectura se seleccionaron al azar dos distritos educativos (excepto Luxor). En cada uno de los distritos seleccionados, las escuelas se clasificaron en primarias, preparatorias y secundarias. En cada nivel educativo, las escuelas se clasificaron en rurales, urbanas, publicas y privadas. El numero total de mujeres entrevistadas fue de 38 816. Resultados La prevalencia de MGF entre las escolares de Egipto era del 50,3%. El porcentaje era de un 46,2% en las escuelas publicas urbanas, 9,2% en las escuelas privadas urbanas, y 61,7% en las escuelas rurales. Los niveles educativos de la madre y el padre estaban inversamente relacionados con la MGF (P < 0,001). La edad media en el momento de la MGF fue de 10,1 [+ or -] 2,3 anos. Conclusion La prevalencia de la MGF esta disminuyendo, pero se requiere una educacion mas activa a nivel popular para propiciar los cambios necesarios., Introduction Female genital cutting (FGC) is the collective name given to traditional practices that involve partial or total cutting away of the female external genitalia whether for cultural or other [...]

Background: Vitamin B12 malabsorption is one of the side effects of long-term metformin intake. Prolonged vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to irreversible nervous system damage. So, the current study aimed to determine the association between serum vitamin B12 level and clinical peripheral neuropathy among type 2 DM patients who are on metformin in comparison to those not taking it. It is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in Egypt and recruited 100 type 2 diabetic patients who were divided into 2 groups: metformin treated, and non-metformin treated (50 subjects per group). The collected data included personal history, medical history, dietetic history that included frequency of eating food rich in vitamin B12 and clinical peripheral neuropathy assessment by Toronto Clinical Scoring System (TCSS). Blood samples were collected for assessment of HbA1c and vitamin B12 level. Results: Vitamin B12 deficiency was present in 4% of metformin group and 2% of non-metformin group. The mean value of vitamin B12 between metformin users (624.3 ± 364.1 pg/ml) and non-metformin users (991.0 ± 489.9 pg/ml) showed a high significant difference, p value < 0.001. There was a significant difference between study groups regarding HbA1c level (p value = 0.03). Peripheral neuropathy was significantly associated with HbA1c (p value = 0.04) and female gender (p value = 0.001). Conclusions: Vitamin B12 level was lower in type 2 diabetic patients on metformin compared to those on other oral anti-diabetic drugs, but without significant deficiency. Peripheral neuropathy was significantly associated with poor glycemic control and female gender, but was not associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlabelled: School violence is a growing problem that has received widespread attention. Violent behavior for elementary school children is primarily expressed as physical or verbal aggression. Various factors contribute to violent and aggression by children at homes, schools or individual risk factors. The aim of the present study is to measure the prevalence of violence, risk factors, and different forms among elementary school children, to identify consequence of violent exposure and children with abnormal behavior score. A cross-sectional study was done enrolling a total of 500 elementary students from two mixed schools (private and public) 250 from each in North Cairo Educational Zone. Data collected from students, parents and teachers were: violence behavior, home and family atmosphere, peer relation, exposure to violence at school; being victimized, witness, or initiator, and other risk factors. Standardized questionnaires were used as Achenback Child Behavior checklist, parent and teacher forms of Strength and Difficulty questionnaires (SDQ), and developmental history of child. Monthly grades of students, IQ assessment, physical examination of students were recorded., Results: Prevalence of different forms of violence was higher in public school than private; physical violence 76%, 62% respectively. All forms of violence were higher among boys. Living with a single parent (OR = 2.3), absence of an attachment figure (OR = 13.6), instrumental delivery or cesarean section (OR = 1.9), corporal punishment (OR = 3), violent video games preference (OR = 2.5), exposure to verbal aggression (OR = 3), relations with aggressive peers (OR = 3) were risk factors for violence. Teacher's report of SDQ revealed abnormal score of student's behavior in (32.4%) and (22%) students of public and private schools respectively. The most frequent problems revealed by SDQ among victimized students of both schools was conduct problems (64.7%) in teacher's report and peer relation problems 93.6% in parent's report., Conclusion and Recommendations: Abnormal and borderline scores of SDQ are high among studied students, Follow up and supervision is needed to prevent violence among them. An effective role model to direct student's behavior should receive more concern at the school and home level.