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1. γδ T Cells and Tumor Microenvironment: From Immunosurveillance to Tumor Evasion

Author

Elena Lo Presti, Gabriele Pizzolato, Anna Maria Corsale, Nadia Caccamo, Guido Sireci, Francesco Dieli, and Serena Meraviglia

Subjects
gamma delta T cells, tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy, cyototxicity, immunosuppression, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

γδ T cells possess cytotoxic antitumor activity mediated by production of proinflammatory cytokines, direct cytotoxic activity, and regulation of the biological functions of other cell types. Hence, these features have prompted the development of therapeutic strategies in which γδ T cells agonists or ex vivo-expanded γδ T cells are administered to tumor patients. Several studies have shown that γδ T cells are an important component of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients affected by different types of cancer and a recent analysis of ~18,000 transcriptomes from 39 human tumors identified tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells as the most significant favorable cancer-wide prognostic signature. However, the complex and intricate interactions between tumor cells, tumor microenvironment (TME), and tumor-infiltrating immune cells results in a balance between tumor-promoting and tumor-controlling effects, and γδ T cells functions are often diverted or impaired by immunosuppressive signals originating from the TME. This review focuses on the dangerous liason between γδ T cells and tumoral microenvironment and raises the possibility that strategies capable to reduce the immunosuppressive environment and increase the cytotoxic ability of γδ T cells may be the key factor to improve their utilization in tumor immunotherapy.

Published
2018
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2. Current Advances in γδ T Cell-Based Tumor Immunotherapy

Author

Elena Lo Presti, Gabriele Pizzolato, Eliana Gulotta, Gianfranco Cocorullo, Gaspare Gulotta, Francesco Dieli, and Serena Meraviglia

Subjects
γδ T cells, immunotherapy, adoptive transfer, Zoledronate, immunoevasion, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

γδ T cells are a minor population (~5%) of CD3 T cells in the peripheral blood, but abound in other anatomic sites such as the intestine or the skin. There are two major subsets of γδ T cells: those that express Vδ1 gene, paired with different Vγ elements, abound in the intestine and the skin, and recognize the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecules such as MHC class I-related molecule A, MHC class I-related molecule B, and UL16-binding protein expressed on many stressed and tumor cells. Conversely, γδ T cells expressing the Vδ2 gene paired with the Vγ9 chain are the predominant (50–90%) γδ T cell population in the peripheral blood and recognize phosphoantigens (PAgs) derived from the mevalonate pathway of mammalian cells, which is highly active upon infection or tumor transformation. Aminobisphosphonates (n-BPs), which inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, a downstream enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, cause accumulation of upstream PAgs and therefore promote γδ T cell activation. γδ T cells have distinctive features that justify their utilization in antitumor immunotherapy: they do not require MHC restriction and are less dependent that αβ T cells on co-stimulatory signals, produce cytokines with known antitumor effects as interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α and display cytotoxic and antitumor activities in vitro and in mouse models in vivo. Thus, there is interest in the potential application of γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy, and several small-sized clinical trials have been conducted of γδ T cell-based immunotherapy in different types of cancer after the application of PAgs or n-BPs plus interleukin-2 in vivo or after adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded γδ T cells, particularly the Vγ9Vδ2 subset. Results from clinical trials testing the efficacy of any of these two strategies have shown that γδ T cell-based therapy is safe, but long-term clinical results to date are inconsistent. In this review, we will discuss the major achievements and pitfalls of the γδ T cell-based immunotherapy of cancer.

Published
2017
Full Text
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3. Single-cell RNA sequencing unveils the shared and the distinct cytotoxic hallmarks of human TCRVδ1 and TCRVδ2 γδ T lymphocytes

Author

Frédéric Martins, Sarah Cadot, Carine Valle, Mary Poupot, Marie Tosolini, Anne Quillet-Mary, Francesco Dieli, Camille Laurent, Serena Meraviglia, Jean-Jacques Fournié, Pierre Milpied, Gabriele Pizzolato, Delphine Labourdette, Julie Déchanet-Merville, Don-Marc Franchini, Hannah Kaminski, Loic Ysebaert, Frédéric Pont, Pierre Merville, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Immunologie et Cancérologie Intégrative, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire (LGC), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés (LISBP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'Hématologie [IUCT Toulouse], Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopole (IUCT Oncopole - UMR 1037), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Service de Néphrologie-transplantation-dialyse [Bordeaux], CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], Cytokines, hématopoïèse et réponse immune (CHRI), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Composantes innées de la réponse immunitaire et différenciation (CIRID), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Immunologie et Cancérologie Intégratives (CRC - Inserm U1138), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopole (IUCT Oncopole - UMR 1037), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pizzolato, Gabriele, Kaminski, Hannah, Tosolini, Marie, Franchini, Don-Marc, Pont, Fréderic, Martins, Fréderic, Valle, Carine, Labourdette, Delphine, Cadot, Sarah, Quillet-Mary, Anne, Poupot, Mary, Laurent, Camille, Ysebaert, Loic, Meraviglia, Serena, Dieli, Francesco, Merville, Pierre, Milpied, Pierre, Déchanet-Merville, Julie, Fournié, Jean-Jacques, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT), ERL 5294, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Programme Hospitalo, Universitaire en Cancérologie (CAPTOR), Institut Carnot Lymphome (CALYM), Humanitas University, Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Immunology from Concept and Experiments to Translation (ImmunoConcept), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux (CHU de Bordeaux), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées [Auzeville] (GENOTOUL), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm), Universite Toulouse III: Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer [ANR11-LABX], Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancerologie CAPTOR [ANR11-PHUC0001], SIRIC Bordeaux Research in Oncology, Ligue nationale contre le cancer, Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale, ANR-11-LABX-0016,IGO,Immunothérapies Grand Ouest(2011), Université de Toulouse, Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Université de Bordeaux, PlateformeGeT, Genotoul, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ProdInra, Archive Ouverte, and Laboratoires d'excellence - Immunothérapies Grand Ouest - - IGO2011 - ANR-11-LABX-0016 - LABX - VALID

Subjects
[SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Lymphocyte, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, [SDV.IMM.II]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Innate immunity, Transcriptome, 0302 clinical medicine, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, [SDV.BC.IC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology/Cell Behavior [q-bio.CB], Cytotoxic T cell, single-cell RNA-sequencing, Cells, Cultured, T-lymphocytes, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Cancer, 0303 health sciences, [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Multidisciplinary, gamma delta T lymphocyte, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta, Cell biology, Killer Cells, Natural, medicine.anatomical_structure, PNAS Plus, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, γδ T lymphocyte, expression des gènes, Adult, T cell, Biology, lymphocyte, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigen, séquençage arnr 16s, medicine, Humans, Cell Proliferation, 030304 developmental biology, human immunology, Base Sequence, Sequence Analysis, RNA, T-cell receptor, [SDV.BIO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Immunologic Memory, transcriptome, CD8, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract

γδ T lymphocytes represent ∼1% of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and even more cells in most tissues of vertebrates. Although they have important anticancer functions, most current single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies do not identify γδ T lymphocytes because their transcriptomes at the single-cell level are unknown. Here we show that high-resolution clustering of large scRNA-seq datasets and a combination of gene signatures allow the specific detection of human γδ T lymphocytes and identification of their T cell receptor (TCR)Vδ1 and TCRVδ2 subsets in large datasets from complex cell mixtures. In t -distributed stochastic neighbor embedding plots from blood and tumor samples, the few γδ T lymphocytes appear collectively embedded between cytotoxic CD8 T and NK cells. Their TCRVδ1 and TCRVδ2 subsets form close yet distinct subclusters, respectively neighboring NK and CD8 T cells because of expression of shared and distinct cytotoxic maturation genes. Similar pseudotime maturation trajectories of TCRVδ1 and TCRVδ2 γδ T lymphocytes were discovered, unveiling in both subsets an unattended pool of terminally differentiated effector memory cells with preserved proliferative capacity, a finding confirmed by in vitro proliferation assays. Overall, the single-cell transcriptomes of thousands of individual γδ T lymphocytes from different CMV + and CMV − donors reflect cytotoxic maturation stages driven by the immunological history of donors. This landmark study establishes the rationale for identification, subtyping, and deep characterization of human γδ T lymphocytes in further scRNA-seq studies of complex tissues in physiological and disease conditions.

Published
2019

4. γδ T Cells and Tumor Microenvironment: From Immunosurveillance to Tumor Evasion

Author

Serena Meraviglia, Guido Sireci, Gabriele Pizzolato, Elena Lo Presti, Nadia Caccamo, Francesco Dieli, Anna Maria Corsale, Lo Presti, Elena, Pizzolato, Gabriele, Corsale, Anna Maria, Caccamo, Nadia, Sireci, Guido, Dieli, Francesco, and Meraviglia, Serena

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy, Cell type, gamma delta T cell, medicine.medical_treatment, Immunology, Review, Biology, cyototxicity, Proinflammatory cytokine, Transcriptome, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Cytotoxic T cell, gamma delta T cells, tumor microenvironment, Tumor microenvironment, immunosuppression, Immunotherapy, Immunosurveillance, 030104 developmental biology, Cancer research, immunotherapy, lcsh:RC581-607, 030215 immunology
Abstract

gamma delta T cells possess cytotoxic antitumor activity mediated by production of proinflammatory cytokines, direct cytotoxic activity, and regulation of the biological functions of other cell types. Hence, these features have prompted the development of therapeutic strategies in which gamma delta T cells agonists or ex vivo-expanded gamma delta T cells are administered to tumor patients. Several studies have shown that gamma delta T cells are an important component of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients affected by different types of cancer and a recent analysis of similar to 18,000 transcriptomes from 39 human tumors identified tumor-infiltrating.d T cells as the most significant favorable cancer-wide prognostic signature. However, the complex and intricate interactions between tumor cells, tumor microenvironment (TME), and tumor-infiltrating immune cells results in a balance between tumor-promoting and tumor-controlling effects, and gamma delta T cells functions are often diverted or impaired by immunosuppressive signals originating from the TME. This review focuses on the dangerous liason between gamma delta T cells and tumoral microenvironment and raises the possibility that strategies capable to reduce the immunosuppressive environment and increase the cytotoxic ability of gamma delta T cells may be the key factor to improve their utilization in tumor immunotherapy.

Published
2018

5. γδ cells and tumor microenvironment: A helpful or a dangerous liason?

Author

Elena Lo Presti, Francesco Dieli, Serena Meraviglia, Gabriele Pizzolato, Roberto Di Mitri, Filippo Mocciaro, Lo Presti, Elena, Di Mitri, Roberto, Pizzolato, Gabriele, Mocciaro, Filippo, Dieli, Francesco, and Meraviglia, Serena

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Adoptive cell transfer, T cell, medicine.medical_treatment, T-Lymphocytes, Immunology, Population, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Cancer immunotherapy, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, Neoplasms, medicine, Tumor Microenvironment, Immunology and Allergy, Humans, education, γδ T cell, Tumor microenvironment, education.field_of_study, Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta, Cell Biology, In vitro, Immunosurveillance, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, T-Lymphocyte, Cancer research, Neoplasm, tumor microenviroment, Human
Abstract

γδ T cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that have been implicated in immunosurveillance against infections and tumors. γδ T cells are endowed with antitumor activities, and hence several γδ T cell-based small-scale clinical trials have been conducted either by in vivo activation by intravenous administration of aminobiphosphonates or by adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded γδ T cells. Although both these strategies have yielded promising results, there are a number of limitations associated with each of them which, if overcome may help to further improve efficacy. One of the most important limits is the possible polarization of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells toward different γδ T cells population with functional activities that help the progression and spread of the tumor. Here, we review the modalities and the possible mechanisms involved in the polarization of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells upon interaction with several components of the tumor microenvironment and discuss their implications for the manipulation of γδ T cells in cancer immunotherapy.

Published
2017

6. Current advances in γδ T cell-based tumor immunotherapy

Author

Elena Lo Presti, Gabriele Pizzolato, Eliana Gulotta, Gianfranco Cocorullo, Gaspare Gulotta, Francesco Dieli, Serena Meraviglia, Presti, E., Pizzolato, G., Gulotta, E., Cocorullo, G., Gulotta, G., Dieli, F., and Meraviglia, S.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy, Adoptive cell transfer, adoptive transfer, T cell, Immunology, Review, Biology, Major histocompatibility complex, γδ T cells, 03 medical and health sciences, Interleukin 21, 0302 clinical medicine, Adoptive transfer, Immunoevasion, Immunotherapy, Zoledronate, γδ T cells, Immunology and Allergy, MHC class I, medicine, Cytotoxic T cell, Adoptive transfer Immunoevasion Immunotherapy Zoledronate γδ T cells, Gamma delta T cell, γδ T cell, MHC restriction, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, biology.protein, immunoevasion, immunotherapy, lcsh:RC581-607, 030215 immunology
Abstract

γδ T cells are a minor population (~5%) of CD3 T cells in the peripheral blood, but abound in other anatomic sites such as the intestine or the skin. There are two major subsets of γδ T cells: those that express Vd1 gene, paired with different Vγ elements, abound in the intestine and the skin, and recognize the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecules such as MHC class I-related molecule A, MHC class I-related molecule B, and UL16-binding protein expressed on many stressed and tumor cells. Conversely, γδ T cells expressing the Vδ2 gene paired with the Vγ9 chain are the predominant (50-90%) γδ T cell population in the peripheral blood and recognize phosphoantigens (PAgs) derived from the mevalonate pathway of mammalian cells, which is highly active upon infection or tumor transformation. Aminobisphosphonates (n-BPs), which inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, a downstream enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, cause accumulation of upstream PAgs and therefore promote γδ T cell activation. γδ T cells have distinctive features that justify their utilization in antitumor immunotherapy: they do not require MHC restriction and are less dependent that aß T cells on co-stimulatory signals, produce cytokines with known antitumor effects as interferon-? and tumor necrosis factor-a and display cytotoxic and antitumor activities in vitro and in mouse models in vivo. Thus, there is interest in the potential application of γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy, and several small-sized clinical trials have been conducted of γδ T cell-based immunotherapy in different types of cancer after the application of PAgs or n-BPs plus interleukin-2 in vivo or after adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded γδ T cells, particularly the Vγ9Vδ2 subset. Results from clinical trials testing the efficacy of any of these two strategies have shown that γδ T cell-based therapy is safe, but long-term clinical results to date are inconsistent. In this review, we will discuss the major achievements and pitfalls of the γδ T cell-based immunotherapy of cancer.

Published
2017

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