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PurposeBaru is a fruit of the Brazilian Cerrado, important to the local economy and social culture. The use in food formulation is due to it being highly available and its nutritional profile; however, the changes in the texture of products are still unclear. In this study, an experimental design was conducted to develop cakes by replacing different levels of wheat flour with baru nut flour, and comparing them.Design/methodology/approachCakes were developed with 20, 40, 60, and 80 replacement of wheat flour by baru nut flour and compared with standard formulation (100% wheat flour). The physical-chemistry composition of the flour, nutritional composition of the cakes and texture profile analysis were evaluated.FindingsBaru nut flour showed greater protein, lipids, and ash than wheat flour, and this result was also observed in the cakes developed. The cake with 80% of almond baru flour showed an increase of 60.3% in protein. The texture profile analysis showed that the addition of baru nut flour affected the texture of products. The cakes showed more hardness and chewiness; however, the springiness and cohesiveness were decreased.Originality/valueThe findings of this study demonstrate that baru nut flour is a great option as a new ingredient for bakery products, due the increase of protein. This is the first study analyzing the effect of baru nut flour addition on the texture profile of bakery products. These results can orientate future studies, especially sensory assays.

Malnutrition is one of the main trouble relationship children development, it is linking of infectious disease, affect brain development, learning delay and others. The school feeding is an important action to mitigate this, but the acceptability of new and healthy products still a challenge. The goal of this article was to develop a fermented drink, replacing milk to whey, added of mangaba pulp and iron, to improve the nutritional quality of products. Two formulations were developed with a difference in ratio milk and whey. The pH, acidity, nutritional label, microbiology and sensorial assay with target public (children and adolescents) of formulations were evaluated. Highlights the contribution of protein, calcium and iron to daily value of intake recommended of formulations, 8.4%, 15.2% and 44.3%, respectively. The microbiological parameters founded shows that the formulations were developed according to good manufacture practice. The formulation and age showed significant effect in acceptability of judges, but gender did not effect. The increase of whey concentration in formulation improved the acceptability, ranking to 91.5% to children and 73.6% to adolescents. The developed formulations are a great option to novel food products, given the high acceptance of the fermented milk drink by potential consumers and nutritional aport.

Cakes are the most popular bakery items around the world because they are easy to consume and affordable. Their baking characteristics and consumers' healthy habits have driven the adoption of new ingredients and technologies to improve their functionality. This study aimed to develop cakes in which wheat flour was replaced by different amounts of defatted rice bran and to evaluate their physicochemical composition, nutritional and technological properties, and sensory profile. The use of defatted rice bran in cakes promoted an increase in fiber content, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, besides decreasing their energy value. The formulation with 30% defatted rice bran exhibited high acceptance and 35% of the judges declared that they would consume the product at least once a week, if it could be found on the market. Results showed that defatted rice bran is a potential raw material that could be used in bakery products, as a cheap way to improve their nutritional quality without affecting consumer acceptability.

Obesity and metabolic disorders represent a significant global health problem and the gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating systemic homeostasis. Recent evidence shows that microbiota and its signaling pathways may affect the whole metabolism and the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), which in turn seems to modify microbiota. The present review aimed to investigate nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome components. A description of metabolic changes was obtained based on relevant scientific literature. The molecular and physiological mechanisms that impact the human microbiome were addressed, including the gut microbiota associated with obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. The RAS interaction signaling and modulation were analyzed. Strategies including the use of prebiotics, symbiotics, probiotics, and biotechnology may affect the gut microbiota and its impact on human health.

This review considers alternative protein sources through the analysis of food science literature and patents. Data collection was performed from scientific literature and patent documents using the Scopus and National Institute of Industrial Property databases, with a term combination "alternative protein source" and "source* AND protein* AND alternative*". A total of 945 documents were analyzed. The scientific prospection showed that agricultural and biological science was the main application area. The food industry area had the highest number of filed patents. The annual evaluation of published documents demonstrated that this area had been investigated since the 1970s, and the number of articles was twice than that of filled patents. Although protein products are available for sale, animal and vegetable sources replace conventional protein products. Presently, alternative protein sources are already a worldwide trend in the food industry, enabling the development of new products to facilitate their insertion into the consumer market.

Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most important pathogens in maize and is a producer of fumonisin B1 (FB1). Although reports of its presence in wheat are scarce, the susceptibility of this cereal to fungus of the same genus motivates interest in investigating compounds present in the grain with inhibitory activity against this species. The aim of this study was to extract α-amylase inhibitors from wheat and apply them in vitro to evaluate its effect on the development and expression of toxigenic potential of F. verticillioides. The α-amylase inhibitors, both crude (P0) and purified (P1), were applied to in vitro culture containing a pathogen mycelium disc. Mycelial growth of the pathogen, glucosamine content, α-amylase activity, and production of FB1 were investigated. All protein extracts of wheat showed the ability to inhibit pathogen growth, especially the extract P0 from cultivar Quartzo, which resulted in a reduction of glucosamine content (66%) and α-amylase activity (84%). Furthermore, the pr...

O arroz tem alto valor nutricional em função de sua composição química, que está diretamente relacionada com o tipo de arroz, sendo os componentes divididos nas diferentes frações do cereal. Quando é submetido a beneficiamento, alguns nutrientes podem ser separados, parcial ou inteiramente, alterando assim suas características químicas e nutricionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do beneficiamento industrial e dos tratamentos hidrotérmicos (cozimento) na composição química e digestibilidade in vitro de amostras de arroz. Para tanto, nove amostras de arroz branco, parboilizado e integral comercializados na cidade de Rio Grande – RS, foram submetidas à análise de umidade, cinzas, proteína, lipídios e digestibilidade in vitro antes e após cocção (simulação de cozimento doméstico). Os resultados indicam que quanto ao beneficiamento, as amostras de arroz integral apresentam maior teor de cinzas e lipídeos, enquanto que os demais componentes não diferiram estatisticamente entre os tipos de amostra. Após aplicação do tratamento térmico, a digestibilidade proteica aumentou consideravelmente (em torno de 50%) indicando que o cozimento possibilitou a entrada de água entre as cadeias facilitando assim a ação das enzimas proteolíticas, aumentado consequentemente a digestilidade proteica das amostras.

Skin is one of the several co-products of chicken meat industries, considered as waste, being rarely utilized or underutilized. Brazil is the world leader in chicken exports (3.6 million tons) and the third largest producer with 10.9 million tons, from which 440 000 ton/year are residues. This work aimes at characterizing chicken skin fat (CSF), comparing it with soybean oil, a well-known and abundant compound, evaluating the physico-chemical composition, fractionated glycerides and fatty acid profile, searching for CSF use in interesterification reactions. For that, determination of peroxide and p-anisidine values, as well as thiobarbituric acid, iodine, saponification, acidity, unsaponified matter and refraction indexes were accomplished, besides the glycerides fractionation, followed by FAME derivatization and identification by GC. The nutritional quality indexes were calculated from the lipid profile. CSF showed satisfactory quality due to low acidity (0.65 g oleic acid/100 g), peroxide (2.14 meq/kg), p-anisidine (0.70 absorbance units/g) values, besides presenting high proportion of MUFA (40%). However, due to CSF low hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic value (HH = 2.72), it may be difficult to use it for nutritional purposes the way it is found, once it tends to increase cholesterol. CSF it is a promising residue for different purposes including interesterification reactions and biodiesel production.

Neste trabalho foram estudadas as melhores condições para a desidratação osmótica de laranjas, sendo verificadas as alterações nas características físico-químicas da fruta. Um planejamento experimental fatorial 2³ completo foi realizado, analisando-se a influência dos fatores tempo, da concentração da solução e proporção fruta:solução osmótica sobre o ganho de sólidos, a perda de água e redução de massa das laranjas desidratadas osmoticamente. Após desidratação, as frutas foram secas em secador de bandejas até umidade de 20%. Determinaram-se no produto, o pH, a acidez titulável, a vitamina C, os carotenoides, o conteúdo fenólico e a cor. Os melhores resultados de desidratação osmótica foram obtidos utilizando-se uma solução de sacarose de 60 ºBrix, na proporção fruta:solução de 1:3 durante 90 min, que resultou em 3,5 g sólidos100g-1, 10,6 gágua 100g-1 e 7,1 g 100g-1 para ganho de sólidos, perda de água e redução de massa, respectivamente. As perdas de conteúdo fenólico e a atividade antioxidante foram 45,1 e 37,3% menores que na secagem convencional demonstrando a eficiência do processo para preservação das propriedades funcionais do produto. The best conditions for osmotic dehydration of oranges was studied, assessed by determining the physico-chemical characteristics of the fruit. The study was conducted in 2³ full factorial experimental design to evaluate the influence of time, solution concentration and fruit:solution ratio on the solid gain, water loss and mass reduction of osmotically dehydrated oranges. After dehydration, the fruits were dried in tray dryer until 20% moisture. In the product the pH, titratable acidity, vitamin C, carotenoids, phenols content and color were determined. The best results of osmotic dehydration were obtained using a sucrose solution 60 ºBrix, fruit:solution ratio 1:3 for 90 min, that resulted in 3.5 g solid 100g-1, 10.6 g water 100g-1 and 7.1 g 100g-1 of solid gain, water loss and weight reduction, respectively. The losses of phenolic content and antioxidant activity were 45.1 and 37.3% lower than in conventional drying, demonstrating the efficiency of the process for the preservation of functional properties of the product.

The aim of this paper is to review the biochemistry and metabolism of aflatoxins, fumonisins and trichothecenes. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic species of fungi, which can cause toxic effects in humans and animals. Food contamination by mycotoxins has been reported worldwide, mostly in foods that are susceptible to fungal growth, such as grains and cereals. Mycotoxins can lead to damage to health, and economic losses in agriculture. The most common mycotoxins found in routine food consumption and with consumption limits set by many countries, including Brazil, are: aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 e G2, ochatoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and fumonisin. The better understanding of the biochemistry and metabolism of mycotoxins is necessary to avoid problems caused by them and minimize their negative effects on agriculture and health. Key words: Aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, biochemistry, metabolism, food contamination.

Neste trabalho foram extraidos inibidores enzimaticos de diferentes variedades de trigo os quais foram aplicados em cultivo “in vitro” para verificar sua acao sobre o Fusarium verticillioides. Os testes consistiram na adicao dos extratos proteicos do trigo em placas de Petri, contendo agar batata dextrose, e sobre o qual foi colocado um disco de micelio do patogeno. Apos sete dias de cultivo foram determinados o crescimento micelial do patogeno, teor de glicosamina e atividade da ? amilase. Os extratos proteicos das variedades de trigo inibiram o desenvolvimento do F. verticillioides, com destaque para as variedades Fundacep Raizes, que inibiram em aproximadamente 50% o crescimento micelial e a Quartzo que diminuiu em 66% a producao de glicosamina e 84% da atividade da ? amilase Os dados obtidos neste trabalho sao importantes, no sentindo de identificar anti-fungicos naturalmente presentes nas proprias plantas, os quais podem contribuir para resistencia de variedades vegetais a patogenos.

Mycotoxin levels in Fusarium head blight (FHB) infections can be difficult to quantify. The relationship between mycotoxin and disease is not consistent and it is not clear if wheatpathogen interaction is of significance in regions where more than one Fusarium species with distinct trichothecene production ability co-exists. This study aimed to investigate whether a set of eight Brazilian wheat genotypes, varying in resistance according to classification by the breeder, exhibit a common or differential resistance to Fusarium graminearum (Fgra) (deoxynivalenolproducing) and Fusarium meridionale (nivalenol-producing) (Fmer) using full-spike and central spikelet inoculation (type II resistance). Fgra was generally more aggressive than Fmer based on the percentage of diseased spikes (99 and 84 %, respectively) and number of diseased spikelets (mean 2.8 and 2.0, respectively) below the central spikelet. The genotype-pathogen species interaction was not significant, but there were differences between the genotypes, with BRS 194 and BRS 327 being the least and most resistant, respectively, based on severity ratings. The incidence of Fusarium-damaged kernel (FDK, %) was not affected by species, but two genotypes (BRS Parrudo and BRS 327) showed a lower incidence of FDK. There were substantial variations in the accumulation of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol among the genotypes, reaching maxima of 691.2 µg g−1 and 355.2 µg g−1, respectively, suggesting that Fgra is a more potent producer of trichothecene. Our data confirm prior resistance classifications by the breeders and suggest that the use of a single highly aggressive Fgra isolate may be sufficient for effective screening for FHB resistance. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the accumulation of resistance to trichothecene.