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Yerba mate is a Brazilian native species; its importance is due to cultural, environment, and economic factors. Species seedlings production needs to be improved, evaluating alternative substrates and containers. Therefore, we evaluated growth and quality of yerba mate seedlings produced on organic waste-based substrates in biodegradable and non-biodegradable containers. Commercial substrates based on pine bark (CS) and components based on sewage sludge (SS) and coal residue (granulometry from 1 to 3 mm - CR) were used. For each container, were prepared treatments with different substrate components: 75CS/25CR, 50CS/50CR, 25CS/75CR, 75CS/25SS, 50CS/50SS, 25CS/75SS, and CS. Substrates were submitted to physical and chemical analysis. The containers used were 110 cm³ polypropylene tubes, 500 cm³ polyethylene plastic bags, 460 cm³ paperpot®, and 460 cm³ TNT (non-woven fabric). Total height, stem diameter, shoot, and root dry biomass at the end of the seedlings production period were measured and total dry mass, Dickson quality index and height/diameter ratio were calculated. All containers used with commercial substrate provided satisfactory seedlings growth. The substrates showed distinct physical and chemical characteristics due to the addition of sewage sludge and coal residue, which resulted in higher pH and lower seedlings growth. Physical and chemical characteristics of substrates influenced growth and quality of yerba mate seedlings and the alternative substrates used in this study are not suitable to produce seedlings of the species on these conditions. The containers did not influence the variables used in this study.

RESUMO A cultura do eucalipto no estado do Paraná, Brasil, fornece matéria-prima para a produção de celulose, carvão, madeira tratada e madeira serrada. Dentre as principais doenças fúngicas, destaca-se a ferrugem causada por Puccinia psidii. Diversas formas de controle desta doença podem ser apontadas, destacando-se o plantio de clones resistentes em locais com condições climáticas menos favoráveis à ocorrência da doença. A escolha de locais com baixos riscos climáticos pode ser feita por meio do zoneamento. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um zoneamento da favorabilidade climática para a ferrugem do Eucalyptus, no estado do Paraná, com base na temperatura e no período de molhamento foliar para a germinação de urediniósporos e infecção por P. psidii. Estas informações foram utilizadas em modelos para a geração dos mapas mensais de distribuição da doença, conforme a favorabilidade à ocorrência da doença: ‘altamente favorável’, ‘favorável’, ‘pouco favorável’ e ‘desfavorável’. Os mapas gerados foram validados pelo confronto com os pontos de ocorrência natural da ferrugem no estado do Paraná. Concluiu-se que as estações do ano mais favoráveis à ocorrência da doença foram a primavera e o verão e a menos favorável foi o inverno. A região central do estado, na zona de transição entre o clima tropical do Norte e o temperado do Sul, é mais favorável à ocorrência da ferrugem e que, a região Sul e a Norte, são menos favoráveis por razões diferentes, em decorrência das baixas temperaturas e menor umidade, respectivamente. ABSTRACT The culture of eucalyptus in the state of Paraná, Brazil, provides raw materials for the production of cellulose, coal, treated wood and lumber. Among the major fungal diseases, rust caused by Puccinia psidii can be pointed out as the most important one. Several forms to control this disease can be cited, especially the planting of resistant clones in areas of climatic conditions less favorable to the occurrence of this disease. The choice for areas of low climatic risks can be made by means of climate zoning. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a climate favorability zoning for Eucalyptus rust, in Paraná State, Brazil, based on temperature and leaf wetness duration for urediniospore germination and infection by P. psidii. These data were applied in models to produce monthly maps of the disease distribution, according to the favorability to the disease occurrence: ‘highly favorable’, ‘favorable’, ‘scarcely favorable’ and ‘unfavorable’. The generated maps were validated by means of comparison with points of natural rust occurrence in Paraná State. It was concluded that spring and summer were the seasons most favorable to the disease, whereas winter was the least favorable season. The central region of the state, in the zone of transition between the tropical climate of the North and the temperate climate of the South, is more favorable to the occurrence of rust, and the South and the North regions are less favorable for different reasons, due to the low temperature and humidity, respectively.