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A series of ten aminoalkanol derivatives of 5-chloro-2- or 5-chloro-4-methylxanthone was synthetized and evaluated for anticonvulsant properties (MES test, mice, intraperitoneal) and compared with neurotoxicity rotarod test (NT, mice, i.p.). The best results both in terms of anticonvulsant activity and protective index value were obtained for 3 - 5-chloro-2-((4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)methyl)-9H-xanthen-9-one hydrochloride. Compounds: 1 - 3, 7 and 10 revealed ED

Neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a principal role in the regulation of mammalian central nervous system functions. GABA evoked neurotransmission is terminated by a rapid uptake via dependent plasma membrane GABA transporters (GATs) located in the cell membrane. Potent inhibitors of these GATs are of fundamental importance for elucidation of the physiological function of these targets. Over recent years, a wide range of new GAT1-selective and less common non-GAT1-selective inhibitors have been successfully developed. This review highlights development and recent significant achievements in the field of GABA reuptake inhibitors. Special attention is paid to their pharmacological roles, structure and subtype selectivity relationships.

Neuropathic pain resistance to pharmacotherapy has encouraged researchers to develop effective therapies for its treatment. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporters 1 and 4 (mGAT1 and mGAT4) have been increasingly recognized as promising drug targets for neuropathic pain (NP) associated with imbalances in inhibitory neurotransmission. In this context, we designed and synthesized new functionalized amino acids as inhibitors of GABA uptake and assessed their activities toward all four mouse GAT subtypes (mGAT1-4). According to the obtained results, compounds 2RS,4RS-39c (pIC50 (mGAT4) = 5.36), 50a (pIC50 (mGAT2) = 5.43), and 56a (with moderate subtype selectivity that favored mGAT4, pIC50 (mGAT4) = 5.04) were of particular interest and were therefore evaluated for their cytotoxic and hepatotoxic effects. In a set of in vivo experiments, both compounds 50a and 56a showed antinociceptive properties in three rodent models of NP, namely, chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain models (the oxaliplatin model and the paclitaxel model) and the diabetic neuropathic pain model induced by streptozotocin; however compound 56a demonstrated predominant activity. Since impaired motor coordination is also observed in neuropathic pain conditions, we have pointed out that none of the test compounds induced motor deficits in the rotarod test.

Ten new xanthone derivatives have been designed and synthesized for their potential antibacterial activity. All compounds have been screened against Staphylococcus epidermidis strains ATCC 12228 and clinical K/12/8915. The highest antibacterial activity was observed for compound 3: 5-chloro-2-((4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-9H-xanthen-9-one dihydrochloride, exhibiting MIC of 0.8 µg/ml against ATCC 12228 strain, compared to linezolid (0.8 µg/ml), ciprofloxacin (0.2 µg/ml) or trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (0.8 µg/ml). For the most active compound 3, genotoxicity assay with use of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium revealed safety in terms of genotoxicity at concentration 75 µg/ml and antibacterial activity against Salmonella at all higher concentrations. A final in silico prediction of skin metabolism of compound 3 seems promising, indicating stability of the xanthone moiety in the metabolism process.

The aim of the paper was to present the ways for activities that municipalities could take to improve their waste management systems. The issue of waste management and shaping social attitudes in terms of their disposal is the domain of local governments. It closely fits the essence of sustainable local development. It is important for every community not only in the context of environmental protection, but also for socio-economic reasons. There is a wide variety of solutions for the disposal of waste. According to the authors, sustainable development of this sphere of human life and activity can be more effectively implemented when the attitudes and opinions of residents are known. It can then be done by searching for and implementing patterns adapted to local conditions. On the example of the Biecz commune located in the Małopolskie province, the functioning of the local waste management system was presented in the light of the existing secondary data and the results of own surveys. Real problems were discussed and ways to overcome them were proposed.

Regulation of uterine contractility is an important aspect of women’s health. Phenylephrine, a selective agonist of the α1-adrenoceptor and a potent smooth muscle constrictor, is widely used in women even during pregnancy to relieve cold-related symptoms, to treat postpartum haemorrhoid, and during routine eye exams. We performed isometric tension recordings to investigate the effect of phenylephrine on mouse uterine contractility. Phenylephrine decreased spontaneous and oxytocin-induced contractions in non-pregnant mouse uterine rings and strips with an IC50 of ~1 μM. Prazosin, an inhibitor of α1-adrenoceptor, did not prevent phenylephrine-mediated relaxations. Conversely, ICI118551, an antagonist of β2-adrenoceptors, inhibited phenylephrine relaxation. In the presence of ICI118551, high concentrations (>30 μM) of phenylephrine caused mouse uterine contractions, suggesting that β-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition interferes with the phenylephrine contractile potential. Phenylephrine-dependent relaxation was reduced in the uterus of pregnant mice. We used primary mouse and human uterine smooth muscle cells (M/HUSMC) to establish the underlying mechanisms. Phenylephrine stimulated large increases in intracellular cAMP in M/HUSMCs. These cAMP transients were decreased when HUSMCs were cultured in the presence of oestrogen and progesterone to mimic the pregnancy milieu. Thus, phenylephrine is a strong relaxant in the non-pregnant mouse uterus, but exhibits diminished effect in the pregnant uterus.

Three non-native derivatives of vitamin B12 with imidazole, ethylenediamine, and pyrazine as cobalt(III) β-ligands were characterized by applying the BP/def2-TZVP density functional method. The binding of all three ligands is thermodynamically favorable. It is proposed that their synthesis might be possible from aquacobalamin as a starting form of vitamin B12, as has been done in the case of an imidazole derivative of B12 (Hannibal et al. Inorg. Chem. 2007, 46, 3613-3618). Furthermore, the possibility of the formation of their conjugates with cisplatin is investigated. The proposed β-ligands may serve as bridging ligands, binding to the platin ion as N-donors. In parallel, the calculations are done for the previously synthetized B12-cisplatin adduct with CN(-) as a bridging ligand and are compared with available experimental data, allowing assessment of the applied computational protocol. A good agreement between the computed and experimental structural parameters is obtained. In each of the studied structures, the Co-β-ligand bond is weaker than the Pt-β-ligand bond.