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Aims: To summarise the evidence on barriers to and facilitators of population adherence to prevention and control measures for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other respiratory infectious diseases. Methods: A qualitative synthesis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis and the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care: Qualitative Evidence Synthesis. We performed an electronic search on MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO from their inception to March 2023. Results: We included 71 studies regarding COVID-19, pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza, pertussis and H1N1, representing 5966 participants. The measures reported were vaccinations, physical distancing, stay-at-home policy, quarantine, self-isolation, facemasks, hand hygiene, contact investigation, lockdown, infection prevention and control guidelines, and treatment. Tuberculosis-related measures were access to care, diagnosis and treatment completion. Analysis of the included studies yielded 37 barriers and 23 facilitators. Conclusions: This review suggests that financial and social support, assertive communication, trust in political authorities and greater regulation of social media enhance adherence to prevention and control measures for COVID-19 and infectious respiratory diseases. Designing and implementing effective educational public health interventions targeting the findings of barriers and facilitators highlighted in this review are key to reducing the impact of infectious respiratory diseases at the population level.

Introduction Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) have a high prevalence, morbidity and mortality worldwide. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of patients readmitted after hospital discharge increased. For some populations, early hospital discharge and home healthcare may reduce health costs in patients treated at home when compared with those hospitalised. This study aims to systematically review the effectiveness of home healthcare for patients with CRDs and post-COVID-19 syndrome.Methods and analysis We will search on MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Embase and PsycINFO. We will include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCT studies reported in full text and abstracts. No language restriction will be applied. We will include studies related to adults with a diagnosis of CRDs or post-COVID-19 syndrome that compared in-patient hospital care with any home healthcare. We will exclude studies with participants with neurological, mental diseases, cancer or pregnant women. Two review authors will screen abstracts and select the eligible studies. To investigate the risk of bias, we will use the Cochrane ‘Risk of Bias’ tool for RCT, and the Risk of Bias In Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions for non-RCT. We will use the five Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) considerations to assess the quality of the evidence. Patients and the public will be involved in the preparation, execution and implementation phases of the review.Ethics and dissemination No ethical approval is required because only published data will be analysed. The publication of the results in peer-reviewed journals and at relevant conferences will guide the direction of future research in the field and healthcare practice. The results will also be disseminated in plain language on social media to disseminate the knowledge to society and the public interested in the topic.

BackgroundParasitic contamination in vegetables is a reality in several countries and a challenge for food safety. The risk of consumption usually raw, associated with failures in good practices of production, transportation, and preparation further increase the possibility of ingesting contaminated food. Given this, a systematic review was carried out to scientifically demonstrate the effectiveness of sanitization protocols in the parasitic decontamination of plants.MethodsThis review was conducted following the guidelines of the Cochrane Manual, being registered in the PROSPERO protocol base (CRD42020206929) and reported according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. The review evaluated studies published in the MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, FSTA, LILACS, and AGRIS databases, as well as manual searches of related articles, references, and theses and dissertations directories. The meta-analysis was performed using the Revman 5 software program, the bias assessment used the Robins I Tools with some adaptations, and the quality of the evidence was evaluated using GRADE.DiscussionThe review included a total of 31 studies, most of which were carried out in countries with a high incidence of plant parasites, such as Brazil and Iran. Interventions combined with 200ppm chlorination preceded by brushing, rinsing, or immersion in detergent showed the greatest efficiency in parasitic decontamination. Despite the high heterogeneity and risk of bias in the primary studies, this review can inspire the planning of new studies which observe the critical and methodological evaluation for research in the field of food safety.

Background Parasitic contamination of vegetables is a public health problem in several countries and a challenge for food safety. With a short path from the field to the table, these foods can suffer several flaws in the good practices of production, transport and packaging which culminate in an offer of contaminated food to consumers. Therefore, this study describes a systematic review protocol with meta-analysis on evaluating the effectiveness of existing sanitation methods in removing parasites from vegetables. Methods The study will be conducted from published studies that report analyzes of parasites in vegetables before and after sanitization processes. The MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, FSTA, LILACS, Scopus and AGRIS electronic databases will be used. In addition, manual searches will be carried out through related articles, references to included articles and directories of theses and dissertations. The primary outcome will be the reduction or absence of parasitic forms in vegetables after the intervention or combined interventions, and the secondary outcomes will include: identification of the main parasites, assessment of the time required for processing and cost-effectiveness analysis. Two authors will independently screen the studies and extract data. Disagreements will be resolved by discussion, and a third reviewer will decide if there is no consensus. The criteria established by the Cochrane Manual (with some adaptations) will be used to assess the risk of bias in the studies and if the results are considered acceptable and sufficiently homogeneous, and a meta-analysis will be performed to synthesize the findings. Discussion The systematic review produced from this protocol will provide evidence on the effectiveness of sanitation protocols for removing parasitic forms in vegetables and will contribute to strengthening food safety, with the adoption of best sanitation practices and prevention of health risks. In addition, the study may highlight possible knowledge gaps that need to be filled with new research. Systematic review registration PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020206929.

Introduction Buteyko method is recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for people with asthma. Although the worldwide interest in the Buteyko method, there is a paucity of studies gathering evidence to support its use. Therefore, we aim to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of the Buteyko method in children and adults with asthma.Methods and analysis We will search on Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for studies focusing on the Buteyko method for children and adults with asthma. The searches will be carried out in September 2021 from database’s inception to the present. We will include randomised controlled trials comparing Buteyko method alone with asthma education or inactive control intervention. There will be no restriction on language. Primary outcomes include quality of life, asthma symptoms and adverse events/side effects. Two review authors will independently screen the studies for inclusion and extract data. We will assess the quality of the included studies using the ‘Risk of Bias’ tool. The certainty of the evidence will be assessed using the GRADE approach. Data synthesis will be conducted using Review Manager software. Reporting of the review will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.Ethics and dissemination This study will assess and provide evidence for the use of the Buteyko method in people with asthma. We will analyse secondary data and this does not require ethics approval. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals, at relevant conferences and will be shared in plain language in social media. Moreover, the findings of this review could guide the direction of healthcare practice and research.PROSPERO registration number CRD42020193132.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of the reduction of ankle mobility on the jumping performance of young soccer athletes, through a validated jump platform valued and test. Twenty-one soccer players (16.19±0.60 years old, 67.26±5.94 kg weight, 173.81±8.15cm height, 11.29±5.37% estimated body fat, and 8.76±2.70 years of soccer practice) were evaluated and tested for vertical jump performance. Goniometry and Knee-to-Wall tests were adopted in order to evaluate movement and a jump platform was used to evaluate performance. The performance in Counter Movement Jump test correlated positively and significantly not only with right dorsiflexion test but also right Knee-to-Wall test (r = 0.576; p = 0.006, r = 0.513, p = 0.17, respectively). Right Knee-to-Wall is correlated with left Knee-to-Wall (r = 0,816 p = 0,001). Based on the presented data the vertical jump is impaired by ankles mobility deficit.

Introduction The current COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for populational adherence to measures for the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases. However, their effectiveness depends on the population’s preventive behaviour, which may be divergent from public policies. Therefore, this study aims to summarise and evaluate the evidence on barriers and facilitators to populational adherence to prevention and control measures in COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases.Methods and analysis We will search on MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO for studies focusing on adults receiving protective behaviour recommendations to combat COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases. The searches will be carried out from database’s inception to the present. We will include studies that use qualitative methods in their data collection and analysis and studies that use mixed methods if they include any qualitative methods of analysis. Studies published in English, Portuguese and Spanish will be included. Two review authors will independently screen the studies for inclusion and extract data. We will assess the quality of the included studies using the Critical Skills Appraisal Programme tool. For the assessment of the confidence in the synthesised findings, we will use the GRADE-Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research. Data analysis will be conducted using the best-fit framework approach based on adapted dimensions from the Health Belief Model and the Behaviour Change Wheel.Ethics and dissemination This study will be conducted on published evidence, and thus, no ethical approval is required. The findings of this rapid qualitative evidence synthesis will be disseminated to academic audiences, health policy-makers and the general population. We will publish the results in peer-reviewed journals, present our findings in conferences, and disseminate results via social media. We also aim to present the research findings in plain language and disseminate the knowledge to the general population to increase public interest.PROSPERO registration number CRD42020205750.

O artigo discute como a intensificação do trabalho e a forma de executar as tarefas nos frigoríficos tem implicações na saúde dos trabalhadores. Buscou-se articular este tema com elementos conceituais que expliquem a realidade do trabalho em frigoríficos. A pesquisa qualitativa teve como suporte a concepção teórico-metodológica de Marx e como questão central a produção. A expressão atual da indústria da carne corresponde ao processo capitalista de produção norteado pela lógica do agronegócio, acarretando sobrecarga no trabalho e adoecimento dos trabalhadores do setor frigorífico. A busca pela manutenção do agronegócio e acumulação de capital encobre a exploração e desgaste no trabalho e o adoecimento dos trabalhadores.

Abstract Background: The Coronary Artery Disease Education Questionnaire (CADE-Q), an instrument aimed at assessing patients’ knowledge about coronary artery disease (CAD), was originally developed and psychometrically validated in Brazil. It was later translated, cross-culturally adapted, and validated to English. Although both versions demonstrated good reliability and validity, new studies in the area have pointed out the need of implementing the CADE-Q with other components of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs, such as psychologic factors, which had not been considered in previous version and were added in the subsequent, adapted version. Thus, a second version of CADE-Q was developed in English, the CADE-Q II. Objective: to translate, culturally adapt and psychometrically validate the CADE-Q II in Brazilian Portuguese. Methods: After translation and review by a Committee of specialists in CR, a version in Brazilian Portuguese was generated and tested in 307 patients in CR. Test-retest reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in 49 patients; internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha (α); and, criterion validity was assessed regarding patients’ educational level and family income. The level of significance adopted for all tests was 5%. Results: After the ICC analysis, 4 items were excluded. The questionnaire was considered internally consistent (α > 0.7). Associations were found between the mean total scores and the variables schooling (p < 0.001) and income (p < 0.001). Median total score was 53 (14) points corresponding to 65.4% of the total possible score. Conclusion: The Portuguese version of the CADE-Q II showed sufficient reliability, consistency and validity, supporting its use in future studies.

Purpose: To determine the relation between manifest refractive error and cycloplegic refractive error in children and adolescents in Campinas - SP, Brazil, and to compare the results with previous published studies. Methods: Dynamic and static retinoscopy was performed in children and adolescents. To obtain cycloplegia, three drops of 1% cyclopentolate was instilled in each eye every 5 minutes. Maximum cycloplegic effect was achieved after 45 minutes. The working distance for retinoscopy was 67 cm. During retinoscopy, the room was dimly illuminated, and patients were instructed to look at a spot of light at a distance of 6 m. Retinoscopic findings were measured before and after cycloplegia. Results: Two hundred and twenty-two (222) eyes of one hundred and eleven (111) children and adolescents were included. The average age of the participants was 10 years (range 4 to 15 years); 57 (51%) were girls, and the other 54 (49%) were boys. The most common refractive error in younger children was hyperopia, whereas myopia was the most common error in older children. The value of the latent error (the difference between cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic error) increased with hyperopia, especially in younger patients. The value decreased gradually in patients with moderate hyperopia and myopia. Conclusion: The cycloplegic refraction is more sensitive than the subjective one to measure refractive error at all age groups especially in children and young adults. The cyclo-refraction technique is highly recommended to precisely measure the refractive error in momentous conditions such as refractive surgery, epidemiological research, and amblyopia.

The hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a rare genetic disease characterized by the absence or deficiency function of the ectodermal derivatives. Ocular involvement includes dry eyes, cataract, blefaritis, and alterations of meibomian glands. However, keratoconus has not been included as a manifestation in the literature. We report the case of a 17-year-old male who presented HED and keratoconus, an ocular manifestation seldomly related to this syndrome. The patient was submitted to a contact lens fitting, and the final visual acuity was 0.1 logMAR in both eyes. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, our patient can be considered the fourth patient diagnosed with keratoconus and HED simultaneously worldwide. The uniqueness and rarity of this syndrome associated with keratoconus, as well as the satisfactory contact lens fitting, motivated this case report, which can provide useful information and alert to this possible etiological association.

Chagas disease, a neglected illness, affects nearly 12-14 million people in endemic areas of Latin America. Although the occurrence of acute cases sharply has declined due to Southern Cone Initiative efforts to control vector transmission, there still remain serious challenges, including the maintenance of sustainable public policies for Chagas disease control and the urgent need for better drugs to treat chagasic patients. Since the introduction of benznidazole and nifurtimox approximately 40 years ago, many natural and synthetic compounds have been assayed against Trypanosoma cruzi, yet only a few compounds have advanced to clinical trials. This reflects, at least in part, the lack of consensus regarding appropriate in vitro and in vivo screening protocols as well as the lack of biomarkers for treating parasitaemia. The development of more effective drugs requires (i) the identification and validation of parasite targets, (ii) compounds to be screened against the targets or the whole parasite and (iii) a panel of minimum standardised procedures to advance leading compounds to clinical trials. This third aim was the topic of the workshop entitled Experimental Models in Drug Screening and Development for Chagas Disease, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on the 25th and 26th of November 2008 by the Fiocruz Program for Research and Technological Development on Chagas Disease and Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative. During the meeting, the minimum steps, requirements and decision gates for the determination of the efficacy of novel drugs for T. cruzi control were evaluated by interdisciplinary experts and an in vitro and in vivo flowchart was designed to serve as a general and standardised protocol for screening potential drugs for the treatment of Chagas disease.

RESUMO Estudo não experimental, descritivo qualitativo, que objetivou identificar os riscos ambientais que possam comprometer a saúde ou representar risco de acidentes no trabalho em matadouros. Foi baseado na análise dos processos de trabalho e dos aspectos físico-ambientais da sala de abate de um matadouro de bovinos. Utilizou-se um instrumento de coleta de informações baseado nas legislações, considerando biossegurança. Encontraram-se locais úmidos, ruídos excessivos, alternância de temperaturas e o trabalho determinado pelo número de animais abatidos; que geram problemas de caráter físico e psíquico, destacando-se cortes, lesões por esforços repetitivos, estresse e contaminação por patógenos.

Resumo O trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a percepção de gestores públicos da assistência farmacêutica em esferas subnacionais e de gerentes técnicos de instâncias colegiadas do Sistema Único de Saúde sobre os reflexos do Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil (PFPB), iniciativa exclusivamente federal, na gestão da assistência farmacêutica na atenção básica (Afab), de responsabilidade tripartite e operacionalizada pelos municípios. Entrevistaram-se gestores municipais, estaduais e gerentes técnicos do Conselho Nacional de Secretarias Municipais de Saúde e do Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Saúde. A análise do conteúdo considerou as categorias (1) desafios e avanços da Afab e do PFPB e (2) conexões entre a Afab e o PFPB. Houve visões divergentes sobre as relações entre Afab e PFPB, se concorrentes ou complementares. Ressaltou-se o contraste entre os crescentes investimentos no PFPB e sua estagnação na Afab, a sobreposição dos elencos, a migração de usuários e o papel do PFPB como alternativa de acesso, entre outros. A implementação centralizada do PFPB parece ter se dado com baixa articulação com as esferas subnacionais de gestão, gerando distintas e contraditórias interpretações sobre seu papel e objetivos para os municípios, considerando-se as diretrizes de descentralização da assistência farmacêutica.