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As is well known, Heinrich Scholz and his academic society maintained good scientific contacts with Polish logicians before, during, and after the Second World War. My interest here is to examine the details of their collaboration by presenting Scholz’s unpublished correspondence with Fr. Józef M. Bocheński. The following topics are discussed here: Polish logicians who survived the war and their current place of work; reorganization of the scholarly environment, didactic activities, duties, scholarly trips; current research topics, prospects for post-war publications, and future publishing plans; information about Jan Łukasiewicz, Bolesław Sobociński, and Joachim Metallmann; personal matters.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.26333/sts.xxxii2.04 GABRIELA BESLER GOTTLOB FREGE O PRAWDZIE W OKRESIE WYDAWANIA DWÓCH TOMÓW GRUNDGESETZE DER ARITHMETIK (1893–1903) ST R E S Z C Z E N I E: W latach 1893 i 1903 ukazały się dwa tomy najważniejszego dzieła Fregego Grundegezte der Arithmetik. Ten okres można nazwać „szczytem logicyzmu” Fregego. Chociaż temat prawdy w logiczno-filozoficznej twórczości Fregego był podejmowany wielokrotnie, to brakuje pozycji skupiającej się na badaniu poglądów w tym okresie. Dotyczy to w szczególności literatury polskiej. Moim zadaniem jest zebranie i uporządkowanie wszystkich wypowiedzi Fregego na temat prawdy w okresie wydawania wspomnianych tomów. Realizując to zadanie, badam użycie tego pojęcia w pierwszym tomie Grundegezte der Arithmetik oraz w niepublikowanym tekście Logik. Podejmuję zagadnienie funkcjonowania tego terminu w szczególnych kontekstach: antynomii, geometrii i wyrażania ogólności. Na koniec zasygnalizuję kwestię sposobu rozumienia późniejszych wypowiedzi Fregego na temat prawdy. Gabriela Besler Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach Instytut Filozofii E-mail: gabriela.besler@us.edu.pl ORCID: 0000-0002-1843-5198

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to find a structure of information expressed in signs. Analysis shows that the arrow of time must be included in its constituent elements. Design/methodology/approach – The objective was achieved by discussing some important concepts of sign, both philosophical and semiotic. The results were then applied to a case study and also referred to collecting, searching and processing information. Findings – The results of the research are as follows: a sign structure useful for information science is composed of five elements: the sign itself, the sender of an information's content, the recipient of the information's content, a context in which a sign appears and a situation (or an object) in reality to which a sign refers. The place of the arrow of time is in the element called a context. Research limitations/implications – Further research should concentrate on the following subjects: the active or passive role of a person in sign-situations; and the sign as a subjective/objective entity. Practical implications – Such a solution seems to be useful in the area of information science. Originality/value – Two new ideas have appeared in this paper: the five-element conception of sign with a place for the arrow of time; and applying this idea into an analysis case study and research on collecting, searching and processing information.