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Pleistocene glaciations had significant effects on the distribution and evolution of species inhabiting the Holarctic region. Phylogeographic studies concerning the entire region are still rare. Here, we compared global phylogeographic patterns of one boreo-montane and one boreo-temperate butterflies with largely overlapping distribution ranges across the Northern Hemisphere, but with different levels of range fragmentation and food specialization. We reconstructed the global phylogeographic history of the boreo-montane specialist Boloria eunomia (n = 223) and of the boreo-temperate generalist Boloria selene (n = 106) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers, and with species distribution modelling (SDM). According to the genetic structures obtained, both species show a Siberian origin and considerable split among populations from Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. According to SDMs and molecular data, both butterflies could inhabit vast areas during the moderate glacials. In the case of B. selene, high haplotype diversity and low geographic structure suggest long-lasting interconnected gene flow among populations. A stronger geographic structuring between populations was identified in the specialist B. eunomia, presumably due to the less widespread, heterogeneously distributed food resources, associated with cooler and more humid climatic conditions. Populations of both species show opposite patterns across major parts of North America and in the case of B. eunomia also across Asia. Our data underline the relevance to cover entire distribution ranges to reconstruct the correct phylogeographic history of species.

The spectacular decline in pollinators and their prominent role in pollination of natural and cultivated plants has stimulated research on pollinating insects. Over the last ten years, much ecological research has been carried out on bees, often generating a large volume of specimens and increasing the importance of entomological collections. Here, we present the bee collection of the IMBE laboratory (Marseille, France) after ten years of study of plant-pollinator networks.We provide distribution data on 2181 specimens belonging to 246 species of bees, mainly from the Mediterranean Region of France. One of the recorded species, Lasioglossum soror, is classified as "endangered" at the European level, while 68 of the recorded species are currently Data Deficient according to the 2014 Red List of European bees. This dataset contributes to the broader effort to enhance the knowledge of French bee diversity. It aligns with the objectives of the French Pollinator Plan and supports the development of a national Red List. In this context, information about the distribution of wild bees from the Mediterranean Region, which harbours the highest species diversity in mainland France, are of particular importance.

Hoverflies are among the most important insect pollinators and there is documented evidence of a recent decline in their populations. To trace the past distributions of hoverfly species, verified records of historical collections are essential.Here, we provide data on 1071 specimens of hoverflies collected or received by Jean Timon-David and hosted at the Marseille Natural History Museum, France. Most of the specimens were collected by Timon-David himself and come from south-eastern France, mainly from the Departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Var and Hautes-Alpes. Most of these specimens were checked for the accuracy of their identification according to the latest identification keys. This resulted in 85 additions to the known fauna of the French Departments, mostly for Var and Bouches-du-Rhône. The taxonomy of all specimens was checked against the latest available checklists and updated names added whenever necessary. Specimens received from entomologists working in other continents may also be valuable, as these are historic testimonies of the fauna of their own respective regions of origin and may, therefore, also be used as reference material. One paratype specimen from Australia is present in the collection. The holotype of Cheilosia vangaveri Timon-David, 1937 is absent from the collection and should be considered as lost. All but two of the specimens with locality labels had their geographical coordinates of origin added in the dataset.

In this paper, we deal with a strongly singular problem involving a non-local operator, a critical nonlinearity, and a subcritical perturbation. We apply techniques from non-smooth analysis to the energy functional, in combination with the study of the topological properties of the sublevels of its smooth part, to prove the existence of three weak solutions: two points of local minimum and a third one as a mountain pass critical point.

Abstract Background Racial inequities exist in treatment and outcomes in patients with acute stroke. Objectives Our objective was to determine if racial inequities exist in the time-lapse between patient presentation and provider assessment in patients with stroke-like symptoms in Emergency Departments (ED) across the U.S. Methods This study is a retrospective, observational study of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) 2014–2018. We identified visits with stroke-like symptoms and stratified the proportion of door-to-provider (DTP) times by racial groups. We used broad and narrow definitions of stroke-like symptoms. We performed bivariate and multivariate analyses using race and clinical and demographic characteristics as covariates. Results Between 2014–2018, there were an average of 138.58 million annual ED visits. Of the total ED visits, 0.36% to 7.39% of the ED visits presented with stroke-like symptoms, and the average DTP time ranged from 39 to 49 min. The proportion of the visits with a triage level of 1 (immediate) or 2 (emergent) ranged from 16.03% to 23.27% for stroke-like symptoms. We did not find statistically significant racial inequities in DTP or ED triage level. We found significantly longer DTP times in non-Hispanic blacks (15.88 min, 95% CI: 4.29–27.48) and Hispanics (by 14.77 min, 95% CI: 3.37–26.16) than non-Hispanic whites that presented with atypical stroke-like symptoms. We observed that non-Hispanic whites were significantly more diagnosed with a stroke/TIA than other racial minority groups (p = 0.045) for atypical stroke-like symptoms. Conclusion In our population-based analysis, we did not identify systemic racial inequities in the DTP times or ED triage level at ED triage for stroke-like symptoms.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre o processo de iniciação à leitura musical no piano e discutir experiências desse tipo realizadas em um projeto de extensão universitária. Neste relato de experiência são descritas estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem que buscam fomentar a aquisição da habilidade de ler música de forma autônoma e expressiva, em oposição ao mero ato de tocar as notas que se encontram na partitura. Para tanto, realizamos um levantamento bibliográfico que apontou a necessidade de se compreender a alfabetização musical como a capacidade de identificar, entender e, principalmente, interpretar o material impresso, dando-lhe significado. O trabalho de iniciação à leitura que realizamos em um projeto de extensão é exposto neste artigo em conjunto com o modo como abordamos três publicações destinadas à iniciação ao piano e que foram adotadas como material didático pelo projeto. Como resultados, temos observado em nossos estudantes o desenvolvimento da compreensão e do domínio expressivo dos elementos simbólicos contidos na notação musical. Tais qualidades possibilitam o posterior desenvolvimento do repertório mais avançado que acompanhará os anos seguintes de formação do jovem pianista

Introduction Basilar artery occlusion accounts for 10% of all ischemic stroke caused by intracranial large vessel occlusion (LVO) with high morbidity and mortality. Endovascular intervention has been shown effective in the anterior circulation LVO but multiple trials, however a few trials failed to demonstrate the benefit of endovascular intervention over medical therapy, furthermore, there is no trial regarding the benefit of permanent stent deployment in the basilar artery over maximized medical therapy. Here we present a patient who presented with right side hemiplegia, facial droop, and dysmetria with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale of 19. CT head and neck angiography revealed acute basilar occlusion. Endovascular procedure was performed with successful thrombectomy utilizing stent retriever followed by placement of balloon mounted stent due to persistent critical basilar stenosis. Methods A case report Results MRI of the brain revealed acute ischemic stroke of bilateral cerebellar hemisphere, mid and left pons, left cerebral peduncles, and left thalamus. Repeat non‐contrast CT head revealed small bilateral thalamic hemorrhage but due to small size, dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and ticagrelor was initiated. After discharge, the patient developed upper extremity deep vein thrombosis for which apixaban was started. Despite dual antiplatelet therapy and anticoagulation, the patient continued to improve. Clinical follow‐up at 6 weeks the patient remained stable with mild residual weakness of the right extremities. Conclusions Thrombectomy with subsequent deployment of permanent stent can be considered as a safe and effective measure of basilar artery occlusion.

Introduction Endovascular treatment for venous sinus thrombosis is challenging. Commonly utilized aspiration catheters in neuro‐interventional procedures have diameters ranging from 2–3 mm and are much smaller than the average diameter of the major cerebral venous sinuses. Penumbra’s Indigo Aspiration System (Penumbra Inc., Place Alameda, CA) is a trackable, large‐lumen (Indigo System CAT7, 7F) catheter and aspiration system that is used for aspiration of thrombi and emboli involving the peripheral venous and arterial systems, as well as pulmonary emboli. Here, we show that this large‐lumen system may safely retrieve and successfully recanalize cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), addressing the problem of available tools for complete thrombus removal. Methods Case report. I wanted to submit this abstract for: ‐Young Investigator Award ‐Best Scientific Abstract Award Results Here, we present the first reported case of successful endovascular thrombectomy of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis utilizing Penumbra’s Indigo System (Penumbra Inc., Place Alameda, CA), a minimally‐invasive system with a large‐lumen (Indigo System CAT7, 7F) catheter predominantly used for the removal of thrombi and emboli involving the peripheral arterial and venous systems and for the treatment of pulmonary embolism. A 30‐year‐old female presented with a hemorrhagic infarct of the left posterior temporal lobe secondary to an extensive cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) extending from the left transverse sinus to the ipsilateral internal jugular bulb. In addition to a continuous heparin infusion, we performed an endovascular thrombectomy with the device mentioned above, resulting in a technically successful radiographic recanalization of the involved sinuses. The patient was discharged home in a stable condition. This case demonstrates that this trackable, atraumatic, large‐bore system can be safe and efficacious, permitting near complete thrombus removal. Conclusions Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) recanalization is an important outcome measure in trials investigating endovascular therapies for dural venous sinus clots.Most endovascular tools used for aspiration of CVT are designed for arterial, not venous, vasculature.Penumbra’s Indigo Aspiration System, a large‐lumen catheter can be considered as a valid, safe, and effective alternative for the treatment of diffuse CVT.

Introduction: Stroke remains a primary source of functional disability and inpatient mortality in the United States (US). Recent evidence reveals declining mortality associated with stroke hospitalizations in the US. However, data updating trends in inpatient mortality is lacking. This study aims to provide a renewed inpatient stroke mortality rate in a national sample and identify common predictors of inpatient stroke mortality. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from a nationwide database between 2010 and 2017. We included patient encounters for both ischemic (ICD9 433–434, ICD10 I630–I639) and hemorrhagic stroke (ICD9 430–432, ICD10 I600–I629). We performed an annual comparison of in-hospital stroke mortality rates, and a cross-sectional analytic approach of multiple variables identified common predictors of inpatient stroke mortality. Results: Between 2010 and 2017, we identified 518,185 total stroke admissions (86.6% ischemic stroke and 13.4% hemorrhagic strokes). Stroke admissions steadily increased during the studied period, whereas we observed a steady decline in in-hospital mortality during the same time. The inpatient stroke mortality rate gradually declined from 4.8% in 2010 (95% CI 4.6–5.1) to 2.1% in 2017 (95% CI 2.0–2.1). Predictors of higher odds of dying from ischemic stroke were female (OR 1.059, 95% CI 1.015–1.105, p = 0.008), older age (OR 1.028, 95% CI 1.026–1.029, p

Eagle syndrome (ES) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by the elongation of the temporal bone's styloid process, or calcification of stylohyoid ligament, compressing surrounding structures causing pharyngalgia. One of its variants, the styloid-carotid artery syndrome, produces symptoms by compression of the external or internal carotid arteries (ICA). Here, we present a case of a 43-year-old woman with ES and bilateral ICA dissections. The patient underwent staged bilateral angioplasty and covered stent placement, followed by styloidectomy. A computerized tomography angiogram revealed patency of both stents at a two-year follow-up.

RESUMO Os conhecimentos elaborados por professores de Educação Física têm sido valorizados, ainda que lentamente, por pesquisadores que reconhecem lacunas formativas e condições de trabalho que tornam improvável o envolvimento do professor com a pesquisa. Nesse sentido, nossos objetivos nesta pesquisa qualitativa colaborativa são: identificar as percepções dos estudantes sobre as aulas e discutir as percepções do professor tanto sobre as aulas quanto sobre as percepções dos alunos. Houve colaboração de um professor de Educação Física e 48 estudantes de uma escola pública municipal de São Paulo, que participaram por meio de questionário e entrevista. Os resultados apontam transformação na percepção do professor à medida que elabora conhecimentos sobre a sua prática pedagógica.

Abstract Background: Snake venom phospholipases A2 (svPLA2) are biologically active toxins, capable of triggering and modulating a wide range of biological functions. Among the svPLA2s, crotoxin (CTX) has been in the spotlight of bioprospecting research due to its role in modulating immune response and hemostasis. In the present study, novel anticoagulant mechanisms of CTX, and the modulation of inflammation-induced coagulation were investigated. Methods: CTX anticoagulant activity was evaluated using platelet poor plasma (PPP) and whole blood (WB), and also using isolated coagulation factors and complexes. The toxin modulation of procoagulant and pro-inflammatory effects was evaluated using the expression of tissue factor (TF) and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in WB. Results: The results showed that CTX impaired clot formation in both PPP and WB, and was responsible for the inhibition of both intrinsic (TF/factor VIIa) and extrinsic (factor IXa/factor VIIIa) tenase complexes, but not for factor Xa and thrombin alone. In addition, the PLA2 mitigated the prothrombinase complex by modulating the coagulation phospholipid role in the complex. In regards to the inflammation-coagulation cross talk, the toxin was capable of reducing the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and was followed by decreased levels of TF and procoagulant activity from LPS-treated PBMC either isolated or in WB. Conclusion: The results obtained in the present study recognize the toxin as a novel medicinal candidate to be applied in inflammatory diseases with coagulation disorders.

A microcirurgia é uma abordagem cirúrgica que permite a realização de atos operatórios em segmentos anatômicos milimétricos. Utiliza basicamente o microscópio cirúrgico. Idealizamos a montagem de um sistema de vídeo, que tem como objetivo a aplicação em procedimentos operatórios microcirúrgicos. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade da utilização deste sistema de vídeo em estruturas de dimensões reduzidas.

A presença de contaminantes emergentes em águas de superfície foi detectada em estudos realizados por pesquisadores de vários países. Neste estudo foram monitorados parâmetros fisiológicos de substratos contaminados pelos antibacterianos, nitrofurantoína (NTF), cloridrato de tetraciclina (CTC), cefalexina (CEF), amoxicilina (AMX), azitromicina (AZI) e norfloxacina (NOR) e pelos analgésicos, diclofenaco de sódio (DFS), dipirona monoidratada (DMH) e diclofenaco de potássio (DFP), em culturas de Lactuca spp. (alface) e de Saccharomyces cereviseae in vitro. Todas as substâncias avaliadas causam alterações metabólicas e fisiológicas na cultura de Lactuca spp., alterando a taxa de germinação, o comprimento de folhas, o comprimento de raízes e as taxas de clorofila alfa e de clorofila beta. No entanto apenas NOR, DFS e DMH causam alterações na concentração inibitória para a produção de espuma de S.cereviseae em concentrações ≤ 5000 ppm.

Summary: Specialized microenvironments, called niches, control adult stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The brain lateral ventricular (LV) neurogenic niche is generated from distinct postnatal radial glial progenitors (pRGPs), giving rise to adult neural stem cells (NSCs) and niche ependymal cells (ECs). Cellular-intrinsic programs govern stem versus supporting cell maturation during adult niche assembly, but how they are differentially initiated within a similar microenvironment remains unknown. Using chemical approaches, we discovered that EGFR signaling powerfully inhibits EC differentiation by suppressing multiciliogenesis. We found that EC pRGPs actively terminated EGF activation through receptor redistribution away from CSF-contacting apical domains and that randomized EGFR membrane targeting blocked EC differentiation. Mechanistically, we uncovered spatiotemporal interactions between EGFR and endocytic adaptor protein Numb. Ca2+-dependent basolateral targeting of Numb is necessary and sufficient for proper EGFR redistribution. These results reveal a previously unknown cellular mechanism for neighboring progenitors to differentially engage environmental signals, initiating adult stem cell niche assembly. : Constructing adult stem niches from postnatal progenitors requires differential cellular interpretations of similar microenvironmental signals. Abdi et al. show that in an EGF-rich environment needed for adult neural stem cell proliferation, a subpopulation of postnatal progenitors downregulates EGFR signaling via targeted receptor trafficking, promoting multiciliated ependymal niche cell differentiation. Keywords: ependymal cells, neurogenic niche, radial glia, Numb, EGFR, Foxj1, receptor trafficking, multiciliated differentiation, hydrocephalus

Thermal requirements for flight in butterflies is determined by a combination of external factors, behaviour and physical constraints. Thorax temperature of 152 butterflies was monitored with an infra-red thermometer in controlled laboratory conditions. The temperature at take-off varied from 13.4°C, for a female Heteronympha merope to 46.3°C, for a female Junonia villida. Heteronympha merope, an understorey species, had the lowest recorded take-off temperatures, with females flying at a much lower thorax temperatures than males. Among the tested butterfly species, warming-up rate was positively correlated with take-off temperature and negatively with body mass. Wing loading is a major variable in determining the thorax flight temperature. Butterflies with the highest wing-loadings experienced the highest thorax temperatures at take-off. A notable exception to this rule is Trapezites symmomus, the only Hesperiidae of our data set, which had thorax flight temperatures of 31.5°C and 34.5°C, well within the range of the observed butterflies, despite a wing load ca. five times higher. The high thorax temperature recorded in J. villida is probably linked to its high flight speed. The results highlight the importance of physical constraints such as body size on the thermal requirements for flight across a range of butterfly species.

Objective: To evaluate the results of a home rehabilitation program for patients with chronic low back pain through the evaluation of abdominal muscle strength, lumbar mobility, daily activities and improved levels of pain. A secondary objective was to evaluate the adherence of the participants to this program. Methods: We evaluated 99 patients divided into case group (69 patients with chronic low back pain without indication for surgical treatment) and control group (30 patients without low back pain), the following parameters being measured: 1) lumbar mobility, 2) strength of the abdominal muscles, 3) pain by visual analog scale (VAS), 4) limitation in daily activities (Oswestry scale). Patients received individualized guidance on home exercises to be performed during two months. For comparison of groups "control" and "case" the nonparametric Mann Whitney test was applied. For comparison of the times "before" and "after" in the group of patients who returned, the nonparametric Wilcoxon test was applied. Results: Of the 69 patients who agreed to participate, 30 completed the targeted exercises within two months and returned for the final evaluation. At baseline, there was a significant difference (p

Currently it remains difficult to obtain robust microsatellite markers for Lepidoptera. In an attempt to overcome the problems associated with developing microsatellite markers for this insect order we combined (i) biotin-enrichment protocol, (ii) next generation pyrosequencing (through 454 GS-FLX Titanium technology) and (iii) the use of individuals collected from eight geographically distant European populations representing three subspecies of Euphydryas aurinia. Out of 96 stringently designed primer pairs, 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci amplified without obvious evidence of null alleles in eight individuals from different subspecies. Between five and seven of these loci showed full within population applicability and three revealed to be robust and transferable between populations and sub-species, providing a first step towards the development of a valuable and robust tool for studying conservation issues and evolution in E. aurinia populations. Nevertheless, as in most studies dealing with Lepidoptera microsatellites, null alleles were detected in most of the developed markers. Our results emphasize the need for further research in order to better understand the complex evolution and organization of Lepidopteran genomes.

The butterfly Proclossiana eunomia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) was discovered at a single locality in the Czech Republic in 1963. Until the 1980s, it was known from a restricted area, from which it spontaneously expanded during the 1980s to other localities up to 23 km from the source population. Samples were collected in 2002 from the source and ten other populations, totalling 274 specimens. All samples were analysed by electrophoresis for four polymorphic loci. Mean heterozygosity decreased with distance from the source population; this suggested a process of stepping stone colonization, involving the loss of rare alleles along the way. The populations close to the source population (less then ca. 15 km) retain a similar heterozygosity, whereas populations further away have a much reduced heterozygosity. Such a pattern of genetic differentiation and founder effect within a region is typical of specialized species with relatively low dispersal ability. The high level of genetic polymorphism found in the Šumava populations suggests that populations of this northern species in temperate-zone mountains are not just outposts of otherwise huge northern distribution, but represent genuine phylogeographic refugia. Survival of such species depends on the survival of the source population and of a sufficiently dense network of habitat patches.

Ice ages within Europe forced many species to retreat to refugia, of which three major biogeographic basic types can be distinguished: "Mediterranean", "Continental" and "Alpine / Arctic" species. However, this classification often fails to explain the complex phylogeography of European species with a wide range of latitudinal and altitudinal distribution. Hence, we tested for the possibility that all three mentioned faunal elements are represented within one species. Our data was obtained by scoring 1,307 Euphydryas aurinia individuals (46 European locations) for 17 allozyme loci, and sequencing a subset of 492 individuals (21 sites) for a 626 base pairs COI fragment. Genetic diversity indices, F statistics, hierarchical analyses of molecular variance, individual-based clustering, and networks were used to explore the phylogeographic patterns. The COI fragment represented 18 haplotypes showing a strong geographic structure. All but one allozyme loci analysed were polymorphic with a mean FST of 0.20, supporting a pronounced among population structure. Interpretation of both genetic marker systems, using several analytical tools, calls for the recognition of twelve genetic groups. These analyses consistently distinguished different groups in Iberia (2), Italy, Provence, Alps (3), Slovenia, Carpathian Basin, the lowlands of West and Central Europe as well as Estonia, often with considerable additional substructures. The genetic data strongly support the hypothesis that E. aurinia survived the last glaciation in Mediterranean, extra-Mediterranean and perialpine refugia. It is thus a rare example of a model organism that combines attributes of faunal elements from all three of these sources. The observed differences between allozymes and mtDNA most likely result from recent introgression of mtDNA into nuclear allozyme groups. Our results indicate discrepancies with the morphologically-based subspecies models, underlining the need to revise the current taxonomy.

Microsatellites are ubiquitous in Eukaryotic genomes. A more complete understanding of their origin and spread can be gained from a comparison of their distribution within a phylogenetic context. Although information for model species is accumulating rapidly, it is insufficient due to a lack of species depth, thus intragroup variation is necessarily ignored. As such, apparent differences between groups may be overinflated and generalizations cannot be inferred until an analysis of the variation that exists within groups has been conducted. In this study, we examined microsatellite coverage and motif patterns from 454 shotgun sequences of 154 Eukaryote species from eight distantly related phyla (Cnidaria, Arthropoda, Onychophora, Bryozoa, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Chordata and Streptophyta) to test if a consistent phylogenetic pattern emerges from the microsatellite composition of these species. It is clear from our results that data from model species provide incomplete information regarding the existing microsatellite variability within the Eukaryotes. A very strong heterogeneity of microsatellite composition was found within most phyla, classes and even orders. Autocorrelation analyses indicated that while microsatellite contents of species within clades more recent than 200 Mya tend to be similar, the autocorrelation breaks down and becomes negative or non-significant with increasing divergence time. Therefore, the age of the taxon seems to be a primary factor in degrading the phylogenetic pattern present among related groups. The most recent classes or orders of Chordates still retain the pattern of their common ancestor. However, within older groups, such as classes of Arthropods, the phylogenetic pattern has been scrambled by the long independent evolution of the lineages.