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En las últimas décadas ha surgido un aumento en la demanda de alimentos mejores y más saludables. Entre ellos, los productos probióticos, ya sea en forma de productos alimenticios o como suplementos dietéticos. Los probióticos son microorganismos vivos que cuando se consumen en cantidades adecuadas brindan una variedad de beneficios para la salud del huésped, en particular, a la salud del tracto gastrointestinal. El principal obstáculo tecnológico que esto plantea es proporcionarlos vivos en cantidad suficiente. Por ello, a menudo se emplean métodos de microencapsulación para aumentar su capacidad de supervivencia. Un punto crítico en el diseño de los procesos de encapsulación es la selección adecuada de un agente encapsulante, el cual debe cumplir con una serie de requisitos como ser grado alimenticio, poder envolver al probiótico y ser de bajo costo, por mencionar algunos. Por lo tanto, esto presenta un área de oportunidad en cuanto a la formulación y exploración de diferentes materiales de pared. En este artículo, se presentan y discuten algunos de los desarrollos relacionados con nuevos materiales de pared para probióticos microencapsulados. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v17i1.1140

All of the companies in the Retail sector, regardless of their size and age, have suffered different problems related to their stock and one solution is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID). Therefore, tracking and understanding the development of the literature on RFID is a key factor in the improvement of supply chain management (SCM). The general objective of this bibliographic review is to understand the behavior of the researches about the implementation of RFID in the Scopus database. In order to achieve the objective, the database will be filtered and subsequently analyzed using the VOSviewer software and bibliometrix software. In addition, the results shows the countries with the most publication as well as authors, journals and keywords.

Los procesos de selección deportiva con miras a la detección de talentos deportivos han utilizado históricamente técnicas de campo y laboratorio para reconocer las capacidades físicas, la estructura corporal y la huella motriz existente en el individuo. Desde hace pocas décadas, la incursión de las ciencias biomédicas y particularmente la genética, abrió el campo de estudio de los dermatoglifos, como técnica que permite reconocer los componentes genéticos del individuo y su relación con sus capacidades físico – deportivas. Este método ha ido en crecimiento y se convierte en una herramienta novedosa, precisa y de bajo costo en el procedimiento de selección deportiva y detección de talentos que puede ser utilizada por entrenadores, educadores físicos y profesionales afines, que utilizan la actividad física como medio de interacción del ser humano con su entorno. Los profesionales relacionados con el proceso de selección de deportistas para el alto rendimiento competitivo encuentran en la técnica de dermatoglifos un aliado más para lograr grupos de competencia que logren altos niveles de reconocimiento en los espacios deportivos. El presente documento, presenta la técnica básica de dermatoglifos usada por el Semillero de Investigación, para ser utilizada en diferentes entornos como herramienta útil y confiable en procesos selectivos. The sports selection processes for the detection of talents; historically it has used field and laboratory techniques to recognize the physical abilities, body structure and motor footprint. For decades, the incursion of the biomedical sciences, particularly genetics, opened the field of study of the dermatoglyphic, as a technique that allows recognizing the genetic components of the individual and their relationship with their physical abilities. This technique has been growing and becomes an accurate low-cost tool for coaches, physical education teachers and related professionals who use physical activity as a means of human interaction with their environment. The coaches find in the dermatoglyphic technique an additional ally to achieve competitive groups that reach high levels of recognition in sports. The document presents the basic dermatoglyphic technique used by the hotbed of research, for it can be used in different environments as a useful and reliable tool in selection processes.

Esta obra, fruto de investigaciones teóricas y prácticas, señala los caminos privilegiados que conducen a la persona hacia la plenitud humana y la felicidad. El primero de ellos, la familia, escenario educativo por excelencia, puesto que en su seno se establecen los vínculos constitutivos de la personalidad: paternidad, maternidad y filiación; la familia es el lugar donde cada ser humano es reconocido y amado por sí mismo y aprende el buen ejercicio de su libertad. La escuela y la universidad constituyen el segundo espacio formativo de singular importancia; en este se ayuda a los jóvenes a desarrollar armónicamente la inteligencia, la voluntad y los afectos; lo anterior, a través de la educación formal –científica y humanística– y de aquellas actividades –como el voluntariado o el servicio social– que permiten la expresión de la compasión, la solidaridad, las cualidades artísticas, etc. Distintos ámbitos de desarrollo personal que apuntan a la consolidación de líderes virtuosos capaces de construir una cultura de la vida que camine hacia la paz. 1a. Prólogo. 1 · La familia, escuela de libertad para el desarrollo integral. 2 · Formación de la voluntad en jóvenes universitarios: realidad y claves educativas. 3 · Liderazgo virtuoso: un camino de plenitud personal. 4 · Experiencias de voluntariado como estrategia para fomentar habilidades emocionales en jóvenes universitarios. 5 · El amor como factor de desarrollo humano en la pareja. 6 · Hacia una cultura de paz desde el desarrollo humano y la universidad. 7 · El pathos cristiano, vía que conduce a una educación en la compasión. 8 · Estrategias de búsqueda, clasificación y verificación de la información en la web. 9 · Trabajo social y educación para el servicio. 10 · Formación del artista en la obra El arte como experiencia de John Dewey.

Current evidence from case/control studies indicates that genetic risk for psychiatric disorders derives primarily from numerous common variants, each with a small phenotypic impact. The literature describing apparent segregation of bipolar disorder (BP) in numerous multigenerational pedigrees suggests that, in such families, large-effect inherited variants might play a greater role. To identify roles of rare and common variants on BP, we conducted genetic analyses in 26 Colombia and Costa Rica pedigrees ascertained for bipolar disorder 1 (BP1), the most severe and heritable form of BP. In these pedigrees, we performed microarray SNP genotyping of 838 individuals and high-coverage whole-genome sequencing of 449 individuals. We compared polygenic risk scores (PRS), estimated using the latest BP1 genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics, between BP1 individuals and related controls. We also evaluated whether BP1 individuals had a higher burden of rare deleterious single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and rare copy number variants (CNVs) in a set of genes related to BP1. We found that compared with unaffected relatives, BP1 individuals had higher PRS estimated from BP1 GWAS statistics (P = 0.001 ~ 0.007) and displayed modest increase in burdens of rare deleterious SNVs (P = 0.047) and rare CNVs (P = 0.002 ~ 0.033) in genes related to BP1. We did not observe rare variants segregating in the pedigrees. These results suggest that small-to-moderate effect rare and common variants are more likely to contribute to BP1 risk in these extended pedigrees than a few large-effect rare variants.

Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable illness, associated with alterations of brain structure. As such, identification of genes influencing inter-individual differences in brain morphology may help elucidate the underlying pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BP). To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that contribute to phenotypic variance of brain structure, structural neuroimages were acquired from family members (n = 527) of extended pedigrees heavily loaded for bipolar disorder ascertained from genetically isolated populations in Latin America. Genome-wide linkage and association analysis were conducted on the subset of heritable brain traits that showed significant evidence of association with bipolar disorder (n = 24) to map QTL influencing regional measures of brain volume and cortical thickness. Two chromosomal regions showed significant evidence of linkage; a QTL on chromosome 1p influencing corpus callosum volume and a region on chromosome 7p linked to cortical volume. Association analysis within the two QTLs identified three SNPs correlated with the brain measures.

We show that the only way of changing the framing of a link by ambient isotopy in an oriented $3$-manifold is when the manifold has a properly embedded non-separating $S^2$. This change of framing is given by the Dirac trick, also known as the light bulb trick. The main tool we use is based on McCullough's work on the mapping class groups of $3$-manifolds. We also relate our results to the theory of skein modules., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures

El presente artículo expone el desarrollo de una caracterización morfo fisiológica de un grupo de 15 ciclistas de competición del municipio de Fusagasugá, que pertenecen a las categorías pre juvenil, juvenil, sub 23 y elite. Se realizó una prueba espiro-métrica en cicloergómetro (test progresivo escalonado maximal) con el fin de hallar parámetros ventilatorios, y una valoración antropométrica para determinar composición corporal y somatotipo. Los datos obtenidos permitieron realizar un análisis comparativo con otros trabajos similares (Neumann, Basanta), para confrontar la condición física y estructura antropométrica de los sujetos de la muestra con poblaciones de alto rendimiento. El estudio refleja los datos iniciales de un proyecto macro longitudinal, que permitió caracterizar la muestra para proyectar a futuro las adaptaciones y modificaciones del proceso de entrenamiento. Los datos se presentan analizando el W/Kg de peso, que permite identificar la potencia de cada uno de los ciclistas (teniendo en cuenta que este dato es utilizado hoy en día como referente de los procesos de entrenamiento en alto rendimiento). El VO2 Máx. se obtuvo de forma directa y se compara con los datos de ciclistas de alto rendimiento españoles, así como la composición corporal. Los resultados muestran diferencias en relación con la potencia, niveles de VO2 Max. inferiores a los presentados por otros grupos, con excepción de los obtenidos en la categoría juvenil. This article presents the development of a morpho-physiological characterization of a group of 15 competition cyclists from the municipality of Fusagasugá, who belong to the pre-youth, youth, sub-23 and elite categories. A spiro-metric test was carried out on a cycle ergometer (maximal progressive test) in order to find ventilatory parameters, and an anthropometric assessment to determine body composition and somatotype. The data obtained allowed a comparative analysis with other similar works (Neumann, Basanta), to confront the physical condition and anthropometric structure of the subjects of the sample with high-performance populations. The study reflects the initial data of a longitudinal macro project, which will include the sample to project future adaptations and modifications of the training process. The data is presented by analyzing the W / Kg of weight, which allows identifying the power of each of the cyclists (taking into account that this data is used today as a reference for high-performance training processes). The VO2 Max. it was obtained directly and compared with data from Spanish high-performance cyclists, as well as body composition. The results show differences in relation to power, VO2 Max levels. lower than workers by other groups, with the exception of those obtained in the youth category.

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Abnormalities in sleep and circadian rhythms are central features of bipolar disorder (BP), often persisting between episodes. We report here, to our knowledge, the first systematic analysis of circadian rhythm activity in pedigrees segregating severe BP (BP-I). By analyzing actigraphy data obtained from members of 26 Costa Rican and Colombian pedigrees [136 euthymic (i.e., interepisode) BP-I individuals and 422 non-BP-I relatives], we delineated 73 phenotypes, of which 49 demonstrated significant heritability and 13 showed significant trait-like association with BP-I. All BP-I-associated traits related to activity level, with BP-I individuals consistently demonstrating lower activity levels than their non-BP-I relatives. We analyzed all 49 heritable phenotypes using genetic linkage analysis, with special emphasis on phenotypes judged to have the strongest impact on the biology underlying BP. We identified a locus for interdaily stability of activity, at a threshold exceeding genome-wide significance, on chromosome 12pter, a region that also showed pleiotropic linkage to two additional activity phenotypes. National Institute of Health/[R01MH075007]/NIH/Estados Unidos National Institute of Health/[R01MH095454]/NIH/Estados Unidos National Institute of Health/[P30NS062691]/NIH/Estados Unidos National Institute of Health/[T32MH073526]/NIH/Estados Unidos National Institute of Health/[K23MH074644-01]/NIH/Estados Unidos National Institute of Health/[K08MH086786]/NIH/Estados Unidos UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM)

Objective To identify and characterize high-order gene-to-gene interactions in antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).Methods Participants for case-control study were selected from the inmate male population in Bellavista prison from Medellin. The study included 310 individuals with ASPD and 200 with no ASPD. Diagnoses were made according to a best-estimate procedure based on a semistructured interview (diagnostic interview for genetic studies 3.0). We genotyped some single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes with main serotonin pathway effects. The gene-gene interaction was examined using the multifactor dimensionality reduction method version 2.0.alpha. We assessed model sizes of 2 and 3 loci and counted the number of replicates that contained the causal loci in the final best model that was identified using 10-fold cross validation.Results We find epistatic interaction with catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), tryptophan hydroxylase, and 5-HTR2A (serotonin receptor) with ASPD. This data supports an important role of polymorphism in serotonin receptors and low enzyme activity of COMT for susceptibility to ASPD.Conclusion This study suggests that gene interactions between genetic variants in COMT, 5-HTR2A and tryptophan hydroxylase gene would be associated with ASPD and influence the dopamine rewards pathways and modulate serotonin levels in ASPD. Psychiatr Genet 21: 115-124 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Resumen Objetivo Determinar si existen diferencias entre areas rurales y urbanas de Antioquia en las caracteristicas asociadas con el suicidio. Metodo Se compararon 79 sujetos provenientes de areas rurales y 75 de areas urbanas de Antioquia. Se hizo autopsia psicologica y se calcularon razones de prevalencia (RP) (frecuencia de la caracteristica en zona rural/frecuencia de la caracteristica en zona urbana). Resultados Las caracteristicas asociadas de manera independiente con provenir de area rural y urbana fueron: “momento del suicidio durante la noche” (RP = 0,65; IC 95%: 0,48–0,89) y “vivir solo” (RP = 0,40; IC 95%: 0,17–0,98), que fueron mas frecuentes en zona urbana, y “envenenamiento con pesticidas”, que ocurrio mas en zona rural (RP = 1,80; IC 95%: 1,39–2,34). Conclusiones Los individuos suicidas provenientes de zonas rurales y urbanas tenian caracteristicas diferentes. Ello puede tener implicaciones para el diseno de las estrategias de prevencion del suicidio en cada una de las zonas. Se requieren otros estudios para determinar los factores de riesgo propios de cada area.

ImportanceGenetic factors contribute to risk for bipolar disorder (BP), but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. A focus on measuring multisystem quantitative traits that may be components of BP psychopathology may enable genetic dissection of this complex disorder, and investigation of extended pedigrees from genetically isolated populations may facilitate the detection of specific genetic variants that affect BP as well as its component phenotypes.ObjectiveTo identify quantitative neurocognitive, temperament-related, and neuroanatomical phenotypes that appear heritable and associated with severe BP (bipolar I disorder [BP-I]) and therefore suitable for genetic linkage and association studies aimed at identifying variants contributing to BP-I risk.Design, setting, and participantsMultigenerational pedigree study in 2 closely related, genetically isolated populations: the Central Valley of Costa Rica and Antioquia, Colombia. A total of 738 individuals, all from Central Valley of Costa Rica and Antioquia pedigrees, participated; among them, 181 have BP-I.Main outcomes and measuresFamilial aggregation (heritability) and association with BP-I of 169 quantitative neurocognitive, temperament, magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging phenotypes.ResultsOf 169 phenotypes investigated, 126 (75%) were significantly heritable and 53 (31%) were associated with BP-I. About one-quarter of the phenotypes, including measures from each phenotype domain, were both heritable and associated with BP-I. Neuroimaging phenotypes, particularly cortical thickness in prefrontal and temporal regions as well as volume and microstructural integrity of the corpus callosum, represented the most promising candidate traits for genetic mapping related to BP based on strong heritability and association with disease. Analyses of phenotypic and genetic covariation identified substantial correlations among the traits, at least some of which share a common underlying genetic architecture.Conclusions and relevanceTo our knowledge, this is the most extensive investigation of BP-relevant component phenotypes to date. Our results identify brain and behavioral quantitative traits that appear to be genetically influenced and show a pattern of BP-I association within families that is consistent with expectations from case-control studies. Together, these phenotypes provide a basis for identifying loci contributing to BP-I risk and for genetic dissection of the disorder.

Ethics of care is a theoretical and practical construct which highlights the essentially human and emotional bond between the health care professional and the patient. This essay emphasizes its application to the field of reproductive health and, mainly, to the dissemination and setting of the reproductive rights. Such strategy is oriented towards allowing a bioethics dialogue among health care professionals and whoever receives their care, since knowledge and information reciprocity generates empathy and humane treatment. The definition of sexual health, the Declaration of Sexual Rights and sexual ethics are considered integrated elements in the ethics of care for those looking for health care services in the Latin American context.

The interrelation between bioethics and gender studies is clear and contingent. It is obvious in the analysis of the re-constructive therapies for the "correction" or change of the homosexual orientation. This paper shows the fundamental elements which allow the bioethics dialogue about it in a summary way. Also, the fundamentals of the sexual orientation and their acknowledgement as a human right are exposed. Furthermore, some theoretical aspects are taken with respect to the use of physician power in the domesticating process. The paper finalizes analyzing some characteristics of the re-constructive therapies and showing the ethical arguments which refuse their application

The short variant of a functional length polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter has been associated with several behavioural and psychiatric traits, including bipolar mood disorder. The same short allele has also been implicated as a modifier of the bipolar phenotype. Here we evaluate the etiologic/modifier role of this polymorphism in a case (N=103) / control (N=112) sample for bipolar mood disorder (type I) collected from an isolated South American population. We did not detect an association between bipolar disorder and the 5-HTT promoter polymorphism in this sample. However, an excess of the short allele was seen in younger cases and in cases with psychotic symptoms. When combined with data from the literature, the increased frequency of the short allele in patients with psychotic symptoms was statistically significant.

Objetivo: validar la entrevista diagnóstica para estudios genéticos (DIGS 3.0) en Colombia. Métodos: se hicieron dos traducciones del inglés al español del DIGS y se hizo traducción en sentido inverso (al inglés) de cada una. Un comité de revisión verificó la equivalencia translingüística y transcultural. Se evaluó la confiabilidad examen-reexamen e interevaluador del DIGS 3.0 en 65 y 91 pacientes, respectivamente, mediante el cálculo de kappa de Cohen. Resultados: el DIGS 3.0 mostró ser comprensible, con validez de apariencia y de contenido. La confiabilidad interevaluador fue excelente para esquizofrenia (k=0,81, IC95%: 0,68-0,93), trastorno bipolar (k=0,87, IC95%: 0,75-0,99), trastorno depresivo mayor (k=0,86, IC95%: 0,7- 1) y ausencia de trastorno psiquiátrico (k=0,88, IC95%: 0,71-1); fue buena para otro diagnóstico psiquiátrico (k=0,65, IC95%: 0,41-0,89) y pobre para trastorno esquizoafectivo (k=0,37, IC95%: -0,02-0,76). La confiabilidad examen-reexamen fue excelente para todos los diagnósticos (k>0,8), excepto para otro diagnóstico psiquiátrico (k=0,64, IC95%: 0,31-0,96), donde fue buena. Conclusiones: la versión en español del DIGS para Colombia mostró comprensibilidad, validez de apariencia y de contenido, y confiabilidad examen-reexamen e interevaluador. Es una herramienta útil para estudios genéticos en esquizofrenia y en trastornos afectivos.