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1. Prediction of cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis using risk age calculations: evaluation of concordance across risk age models

Author

Wibetoe, Grunde, Sexton, Joseph, Ikdahl, Eirik, Rollefstad, Silvia, Kitas, George D, van Riel, Piet, Gabriel, Sherine, Kvien, Tore K, Douglas, Karen, Sandoo, Aamer, Arts, Elke E, Wållberg-Jonsson, Solveig, Dahlqvist, Solbritt Rantapää, Karpouzas, George, Dessein, Patrick H, Tsang, Linda, El-Gabalawy, Hani, Hitchon, Carol A, Pascual-Ramos, Virginia, Contreas-Yañes, Irazu, Sfikakis, Petros P, González-Gay, Miguel A, Colunga-Pedraz, Iris J, Galarza-Delgado, Dionicio A, Azpiri-Lopez, Jose Ramon, Crowson, Cynthia S, and Semb, Anne Grete

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Heart Disease, Autoimmune Disease, Prevention, Arthritis, Aging, Inflammatory and immune system, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Cardiovascular risk age, Vascular age, Cardiovascular disease, Risk factors, Rheumatoid arthritis, Immunology, Public Health and Health Services, Arthritis & Rheumatology, Clinical sciences
Abstract

BackgroundIn younger individuals, low absolute risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) may conceal an increased risk age and relative risk of CVD. Calculation of risk age is proposed as an adjuvant to absolute CVD risk estimation in European guidelines. We aimed to compare the discriminative ability of available risk age models in prediction of CVD in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Secondly, we also evaluated the performance of risk age models in subgroups based on RA disease characteristics.MethodsRA patients aged 30-70 years were included from an international consortium named A Trans-Atlantic Cardiovascular Consortium for Rheumatoid Arthritis (ATACC-RA). Prior CVD and diabetes mellitus were exclusion criteria. The discriminatory ability of specific risk age models was evaluated using c-statistics and their standard errors after calculating time until fatal or non-fatal CVD or last follow-up.ResultsA total of 1974 patients were included in the main analyses, and 144 events were observed during follow-up, the median follow-up being 5.0 years. The risk age models gave highly correlated results, demonstrating R2 values ranging from 0.87 to 0.97. However, risk age estimations differed > 5 years in 15-32% of patients. C-statistics ranged 0.68-0.72 with standard errors of approximately 0.03. Despite certain RA characteristics being associated with low c-indices, standard errors were high. Restricting analysis to European RA patients yielded similar results.ConclusionsThe cardiovascular risk age and vascular age models have comparable performance in predicting CVD in RA patients. The influence of RA disease characteristics on the predictive ability of these prediction models remains inconclusive.

Published
2020

2. Smoking cessation is associated with lower disease activity and predicts cardiovascular risk reduction in rheumatoid arthritis patients

Author

Roelsgaard, Ida K, Ikdahl, Eirik, Rollefstad, Silvia, Wibetoe, Grunde, Esbensen, Bente A, Kitas, George D, van Riel, Piet, Gabriel, Sherine, Kvien, Tore K, Douglas, Karen, Wållberg-Jonsson, Solveig, Dahlqvist, Solbritt Rantapää, Karpouzas, George, Dessein, Patrick H, Tsang, Linda, El-Gabalawy, Hani, Hitchon, Carol A, Pascual-Ramos, Virginia, Contreras-Yáñez, Irazú, Sfikakis, Petros P, González-Gay, Miguel A, Crowson, Cynthia S, and Semb, Anne Grete

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Arthritis, Prevention, Cardiovascular, Heart Disease, Tobacco, Clinical Research, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Aged, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Lipoproteins, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Risk Reduction Behavior, Severity of Illness Index, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, rheumatoid arthritis, epidemiology, behaviour, quality of life, outcome measures, Immunology, Public Health and Health Services, Arthritis & Rheumatology, Clinical sciences
Abstract

ObjectivesSmoking is a major risk factor for the development of both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and RA and may cause attenuated responses to anti-rheumatic treatments. Our aim was to compare disease activity, CVD risk factors and CVD event rates across smoking status in RA patients.MethodsDisease characteristics, CVD risk factors and relevant medications were recorded in RA patients without prior CVD from 10 countries (Norway, UK, Netherlands, USA, Sweden, Greece, South Africa, Spain, Canada and Mexico). Information on CVD events was collected. Adjusted analysis of variance, logistic regression and Cox models were applied to compare RA disease activity (DAS28), CVD risk factors and event rates across categories of smoking status.ResultsOf the 3311 RA patients (1012 former, 887 current and 1412 never smokers), 235 experienced CVD events during a median follow-up of 3.5 years (interquartile range 2.5-6.1). At enrolment, current smokers were more likely to have moderate or high disease activity compared with former and never smokers (P

Published
2020

3. Impact of risk factors associated with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Author

Crowson, Cynthia S, Rollefstad, Silvia, Ikdahl, Eirik, Kitas, George D, van Riel, Piet LCM, Gabriel, Sherine E, Matteson, Eric L, Kvien, Tore K, Douglas, Karen, Sandoo, Aamer, Arts, Elke, Wållberg-Jonsson, Solveig, Innala, Lena, Karpouzas, George, Dessein, Patrick H, Tsang, Linda, El-Gabalawy, Hani, Hitchon, Carol, Ramos, Virginia Pascual, Yáñez, Irazú Contreras, Sfikakis, Petros P, Zampeli, Evangelia, Gonzalez-Gay, Miguel A, Corrales, Alfonso, Laar, Mart van de, Vonkeman, Harald E, Meek, Inger, and Semb, Anne Grete

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Immunology, Cardiovascular, Aging, Prevention, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Clinical Research, Heart Disease, Arthritis, Autoimmune Disease, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, 2.3 Psychological, social and economic factors, Aetiology, Inflammatory and immune system, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Aged, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Cohort Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypertension, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Factors, Smoking, A Trans-Atlantic Cardiovascular Consortium for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cardiovascular disease, population attributable risk, rheumatoid arthritis, risk factor, Public Health and Health Services, Arthritis & Rheumatology, Clinical sciences
Abstract

ObjectivesPatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an excess risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to assess the impact of CVD risk factors, including potential sex differences, and RA-specific variables on CVD outcome in a large, international cohort of patients with RA.MethodsIn 13 rheumatology centres, data on CVD risk factors and RA characteristics were collected at baseline. CVD outcomes (myocardial infarction, angina, revascularisation, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and CVD death) were collected using standardised definitions.Results5638 patients with RA and no prior CVD were included (mean age: 55.3 (SD: 14.0) years, 76% women). During mean follow-up of 5.8 (SD: 4.4) years, 148 men and 241 women developed a CVD event (10-year cumulative incidence 20.9% and 11.1%, respectively). Men had a higher burden of CVD risk factors, including increased blood pressure, higher total cholesterol and smoking prevalence than women (all p

Published
2018

4. Rheumatoid arthritis-specific cardiovascular risk scores are not superior to general risk scores: a validation analysis of patients from seven countries.

Author

Crowson, Cynthia S, Gabriel, Sherine E, Semb, Anne Grete, van Riel, Piet LCM, Karpouzas, George, Dessein, Patrick H, Hitchon, Carol, Pascual-Ramos, Virginia, Kitas, George D, Douglas, Karen, Sandoo, Aamer, Rollefstad, Silvia, Ikdahl, Eirik, Kvien, Tore K, Arts, Elke, Fransen, Jaap, Tsang, Linda, El-Gabalawy, Hani, Yáñez, Irazú Contreras, Matteson, Eric L, Rantapää-Dahlqvist, Solbritt, Wållberg-Jonsson, Solveig, Innala, Lena, Sfikakis, Petros P, Zampeli, Evi, Gonzalez-Gay, Miguel A, Corrales, Alfonso, van de Laar, Mart, Vonkeman, Harald, Meek, Inger, Husni, Elaine, Overman, Robert, Colunga, Iris, and Galarza, Dionicio

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Immunology, Cardiovascular, Heart Disease, Prevention, Arthritis, Clinical Research, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Algorithms, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Canada, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Female, Humans, Incidence, Internationality, Male, Mexico, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Norway, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Risk Assessment, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Distribution, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, risk prediction, risk assessment, Trans-Atlantic Cardiovascular Consortium for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Public Health and Health Services, Arthritis & Rheumatology, Clinical sciences
Abstract

ObjectivesCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk calculators developed for the general population do not accurately predict CVD events in patients with RA. We sought to externally validate risk calculators recommended for use in patients with RA including the EULAR 1.5 multiplier, the Expanded Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Score for RA (ERS-RA) and QRISK2.MethodsSeven RA cohorts from UK, Norway, Netherlands, USA, South Africa, Canada and Mexico were combined. Data on baseline CVD risk factors, RA characteristics and CVD outcomes (including myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and cardiovascular death) were collected using standardized definitions. Performance of QRISK2, EULAR multiplier and ERS-RA was compared with other risk calculators [American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), Framingham Adult Treatment Panel III Framingham risk score-Adult Treatment Panel (FRS-ATP) and Reynolds Risk Score] using c-statistics and net reclassification index.ResultsAmong 1796 RA patients without prior CVD [mean ( s . d .) age: 54.0 (14.0) years, 74% female], 100 developed CVD events during a mean follow-up of 6.9 years (12430 person-years). Estimated CVD risk by ERS-RA [mean ( s . d .) 8.8% (9.8%)] was comparable to FRS-ATP [mean ( s . d .) 9.1% (8.3%)] and Reynolds [mean ( s . d .) 9.2% (12.2%)], but lower than ACC/AHA [mean ( s . d .) 9.8% (12.1%)]. QRISK2 substantially overestimated risk [mean ( s . d .) 15.5% (13.9%)]. Discrimination was not improved for ERS-RA (c-statistic = 0.69), QRISK2 or EULAR multiplier applied to ACC/AHA compared with ACC/AHA (c-statistic = 0.72 for all) or for FRS-ATP (c-statistic = 0.75). The net reclassification index for ERS-RA was low (-0.8% vs ACC/AHA and 2.3% vs FRS-ATP).ConclusionThe QRISK2, EULAR multiplier and ERS-RA algorithms did not predict CVD risk more accurately in patients with RA than CVD risk calculators developed for the general population.

Published
2017

6. A global perspective on the challenges and opportunities in learning about rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in undergraduate medical education: White paper by the World Forum on Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (WFRMD)

Author

Al Maini, Mustafa, Al Weshahi, Yousef, Foster, Helen E., Chehade, Mellick J., Gabriel, Sherine E., Saleh, Jamal Al, Al Wahshi, Humaid, Bijlsma, Johannes W. J., Cutolo, Maurizio, Lakhanpal, Sharad, Venkatramana, Manda, Pineda, Carlos, and Woolf, Anthony D.

Published
2020
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8. The state of US health, 1990-2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors.

Author

Murray, Christopher JL, Atkinson, Charles, Bhalla, Kavi, Birbeck, Gretchen, Burstein, Roy, Chou, David, Dellavalle, Robert, Danaei, Goodarz, Ezzati, Majid, Fahimi, A, Flaxman, D, Foreman, Gabriel, Sherine, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Kassebaum, Nicholas, Khatibzadeh, Shahab, Lim, Stephen, Lipshultz, Steven E, London, Stephanie, Lopez, MacIntyre, Michael F, Mokdad, AH, Moran, A, Moran, Andrew E, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Murphy, Tasha, Naghavi, Moshen, Pope, C, Roberts, Thomas, Salomon, Joshua, Schwebel, David C, Shahraz, Saeid, Sleet, David A, Murray, Abraham, Jerry, Ali, Mohammed K, Bartels, David H, Chen, Honglei, Criqui, Michael H, Dahodwala, Jarlais, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Ebel, Beth E, Fahami, Flaxman, S, Flaxman, AD, Gonzalez-Medina, Diego, Grant, Bridget, Hagan, Holly, Hoffman, Howard, Leasher, Janet L, Lin, John, Lozano, Rafael, Lu, Yuan, Mallinger, Leslie, McDermott, Mary M, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mokdad, AA, Naghavi, Mohsen, Narayan, KM Venkat, Omer, Saad B, Pelizzari, Pamela M, Phillips, David, Ranganathan, Dharani, Rivara, Frederick P, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Sanman, Ella, Sapkota, Amir, Sharaz, Saeid, Shivakoti, Rupak, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Wilkinson, James D, Zabetian, Azadeh, Ali, Mohammad K, Alvardo, Miriam, Baddour, Larry M, Benjamin, Emelia J, and Bolliger, Ian

Subjects
U.S. Burden of Disease Collaborators, Humans, Wounds and Injuries, Chronic Disease, Life Expectancy, Morbidity, Risk Factors, Health Status, Cost of Illness, Developed Countries, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Infant, Disabled Persons, United States, Female, Male, Mortality, Premature, Global Health, Burden of Illness, Prevention, Aging, Nutrition, Aetiology, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Good Health and Well Being, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract

ImportanceUnderstanding the major health problems in the United States and how they are changing over time is critical for informing national health policy.ObjectivesTo measure the burden of diseases, injuries, and leading risk factors in the United States from 1990 to 2010 and to compare these measurements with those of the 34 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.DesignWe used the systematic analysis of descriptive epidemiology of 291 diseases and injuries, 1160 sequelae of these diseases and injuries, and 67 risk factors or clusters of risk factors from 1990 to 2010 for 187 countries developed for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study to describe the health status of the United States and to compare US health outcomes with those of 34 OECD countries. Years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) were computed by multiplying the number of deaths at each age by a reference life expectancy at that age. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated by multiplying prevalence (based on systematic reviews) by the disability weight (based on population-based surveys) for each sequela; disability in this study refers to any short- or long-term loss of health. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. Deaths and DALYs related to risk factors were based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses of exposure data and relative risks for risk-outcome pairs. Healthy life expectancy (HALE) was used to summarize overall population health, accounting for both length of life and levels of ill health experienced at different ages.ResultsUS life expectancy for both sexes combined increased from 75.2 years in 1990 to 78.2 years in 2010; during the same period, HALE increased from 65.8 years to 68.1 years. The diseases and injuries with the largest number of YLLs in 2010 were ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and road injury. Age-standardized YLL rates increased for Alzheimer disease, drug use disorders, chronic kidney disease, kidney cancer, and falls. The diseases with the largest number of YLDs in 2010 were low back pain, major depressive disorder, other musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety disorders. As the US population has aged, YLDs have comprised a larger share of DALYs than have YLLs. The leading risk factors related to DALYs were dietary risks, tobacco smoking, high body mass index, high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. Among 34 OECD countries between 1990 and 2010, the US rank for the age-standardized death rate changed from 18th to 27th, for the age-standardized YLL rate from 23rd to 28th, for the age-standardized YLD rate from 5th to 6th, for life expectancy at birth from 20th to 27th, and for HALE from 14th to 26th.Conclusions and relevanceFrom 1990 to 2010, the United States made substantial progress in improving health. Life expectancy at birth and HALE increased, all-cause death rates at all ages decreased, and age-specific rates of years lived with disability remained stable. However, morbidity and chronic disability now account for nearly half of the US health burden, and improvements in population health in the United States have not kept pace with advances in population health in other wealthy nations.

Published
2013

10. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.

Author

Lozano, Rafael, Naghavi, Mohsen, Foreman, Kyle, Lim, Stephen, Shibuya, Kenji, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry, Adair, Timothy, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Ahn, Stephanie, Alvarado, Miriam, Anderson, H, Anderson, Laurie, Andrews, Kathryn, Atkinson, Charles, Baddour, Larry, Barker-Collo, Suzanne, Bartels, David, Bell, Michelle, Benjamin, Emelia, Bennett, Derrick, Bhalla, Kavi, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Abdulhak, Aref, Birbeck, Gretchen, Blyth, Fiona, Bolliger, Ian, Boufous, Soufiane, Bucello, Chiara, Burch, Michael, Burney, Peter, Carapetis, Jonathan, Chen, Honglei, Chou, David, Chugh, Sumeet, Coffeng, Luc, Colan, Steven, Colquhoun, Samantha, Colson, K, Condon, John, Connor, Myles, Cooper, Leslie, Corriere, Matthew, Cortinovis, Monica, de Vaccaro, Karen, Couser, William, Cowie, Benjamin, Criqui, Michael, Cross, Marita, Dabhadkar, Kaustubh, Dahodwala, Nabila, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Delossantos, Allyne, Denenberg, Julie, Des Jarlais, Don, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorsey, E, Driscoll, Tim, Duber, Herbert, Ebel, Beth, Erwin, Patricia, Espindola, Patricia, Ezzati, Majid, Feigin, Valery, Flaxman, Abraham, Forouzanfar, Mohammad, Fowkes, Francis, Franklin, Richard, Fransen, Marlene, Freeman, Michael, Gabriel, Sherine, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gaspari, Flavio, Gillum, Richard, Gonzalez-Medina, Diego, Halasa, Yara, Haring, Diana, Harrison, James, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick, Hoen, Bruno, Hotez, Peter, Hoy, Damian, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Jasrasaria, Rashmi, Jayaraman, Sudha, Johns, Nicole, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kassebaum, Nicholas, Keren, Andre, Khoo, Jon-Paul, Knowlton, Lisa, Kobusingye, Olive, Koranteng, Adofo, Krishnamurthi, Rita, Lipnick, Michael, Lipshultz, Steven, and Ohno, Summer

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Sex Factors, Young Adult
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Reliable and timely information on the leading causes of death in populations, and how these are changing, is a crucial input into health policy debates. In the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010), we aimed to estimate annual deaths for the world and 21 regions between 1980 and 2010 for 235 causes, with uncertainty intervals (UIs), separately by age and sex. METHODS: We attempted to identify all available data on causes of death for 187 countries from 1980 to 2010 from vital registration, verbal autopsy, mortality surveillance, censuses, surveys, hospitals, police records, and mortuaries. We assessed data quality for completeness, diagnostic accuracy, missing data, stochastic variations, and probable causes of death. We applied six different modelling strategies to estimate cause-specific mortality trends depending on the strength of the data. For 133 causes and three special aggregates we used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach, which uses four families of statistical models testing a large set of different models using different permutations of covariates. Model ensembles were developed from these component models. We assessed model performance with rigorous out-of-sample testing of prediction error and the validity of 95% UIs. For 13 causes with low observed numbers of deaths, we developed negative binomial models with plausible covariates. For 27 causes for which death is rare, we modelled the higher level cause in the cause hierarchy of the GBD 2010 and then allocated deaths across component causes proportionately, estimated from all available data in the database. For selected causes (African trypanosomiasis, congenital syphilis, whooping cough, measles, typhoid and parathyroid, leishmaniasis, acute hepatitis E, and HIV/AIDS), we used natural history models based on information on incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality. We separately estimated cause fractions by aetiology for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and meningitis, as well as disaggregations by subcause for chronic kidney disease, maternal disorders, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. For deaths due to collective violence and natural disasters, we used mortality shock regressions. For every cause, we estimated 95% UIs that captured both parameter estimation uncertainty and uncertainty due to model specification where CODEm was used. We constrained cause-specific fractions within every age-sex group to sum to total mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions. FINDINGS: In 2010, there were 52·8 million deaths globally. At the most aggregate level, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes were 24·9% of deaths worldwide in 2010, down from 15·9 million (34·1%) of 46·5 million in 1990. This decrease was largely due to decreases in mortality from diarrhoeal disease (from 2·5 to 1·4 million), lower respiratory infections (from 3·4 to 2·8 million), neonatal disorders (from 3·1 to 2·2 million), measles (from 0·63 to 0·13 million), and tetanus (from 0·27 to 0·06 million). Deaths from HIV/AIDS increased from 0·30 million in 1990 to 1·5 million in 2010, reaching a peak of 1·7 million in 2006. Malaria mortality also rose by an estimated 19·9% since 1990 to 1·17 million deaths in 2010. Tuberculosis killed 1·2 million people in 2010. Deaths from non-communicable diseases rose by just under 8 million between 1990 and 2010, accounting for two of every three deaths (34·5 million) worldwide by 2010. 8 million people died from cancer in 2010, 38% more than two decades ago; of these, 1·5 million (19%) were from trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer. Ischaemic heart disease and stroke collectively killed 12·9 million people in 2010, or one in four deaths worldwide, compared with one in five in 1990; 1·3 million deaths were due to diabetes, twice as many as in 1990. The fraction of global deaths due to injuries (5·1 million deaths) was marginally higher in 2010 (9·6%) compared with two decades earlier (8·8%). This was driven by a 46% rise in deaths worldwide due to road traffic accidents (1·3 million in 2010) and a rise in deaths from falls. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lower respiratory infections, lung cancer, and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of death in 2010. Ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, stroke, diarrhoeal disease, malaria, and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) in 2010, similar to what was estimated for 1990, except for HIV/AIDS and preterm birth complications. YLLs from lower respiratory infections and diarrhoea decreased by 45-54% since 1990; ischaemic heart disease and stroke YLLs increased by 17-28%. Regional variations in leading causes of death were substantial. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes still accounted for 76% of premature mortality in sub-Saharan Africa in 2010. Age standardised death rates from some key disorders rose (HIV/AIDS, Alzheimers disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease in particular), but for most diseases, death rates fell in the past two decades; including major vascular diseases, COPD, most forms of cancer, liver cirrhosis, and maternal disorders. For other conditions, notably malaria, prostate cancer, and injuries, little change was noted. INTERPRETATION: Population growth, increased average age of the worlds population, and largely decreasing age-specific, sex-specific, and cause-specific death rates combine to drive a broad shift from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes towards non-communicable diseases. Nevertheless, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes remain the dominant causes of YLLs in sub-Saharan Africa. Overlaid on this general pattern of the epidemiological transition, marked regional variation exists in many causes, such as interpersonal violence, suicide, liver cancer, diabetes, cirrhosis, Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis, melanoma, and others. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of sound epidemiological assessments of the causes of death on a regular basis. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2012

13. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in rheumatology: Current status and recommendations for use

Author

Mavrogeni, Sophie I., Kitas, George D., Dimitroulas, Theodoros, Sfikakis, Petros P., Seo, Philip, Gabriel, Sherine, Patel, Amit R., Gargani, Luna, Bombardieri, Stefano, Matucci-Cerinic, Marco, Lombardi, Massimo, Pepe, Alessia, Aletras, Anthony H., Kolovou, Genovefa, Miszalski, Tomasz, van Riel, Piet, Semb, AnneGrete, Gonzalez-Gay, Miguel Angel, Dessein, Patrick, Karpouzas, George, Puntmann, Valentina, Nagel, Eike, Bratis, Konstantinos, Karabela, Georgia, Stavropoulos, Efthymios, Katsifis, Gikas, Koutsogeorgopoulou, Loukia, van Rossum, Albert, Rademakers, Frank, Pohost, Gerald, and Lima, Joao A.C.

Published
2016
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16. Contributors

Author

Abramson, Steven, primary, An, KaiNan, additional, Andrade, Felipe, additional, Ardoin, Stacy P., additional, Barton, Anne, additional, Baughman, Robert P., additional, Beaton, Dorcas E., additional, Beere, Helen M., additional, Beltran, Javier, additional, Bending, David, additional, Bennett, Robert M., additional, Bermas, Bonnie L., additional, Bertsias, George, additional, Bhardwaj, Nina, additional, Bijlsma, Johannes W.J., additional, Bockenstedt, Linda K., additional, Boers, Maarten, additional, Boilard, Eric, additional, Boin, Francesco, additional, Boumpas, Dimitrios T., additional, Boyle, David L., additional, Bradley, Sean, additional, Brown, Matthew, additional, Buch, Maya, additional, Buckley, Christopher D., additional, Budd, Ralph C., additional, Burg, Nathalie, additional, Burns, Christopher M., additional, Cannella, Amy C., additional, Carter, John D., additional, Chakravarty, Eliza F., additional, Chakravarty, Soumya D., additional, Chang, Christopher, additional, Cheng, Joseph S., additional, Chiodo, Christopher P., additional, Chung, Sharon, additional, Cleland, Leslie G., additional, Cohen, Stanley, additional, Colbert, Robert A., additional, Cook, Paul P., additional, Craft, Joseph E., additional, Crofford, Leslie J., additional, Cronstein, Bruce N., additional, Crow, Mary K., additional, Crowson, Cynthia S., additional, Culley, Kirsty L., additional, Cunnane, Gaye, additional, Dall'Era, Maria, additional, Darrah, Erika, additional, Davis, John M., additional, Bari, Cosimo De, additional, Dell'Accio, Francesco, additional, Diamond, Betty, additional, Di Cesare, Paul E., additional, Dixit, Rajiv, additional, Drenth, Joost P.H., additional, Dustin, Michael L., additional, El-Gabalawy, Hani S., additional, Elmamoun, Musaab, additional, Erickson, Alan R., additional, Erkan, Doruk, additional, Eyre, Stephen, additional, Fanouriakis, Antonis, additional, Felson, David T., additional, Field, Max, additional, Filer, Andrew, additional, Firestein, Gary S., additional, Fishman, Felicity G., additional, FitzGerald, Oliver, additional, Flaherty, John P., additional, Fors, César E., additional, Fortner, Karen A., additional, Gabriel, Sherine E., additional, Gasque, Philippe, additional, Gershwin, M. Eric, additional, Gladue, Heather S., additional, Goldring, Mary B., additional, Goldring, Steven R., additional, Golightly, Yvonne M., additional, Goodman, Stuart, additional, Gordon, Siamon, additional, Grassi, Walter, additional, Green, Douglas R., additional, Greenspan, Adam, additional, Gregersen, Peter, additional, Grimaldi, Christine, additional, Guilherme, Luiza, additional, Hajj-Ali, Rula A., additional, Haudenschild, Dominik R., additional, Hellmann, David B., additional, Holmdahl, Rikard, additional, Hsu, Joyce J., additional, Huddleston, James I., additional, Hudson, Alan P., additional, Huizinga, Thomas W.J., additional, Hunder, Gene G., additional, Iversen, Maura D., additional, Jacobs, Johannes W.G., additional, Jen, Ho, additional, Jordan, Joanne M., additional, Jorizzo, Joseph L., additional, Kalil, Jorge, additional, Kaufman, Kenton, additional, Kaufman, William S., additional, Kavanaugh, Arthur, additional, Keenan, Robert T., additional, Kenna, Tony, additional, Kerr, Darcy A., additional, Koch, Alisa E., additional, Kono, Dwight H., additional, Korsten, Peter, additional, Krakow, Deborah, additional, Krasnokutsky, Svetlana, additional, Lafeber, Floris P.J.G., additional, Lambert, Robert G.W., additional, Lane, Nancy E., additional, Langford, Carol A., additional, Laskin, Daniel M., additional, Layh-Schmitt, Gerlinde, additional, Lee, Lela A., additional, Lee, Tzielan C., additional, Lockshin, Michael D., additional, Lozada, Carlos J., additional, Lundberg, Ingrid E., additional, Luqmani, Raashid, additional, Luyten, Frank P., additional, Mader, Reuven, additional, Maksymowych, Walter, additional, Markenson, Joseph A., additional, Martin, Scott David, additional, Matteson, Eric L., additional, McGregor, Laura, additional, McInnes, Iain B., additional, McNamara, Elizabeth K., additional, Mikuls, Ted R., additional, Miller, Mark S., additional, Ming, Pedro Azevedo, additional, Moder, Kevin G., additional, Monach, Paul A., additional, Moulton, Vaishali R., additional, Nagaraju, Kanneboyina, additional, Nelson, Amanda E., additional, Nigrovic, Peter A., additional, Nistala, Kiran, additional, O'Dell, James R., additional, Okada, Yasunori, additional, Østergaard, Mikkel, additional, Otero, Miguel, additional, Palmer, Bradley M., additional, Panush, Richard S., additional, Peng, Stanford L., additional, Pillai, Shiv, additional, Pillinger, Michael H., additional, Plüddemann, Annette, additional, Polston, Gregory R., additional, Porcelli, Steven A., additional, Price, Mark D., additional, Reed, Ann M., additional, Reveille, John D., additional, Robinson, Angela B., additional, Robinson, Philip, additional, Robinson, William H., additional, Roosendaal, Goris, additional, Rosen, Antony, additional, Rosenbaum, James T., additional, Rosenberg, Andrew E., additional, Ruderman, Eric M., additional, Saag, Kenneth G., additional, Salmon, Jane E., additional, Sammaritano, Lisa R., additional, Samuels, Jonathan, additional, Sandborg, Christy I., additional, Sawalha, Amr H., additional, Saxena, Amit, additional, Schett, Georg, additional, Schutgens, Roger E.G., additional, Seldin, David C., additional, Shah, Binita, additional, Sikora, Keith A., additional, Simon, Anna, additional, Siraj, Dawd S., additional, Sorkin, Linda S., additional, St. Clair, E. William, additional, Stamp, Lisa K., additional, Stone, John H., additional, Suarez-Fueyo, Abel, additional, Svensson, Camilla I., additional, Sweiss, Nadera J., additional, Swigart, Carrie R., additional, Szekanecz, Zoltán, additional, Tait, Stephen, additional, Tanne, Antoine, additional, Taylor, Peter C., additional, Terkeltaub, Robert, additional, Theofilopoulos, Argyrios N., additional, Thornhill, Thomas S., additional, Torok, Kathryn S., additional, Toth, Michael J., additional, Tozman, Elaine C., additional, Trouw, Leendert A., additional, Tsokos, George C., additional, Tugwell, Peter, additional, Tutuncu, Zuhre, additional, Upadhyaya, Shivam, additional, Van, Annette H.M., additional, van der Linden, Sjef, additional, Van, Jos W.M., additional, Van, Jacob M., additional, Meter, Heather Van, additional, van Vollenhoven, Ronald F., additional, van Vulpen, Lize F.D., additional, Varga, John, additional, Vaseer, Samera, additional, Vasquez-Castellanos, Raul, additional, Veale, Douglas J., additional, Wakefield, Richard J., additional, Wallace, Mark S., additional, Wang, Ruoning, additional, Wang, Tingting, additional, Warshaw, David M., additional, Wedderburn, Lucy R., additional, Werth, Victoria P., additional, Wigley, Fredrick M., additional, Wofsy, David, additional, Wollheim, Frank A., additional, Wondimu, Elisabeth, additional, Wong, Cyrus, additional, Wortmann, Robert L., additional, Yelin, Edward, additional, Zayat, Ahmed, additional, Zou, Yong-Rui, additional, and Zurier, Robert B., additional

Published
2017
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18. Acknowledgement

Author

Firestein, Gary S., primary, Budd, Ralph C., additional, Gabriel, Sherine E., additional, McInnes, Iain B., additional, and O'Dell, James R., additional

Published
2017
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30. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Forms of Axial Spondyloarthritis

Author

Firestein, Gary S., Budd, Ralph C., Gabriel, Sherine E, Koretzky, Gary, McInnes, Iain B, O'Dell, James R, van der Linden, Sjef, Brown, Matthew A., Kenna, Tony, Maksymowych, Walter P., Gensler, Leanne, Firestein, Gary S., Budd, Ralph C., Gabriel, Sherine E, Koretzky, Gary, McInnes, Iain B, O'Dell, James R, van der Linden, Sjef, Brown, Matthew A., Kenna, Tony, Maksymowych, Walter P., and Gensler, Leanne

Published
2021

40. Smoking cessation is associated with lower disease activity and predicts cardiovascular risk reduction in rheumatoid arthritis patients

Author

Roelsgaard, Ida K., Ikdahl, Eirik, Rollefstad, Silvia, Wibetoe, Grunde, Esbensen, Bente A., Kitas, George D., van Riel, Piet, Gabriel, Sherine, Kvien, Tore K., Douglas, Karen, Wållberg-Jonsson, Solveig, Rantapää-Dahlqvist, Solbritt, Karpouzas, George, Dessein, Patrick H., Tsang, Linda, El-Gabalawy, Hani, Hitchon, Carol A., Pascual-Ramos, Virginia, Contreras-Yanez, Irazu, Sfikakis, Petros P., Gonzalez-Gay, Miguel A., Crowson, Cynthia S., Semb, Anne Grete, Roelsgaard, Ida K., Ikdahl, Eirik, Rollefstad, Silvia, Wibetoe, Grunde, Esbensen, Bente A., Kitas, George D., van Riel, Piet, Gabriel, Sherine, Kvien, Tore K., Douglas, Karen, Wållberg-Jonsson, Solveig, Rantapää-Dahlqvist, Solbritt, Karpouzas, George, Dessein, Patrick H., Tsang, Linda, El-Gabalawy, Hani, Hitchon, Carol A., Pascual-Ramos, Virginia, Contreras-Yanez, Irazu, Sfikakis, Petros P., Gonzalez-Gay, Miguel A., Crowson, Cynthia S., and Semb, Anne Grete

Abstract

Objectives: Smoking is a major risk factor for the development of both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and RA and may cause attenuated responses to anti-rheumatic treatments. Our aim was to compare disease activity, CVD risk factors and CVD event rates across smoking status in RA patients. Methods: Disease characteristics, CVD risk factors and relevant medications were recorded in RA patients without prior CVD from 10 countries (Norway, UK, Netherlands, USA, Sweden, Greece, South Africa, Spain, Canada and Mexico). Information on CVD events was collected. Adjusted analysis of variance, logistic regression and Cox models were applied to compare RA disease activity (DAS28), CVD risk factors and event rates across categories of smoking status. Results: Of the 3311 RA patients (1012 former, 887 current and 1412 never smokers), 235 experienced CVD events during a median follow-up of 3.5 years (interquartile range 2.5-6.1). At enrolment, current smokers were more likely to have moderate or high disease activity compared with former and never smokers (P < 0.001 for both). There was a gradient of worsening CVD risk factor profiles (lipoproteins and blood pressure) from never to former to current smokers. Furthermore, former and never smokers had significantly lower CVD event rates compared with current smokers [hazard ratio 0.70 (95% CI 0.51, 0.95), P = 0.02 and 0.48 (0.34, 0.69), P < 0.001, respectively]. The CVD event rates for former and never smokers were comparable. Conclusion: Smoking cessation in patients with RA was associated with lower disease activity and improved lipid profiles and was a predictor of reduced rates of CVD events.

Published
2020
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41. Cardiovascular Safety of Tocilizumab Versus Etanercept in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Author

Giles, Jon T, Sattar, Naveed, Gabriel, Sherine, Ridker, Paul M, Gay, Steffen, Warne, Charles, Musselman, David, Brockwell, Laura, Shittu, Emma, Klearman, Micki, Fleming, Thomas R, Giles, Jon T, Sattar, Naveed, Gabriel, Sherine, Ridker, Paul M, Gay, Steffen, Warne, Charles, Musselman, David, Brockwell, Laura, Shittu, Emma, Klearman, Micki, and Fleming, Thomas R

Abstract

To compare the risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in RA patients treated with tocilizumab versus the tumor necrosis factor inhibitor etanercept. This randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial enrolled patients with active seropositive RA (N=3080), inadequate responses to conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to open-label tocilizumab 8 mg/kg/month or etanercept 50 mg/week and followed up for an average of 3.2 years. The primary end point was comparison of time-to-first MACE. The trial was powered to exclude a 1.8 or higher relative hazard of MACE for tocilizumab versus etanercept. By week 4, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were 11.1%, 5.7%, and 13.6% higher, respectively, for patients allocated to tocilizumab compared with etanercept (all P<.001). During follow-up, 83 MACE occurred in the tocilizumab group compared with 78 in the etanercept group. The estimated hazard of MACE for tocilizumab relative to etanercept was 1.05 (95% confidence interval=0.77, 1.43). Result were similar in sensitivity analyses and the on-treatment analysis. Adverse events that occurred more frequently in the tocilizumab group included serious infection and gastrointestinal perforation. The trial, which provides insights into the cardiovascular safety of tocilizumab versus etanercept, excluded a relative risk for MACE of 1.43 or higher. This result should be interpreted in the context of the clinical efficacy and the non-cardiovascular safety of tocilizumab. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Published
2020

43. Contributors

Author

Abramson, Steven B., primary, An, Kai-Nan, additional, Andrade, Felipe, additional, Atkinson, John P., additional, Baeten, Dominique, additional, Baughman, Robert P., additional, Beaton, Dorcas E., additional, Bennett, Robert, additional, Benseler, Susanne M., additional, Bertsias, George, additional, Bhardwaj, Nina, additional, Bijlsma, Johannes W.J., additional, Bockenstedt, Linda K., additional, Boers, Maarten, additional, Boin, Francesco, additional, Boumpas, Dimitrios T., additional, Bresnihan, Barry, additional, Brettler, Doreen B., additional, Buckley, Christopher D., additional, Budd, Ralph C., additional, Burns, Christopher M., additional, Cannella, Amy C., additional, Chakravarty, Eliza F., additional, Chang, Christopher, additional, Cheng, Joseph S., additional, Chiodo, Christopher P., additional, Cleland, Leslie G., additional, Clowse, Megan E., additional, Cook, Paul P., additional, Craft, Joseph E., additional, Crofford, Leslie J., additional, Cronstein, Bruce N., additional, Crow, Mary K., additional, Cunnane, Gaye, additional, Cush, John J., additional, Cutolo, Maurizio, additional, Dall'Era, Maria, additional, Dao, Kathryn H., additional, Darrah, Erika, additional, Davis, John M., additional, DeGroot, Jeroen, additional, Devin, Clint, additional, Diamond, Betty, additional, Díaz-González, Federico, additional, Di Cesare, Paul E., additional, Dixit, Rajiv, additional, Drenth, Joost P.H., additional, Dustin, Michael L., additional, El-Gabalawy, Hani S., additional, Elkon, Keith B., additional, Erkan, Doruk, additional, Fanouriakis, Antonios, additional, Field, Max, additional, Filer, Andrew, additional, Firestein, Gary S., additional, Fitzgerald, Oliver, additional, Flaherty, John P., additional, Flanagan, Adrienne M., additional, Fortner, Karen A., additional, Gabriel, Sherine E., additional, Gaston, J.S. Hill, additional, Gay, Steffen, additional, Gershwin, M. Eric, additional, Gibofsky, Allan, additional, Ginsberg, Mark H., additional, Goldring, Mary B., additional, Goldring, Steven R., additional, Golightly, Yvonne M., additional, Goodman, Stuart, additional, Gordon, Siamon, additional, Grassi, Walter, additional, Greenspan, Adam, additional, Gregersen, Peter K., additional, Grimaldi, Christine, additional, Hajj-Ali, Rula A., additional, Harper, Lorraine, additional, Harris, Edward D., additional, Haudenschild, Dominik R., additional, Hellmann, David B., additional, Holmdahl, Rikard, additional, Hsu, Joyce J., additional, Huddleston, James I., additional, Huizinga, Thomas W.J., additional, Hunder, Gene G., additional, Hung, Emily W., additional, Inman, Robert D., additional, Iversen, Maura Daly, additional, Jacobs, Johannes W.G., additional, Jordan, Joanne M., additional, Jorizzo, Joseph L., additional, Kaufman, Kenton R., additional, Kaufman, William S., additional, Kavanaugh, Arthur, additional, Keenan, Robert T., additional, Khan, Shaukat, additional, Koch, Alisa E., additional, Kono, Dwight H., additional, Krakow, Deborah, additional, Lambert, Robert G.W., additional, Landewé, Robert B.M., additional, Lane, Nancy E., additional, Langford, Carol A., additional, Laskin, Daniel M., additional, Laxer, Ronald M., additional, Lee, David M., additional, Lee, Lela A., additional, Lee, Tzielan Chang, additional, Lockshin, Michael D., additional, Lories, Rik, additional, Lozada, Carlos J., additional, Lundberg, Ingrid E., additional, Luqmani, Raashid, additional, Luyten, Frank P., additional, Mader, Reuven, additional, Maksymowych, Walter P., additional, Mandell, Brian, additional, Martin, Scott David, additional, Matteson, Eric L., additional, McGirt, Matthew J., additional, McInnes, Iain B., additional, McNamara, Elizabeth Kaufman, additional, Mikuls, Ted R., additional, Miller, Mark S., additional, Moder, Kevin G., additional, Nagaraju, Kanneboyina, additional, Naides, Stanley J., additional, Nelson, Amanda E., additional, Nigrovic, Peter A., additional, Nistala, Kiran, additional, Nowatzky, Johannes, additional, O'Dell, James R., additional, Okada, Yasunori, additional, Orduño, Nataly Manjarrez, additional, Ospelt, Caroline, additional, Østergaard, Mikkel, additional, Palmer, Bradley M., additional, Panush, Richard S., additional, Peng, Stanford L., additional, Pillinger, Michael H., additional, Polston, Gregory R., additional, Porcelli, Steven A., additional, Price, Mark D., additional, Rasker, Johannes J., additional, Reveille, John D., additional, Roberts, W. Neal, additional, Ronneberger, Monika, additional, Rosen, Antony, additional, Rosenbaum, James T., additional, Rosenberg, Andrew E., additional, Ruderman, Eric M., additional, Ruutu, Merja, additional, Salmon, Jane E., additional, Samuels, Jonathan, additional, Sandborg, Christy I., additional, Savage, Caroline O.S., additional, Saxena, Amit, additional, Scher, Jose U., additional, Schett, Georg, additional, Seldin, David C., additional, Simon, Anna, additional, Siraj, Dawd S., additional, Skinner, Martha, additional, St. Clair, E. William, additional, Stamp, Lisa K., additional, Stone, John H., additional, Straub, Rainer H., additional, Sweeney, Susan E., additional, Sweiss, Nadera J., additional, Swigart, Carrie R., additional, Symmons, Deborah, additional, Szekanecz, Zoltan, additional, Tak, Paul-Peter, additional, Taylor, Peter C., additional, Terkeltaub, Robert, additional, Theofilopoulos, Argyrios N., additional, Thomas, Ranjeny, additional, Thornhill, Thomas S., additional, Torralba, Karina D., additional, Toth, Michael J., additional, Tugwell, Peter, additional, Tutuncu, Zuhre, additional, Upchurch, Katherine S., additional, van der Heijde, Désirée M.F.M., additional, van der Helm-van Mil, Annette H.M., additional, van der Linden, Sjef M., additional, van der Meer, Jos W.M., additional, van Laar, Jacob M., additional, Varga, John, additional, Wallace, Mark S., additional, Warshaw, David M., additional, Wedderburn, Lucy R., additional, Werth, Victoria P., additional, Wigley, Fredrick M., additional, Wise, Christopher M., additional, Wofsy, David, additional, Wolfe, Frederick, additional, Wollheim, Frank A., additional, Wortmann, Robert L., additional, Yelin, Edward, additional, Yu, David, additional, Zabriskie, John B., additional, Zurier, Robert B., additional, and Zuurmond, Anne-Marie, additional

Published
2013
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46. A prospective clinical practice intervention to improve osteoporosis management following distal forearm fracture

Author

Cuddihy, Maria-Teresa, Amadio, Peter C., Gabriel, Sherine E., Pankratz, V. Shane, Kurland, Robert L., and Melton, L. Joseph

Subjects
Osteoporosis -- Care and treatment, Fractures -- Care and treatment, Health
Abstract

Byline: Maria-Teresa Cuddihy (1,5), Peter C. Amadio (2), Sherine E. Gabriel (3), V. Shane Pankratz (3), Robert L. Kurland (4), L. Joseph Melton (3) Keywords: Adherence; Osteoporosis treatment; Postfracture interventions Abstract: Secondary prevention of osteoporosis after fracture is underutilized, despite cost-effective therapies. This clinical practice intervention aimed to improve osteoporosis care of the postfracture patient. Residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA, aY=age 45 who sustained a moderate trauma distal forearm fracture were identified, and participants received educational materials, referral for bone densitometry and physician consultation to address osteoporosis in January 1999 through October 2000. Osteoporosis educational materials were provided to patients at the time of recruitment, and primary care physicians provided osteoporosis practice guidelines. Outcomes included: completion of bone densitometry, acceptance of interventions at the first postfracture primary care physician visit, and adherence to advice at 6 months. There were 105 patients identified (80% women), but only 58 agreed to participate (88% women). Women with lower T-scores (&lt -1.5) had an 89% initial treatment rate, and 67% were adherent to treatment at 6 months. All women with normal bone density (T-score above -1.5) were advised by their primary care physicians about antiresorptive treatment, and 100% adhered to these recommendations, even though they were not eligible for such treatment based on the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) guidelines. None of the men accepted the treatments offered, despite T-scores that fell at or below the NOF treatment threshold. Bone densitometry and consultation improved osteoporosis interventions after index fracture from a 16% baseline rate in the population (1993--1997) to a 45% overall rate for the study population. In summary, while referral for bone densitometry and discussion by a physician about postfracture osteoporosis preventive treatments did increase treatment rate, the majority of patients at highest risk did not accept interventions. Further initiatives are needed to overcome both system and patient barriers. Author Affiliation: (1) Division of General Internal Medicine (Area), Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (2) Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (3) Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (4) Department of Orthopedics, Olmsted Medical Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (5) Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA Article History: Registration Date: 19/01/2004 Received Date: 01/07/2003 Accepted Date: 12/01/2004 Online Date: 09/03/2004

Published
2004

50. Contributors

Author

Abeles, Aryeh M., primary, Abelson, Abby G., additional, Abhishek, Abhishek, additional, Abramson, Steven B., additional, Adams, Michael A., additional, Adlam, David M., additional, Aigner, Thomas, additional, Akira, Shizuo, additional, Aksentijevich, Ivona, additional, Aletaha, Daniel, additional, Aliprantis, Antonios O., additional, Allaart, Cornelia F., additional, Allen, Pamela G., additional, Altman, Roy D., additional, Aringer, Martin, additional, Ascherman, Dana P., additional, Assassi, Shervin, additional, Atamas, Sergei P., additional, Baer, Alan N., additional, Baeten, Dominique, additional, Baker, Nancy, additional, Balsa, Alejandro, additional, Barnsley, Les, additional, Bathon, Joan M., additional, Becker, Michael A., additional, Belch, Jill JF, additional, Bellamy, Nicholas, additional, Bellido, Teresita, additional, Benitez, R. Michael, additional, Benjamin, Michael, additional, Beresford, Michael W., additional, Berman, Brian M., additional, Bermas, Bonnie Lee, additional, Bertsias, George, additional, Bilezikian, John P., additional, Blazar, Philip E., additional, Bleasel, Jane F., additional, Böhm, Markus, additional, Boileau, Christelle, additional, Bolster, Marcy B., additional, Bombardieri, Stefano, additional, Bonnick, Sydney, additional, Boumpas, Dimitrios T., additional, Brasington, Richard D., additional, Breedveld, Ferdinand, additional, Brien, Earl W., additional, Brower, Anne C., additional, Brown, Matthew A., additional, Bruce, Ian N., additional, Bugbee, William D., additional, Bukhari, Marwan A.S., additional, Burgos-Vargas, Rubén, additional, Burns, Jane C., additional, Burr, David B., additional, Cagnoli, Patricia C., additional, Calabrese, Leonard H., additional, Callen, Jeffrey P., additional, Canoso, Juan J., additional, Cavallo, Sabrina, additional, Cawston, Tim E., additional, Chard, Michael Denis, additional, Chen, Lan X., additional, Choy, Ernest H.S., additional, Clauw, Daniel J., additional, Clements, Philip J., additional, Colburn, Nona T., additional, Coleman, Laura A., additional, Conaghan, Philip G., additional, Cooper, Cyrus, additional, Cosman, Felicia, additional, Costenbader, Karen H., additional, Creamer, Paul, additional, Crispin, José C., additional, Criswell, Lindsey A., additional, Cronstein, Bruce N., additional, Cross, Raymond, additional, Cusano, Natalie E., additional, Cush, John J., additional, Cutolo, Maurizio, additional, D’Agati, Vivette, additional, Dagfinrud, Hanne, additional, Daikh, David I., additional, Dalton, Seamus E., additional, Dass, Shouvik, additional, David, Jean-Pierre, additional, Davis, Aileen, additional, Deal, Chad L., additional, De Ceulaer, Karel, additional, Deighton, Chris, additional, Dellaripa, Paul F., additional, Rossa, Alessandra Della, additional, Dempster, David, additional, Dennison, Elaine, additional, Denton, Christopher P., additional, Denton, John, additional, Dhawale, Roshan, additional, Doherty, Michael, additional, Dolan, Patricia, additional, Donn, Rachelle, additional, Dooley, Mary Anne, additional, Dougados, Maxime, additional, Drummond, Michael F., additional, Dyer, George S.M., additional, Earp, Brandon E., additional, Edwards, N. Lawrence, additional, Ellender, Patrick, additional, Emery, Paul, additional, Espinoza, Luis R., additional, Farber, Joshua M., additional, Fasth, Anders, additional, Feldman, Debbie, additional, Felson, David T., additional, Fitzgerald, G. Kelley, additional, Flores, Raymond H., additional, Fox, David A., additional, Francomano, Clair A., additional, Freemont, Anthony J., additional, Fresko, Izzet, additional, Fricka, Kevin B., additional, Furst, Daniel E., additional, Gabay, Cem, additional, Gabriel, Sherine E., additional, Galarraga, Bernat, additional, Gäre, Boel Andersson, additional, Garnero, Patrick, additional, Gensler, Lianne S., additional, Gerlag, Danielle M., additional, Geusens, Piet P., additional, Giles, Jon T., additional, Ginzler, Ellen M., additional, Gizinski, Alison M., additional, Gold, Garry, additional, Gonzalez-Rivera, Tania, additional, Gordon, Caroline, additional, Gorodkin, Rachel, additional, Goronzy, Jorg J., additional, Görtz, Simon, additional, Gournelos, Elena, additional, Grahame, Rodney, additional, Grainger, Andrew J., additional, Gravallese, Ellen M., additional, Greenberg, Jeffrey D., additional, Hagley, Karlene, additional, Hakim, Alan J., additional, Hamuryudan, Vedat, additional, Haraoui, Boulos, additional, Harder, Adam, additional, Harley, John B., additional, Harris, E. Nigel, additional, Hashkes, Philip J., additional, Hawker, Gillian, additional, Hawkins, Philip N., additional, Heiberg, Turid, additional, Heinegård, Dick, additional, Helfgott, Simon M., additional, Heller, Jenny E., additional, Herrick, Ariane L., additional, Higgins, Laurence D., additional, Gaston, J. S. Hill, additional, Hochberg, Marc C., additional, Hoffmann, Markus, additional, Holers, V. Michael, additional, Holick, Michael F., additional, Holroyd, Christopher, additional, Hübscher, Osvaldo, additional, Huizinga, Tom W.J., additional, Hunter, David J., additional, Husni, M. Elaine, additional, Inman, Robert D., additional, Isaac, Zacharia, additional, Iversen, Maura D., additional, Jabs, Douglas A., additional, James, Hayley, additional, Javier, Rose-Marie, additional, Jayne, David, additional, Johnsen, Alyssa K., additional, Jordan, Joanne M., additional, Joy, Melanie S., additional, Kaisho, Tsuneyasu, additional, Kallenberg, Cees G.M., additional, Kanno, Yuka, additional, Karlson, Elizabeth W., additional, Kassimos, Dimitrios G., additional, Kastner, Daniel L., additional, Katz, Jeffrey N., additional, Kavanaugh, Arthur, additional, Kay, Jonathan, additional, Kelly, Jennifer A., additional, Keystone, Edward, additional, Khamashta, Munther A., additional, Khanna, Dinesh, additional, Kim, Peter W., additional, Kjeken, Ingvild, additional, Koch, Alisa E., additional, Koff, Matthew F., additional, Kraus, Virginia Byers, additional, Kremers, Hillal Maradit, additional, Krug, Hollis Elaine, additional, Kumar, Pradeep, additional, Kvien, Tore K., additional, Lafyatis, Robert, additional, Landau, Talia, additional, Landewé, Robert B.M., additional, Langford, Carol A., additional, Laxer, Ronald M., additional, Learch, Thomas J., additional, Leirisalo-Repo, Marjatta, additional, Lewith, George T., additional, Li, Yi, additional, Liao, Katherine P., additional, Littlejohn, Geoffrey, additional, Lockshin, Michael D., additional, Lorenzo, Pilar, additional, Luger, Thomas A., additional, Lundberg, Ingrid E., additional, Luthra, Harvinder S., additional, Machold, Klaus P., additional, Mackenzie, C. Ronald, additional, Mahowald, Maren Lawson, additional, Mahr, Alfred D., additional, Marini, Joan C., additional, Markalanda, Eresha, additional, Marquez, Javier, additional, Martel-Pelletier, Johanne, additional, Martin-Mola, Emilio, additional, Martinez-Lavin, Manuel, additional, Massarotti, Elena M., additional, Matteson, Eric L., additional, Mayes, Maureen, additional, Mayosi, Bongani M., additional, McAlindon, Timothy, additional, McCallum, Rex M., additional, McCarthy, Geraldine, additional, McCune, W. Joseph, additional, McGann, Stephany A., additional, McGonagle, Dennis, additional, McLean, Lachy, additional, Mease, Philip J., additional, Merkel, Peter A., additional, Mikdashi, Jamal A., additional, Miller, Frederick W., additional, Miller, Paul D., additional, Minden, Kirsten, additional, Mitsias, Dimitris I., additional, Mody, Girish M., additional, Monach, Paul A., additional, Moreland, Larry W., additional, Moutsopoulos, Haralampos M., additional, Namur, Gauthier, additional, Naredo, Esperanza, additional, Nashel, David J., additional, Nelson, Amanda E., additional, Newman, Stanton P., additional, Nossent, Johannes C., additional, Nöth, Ulrich, additional, O’Connor, Philip, additional, Oddis, Chester V., additional, Olsson, K. Sigvard, additional, Ombrello, Michael J., additional, Orcel, Philippe, additional, O'Shea, John J., additional, Paget, Stephen A., additional, Patrono, Carlo, additional, Pelletier, Jean-Pierre, additional, Pierangeli, Silvia, additional, Pierce, Heather, additional, Pilkington, Clarissa A., additional, Pillinger, Michael H., additional, Pineda, Carlos, additional, Plenge, Robert M., additional, Pricop, Luminita, additional, Rackwitz, Lars, additional, Ramani, Gautam, additional, Ravelli, Angelo, additional, Reeves, Westley H., additional, Remmers, Elaine F., additional, Repo, Heikki, additional, Requena, Luis, additional, Ribbens, Clio, additional, Riley, Graham, additional, Ritchlin, Christopher, additional, Rosas, Ivan O., additional, Roubenoff, Ronenn, additional, Rowan, A.D., additional, Rudwaleit, Martin, additional, Saag, Kenneth G., additional, Salmon, Jane E., additional, Salonen, David C., additional, Salter, Donald M., additional, Salzberg, Daniel J., additional, Sambrook, Philip N., additional, Sanofsky, Benjamin, additional, Saxne, Tore, additional, Schaible, Hans-Georg, additional, Schett, Georg, additional, Schmitz, Nicole, additional, Schon, Lew C., additional, Schumacher, H. Ralph, additional, Scott, David G.I., additional, Seidelmann, Brooke, additional, Sestak, Andrea L., additional, Seton, Margaret, additional, Shadick, Nancy A., additional, Shapiro, Lauren, additional, Shi, Lewis L., additional, Sidiropoulos, Prodromos, additional, Siegel, Richard M., additional, Sieper, Joachim, additional, Silver, Richard M., additional, Silverberg, Shonni J., additional, Simard, Julia F., additional, Simmons, Barry P., additional, Simms, Robert W., additional, Sims, John, additional, Singer, Nora G., additional, Smith, Malcolm D., additional, Smith, Stacy E., additional, Smolen, Josef S., additional, Spector, Tim D., additional, St. Clair, E. William, additional, Steen, Virginia D., additional, Steiner, Günter, additional, Steinert, Andre F., additional, Stone, John H., additional, Stone, Millicent A., additional, Straub, Rainer H., additional, Symmons, Deborah P.M., additional, Szekanecz, Zoltán, additional, Szer, Ilona S., additional, Tak, Paul P., additional, Tavoni, Antonio, additional, Taylor, Peter C., additional, Terkeltaub, Robert, additional, Thabet, Mohamed M., additional, Thorne, Jennifer E., additional, Tsokos, George C., additional, Tuan, Rocky S., additional, Turesson, Carl, additional, Tzioufas, Athanasios G., additional, Uber, Patricia A., additional, van den Berg, Wim B., additional, van der Heijde, Désirée, additional, van Gaalen, Floris A., additional, Varga, John, additional, Vassilopoulos, Dimitrios, additional, Vasudevan, Archana R., additional, Venables, Patrick J.W., additional, Vital, Edward M., additional, Wakefield, Richard J., additional, Walker, Jennifer G., additional, Ward, Robert J., additional, Watts, Richard, additional, Wedderburn, Lucy R., additional, Weinblatt, Michael E., additional, Weir, Matthew R., additional, Wenham, Claire Y.J., additional, West, Sterling G., additional, Weyand, Cornelia M., additional, White, Kenneth E., additional, Williams, Frances M.K., additional, Winthrop, Kevin L., additional, Woolf, Anthony D., additional, Worthington, Jane, additional, Wright, John, additional, Yazici, Hasan, additional, Yazici, Yusuf, additional, York, John R., additional, Young, D.A., additional, Yurdakul, Sebahattin, additional, Zhai, Guangju, additional, Zhang, Yuqing, additional, and Zhuang, Haoyang, additional

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2011
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