Search

International audience; In Europe, the prevalence of gambling disorders in the general population ranges from 0.15 to 6.6%. Professional athletes are known for having risk factors for addictive behaviors, such as young age or sensation seeking, though no study has yet tried to evaluate the prevalence of gambling and gambling disorders among this specific population. The goals of this study were to estimate the prevalence of gambling, problematic or not, among European professional athletes and to explore the factors that are associated with gambling practice and gambling problems in professional athletes. A self-completion questionnaire was specifically designed for this study. The questionnaires were distributed by European Union athletes to professional ice hockey, rugby, handball, basketball, football, indoor football, volleyball, and cricket teams in Spain, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Socio-demographic variables (age, sex, education, marital and parental status, sport, country of birth, and country of practice), variables linked to gambling (gambling habits, screening of gambling problems with the Lie/Bet questionnaire, and gambling related cognitions), and impulsive behavior data (urgency, premeditation, perseverance, and sensation seeking [UPPS]-Short Form questionnaire) were gathered. There were 1,236 questionnaires filled out. The percentage of professional athletes that had gambled at least once during the previous year was 56.6%. The prevalence of problem gambling, current or past, was 8.2%. A certain number of variables were associated with the gambling status. In particular, betting on one's own team (OR = 4.1, CI95% [1.5-11.5]), betting online (OR = 2.9, CI95% [1.6-5.4]), gambling regularly (OR = 4.0, CI95% [2.1-7.6]), and having a high positive urgency score (OR = 1.5, CI95% [1.3-1.7]) were associated with gambling problems, current or past, among professional athletes. Professional athletes are particularly exposed to both gambling and problem gambling.

Addictions cannot be reduced to substance use disorders(SUD). Indeed, it is now widely agreed that they can also berelated to non-drug behaviors (e.g. gambling or shopping)and to substances that had not until then been viewed as ad-dictive (e.g. food) (Gearhardt, White & Potenza, 2011).Whether they are linked to SUDs or non-drug behaviors,these addictions actually have a great deal in common de-spite their apparent clinical heterogeneity. Mainstreamthinking on the subject increasingly views addictions as acoherent whole. This can be observed in the latest version ofthe DSM. The DSM-5 (APA, 2013) now includes a sectionentitled “Substance-related and addictive disorders”, whichcombines SUDs and gambling disorders (O’Brien, 2011).Although they are not included in the DSM-5, several otherdisorders that are linked to the Internet, sex, exercise andshopping (Grant, Potenza, Wienstein & Gorelick, 2010) areconsidered in this section. It should be expected that this listis non-exhaustive; indeed, constant social change bringsabout new forms of behavior, such as smartphone use, socialnetworking, indoor tanning, cosmetic surgery, etc., thatcould lead to new forms of addictive disorder (AndreassenPHarthHKwon etal.,2013;Petit, Lejoyeux, Reynaud & Karila, 2013). Clairvoyanceconsulting, also known as fortune teller consulting, is a be-havior that may seem harmless, but can also become exces-sive. Fortune telling is defined as the practice of predictinginformation about a person’s life, using for example horaryastrology, cartomancy or crystallomancy. To date, researchon fortune telling has only focused on the sociological orpsychological aspects (Hughes, Behanna & Signorella,2001;Irwin,1993;Shein,LiHTaneda,2000).To the best of our knowledge, we could not find any study orcase report about an addictive use of clairvoyance. How-ever, blogs and discussion forums on the Internet indicatethat such a form of addictive disorder could exist, since par-allels can be drawn with other more common types of addic-tions,such astheexistenceof adverse consequences, and thehelp some people with a problematic use of fortune tellingdecide to seek from professionals. For these reasons, wefound interesting to report the case of a woman seekingtreatment for an excessive use of fortune tellers consulting.Indeed, this case arouses significant diagnostic issues, butalso risk factors issues, which are discussed later on in thispaper.

Background: The links between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders have been the subject of numerous papers. Few studies, however, have focused specifically on the relationship between ADHD and behavioural addictions. The aim of this study was to (i) examine the frequency of pathological and at-risk gamblers having a previous history of ADHD; (ii) give details of the characteristics of this association, and (iii) identify risk factors for a history of ADHD. Methods: 84 pathological and at-risk gamblers were assessed about socio-demographic, gambling and clinical characteristics. Results: Over 25% of the subjects had a history of ADHD. They were characterized as having more severe gambling problems and a higher level of gambling-related cognitions, a higher frequency of psychiatric comorbidities and an elevated risk of suicide. Finally, they differed in their level and type of impulsivity. Among pathological and at-risk gamblers, a high level of impulsivity, or a history of anxiety disorders, constitute risk factors for a comorbidity with ADHD. Conclusion: The association ‘ADHD-problem gambling’ therefore appears to be not only frequent, but also linked to factors that are known to worsen the prognosis. Researching this relationship is therefore important to adapt strategies for effective future therapy.

The authors examined gamblers' perceptions of Texas Hold'Em (HE) poker, especially regarding excessive behaviours and the nature of skill involved. Sixteen regular HE gamblers were assessed through a semi-structured interview and took part in a session of gambling exposure. A qualitative thematic analysis and a comparative analysis on problem and social gamblers were performed. Problem gamblers had an emotional profile that was characterized by a lack of self-regulation and difficulties with delayed gratification. The desire to take on a new persona through poker seems to be implicated in excessive poker behaviours. Three kinds of skills came to the fore: technical skills (mastery of rules and strategies), psychological skills (self-regulation and accurate analysis of adversaries), and financial skills (the ability to correctly assess the financial risk). The results support the fact that poker deserves to be set apart from other gambling forms, especially when it comes to prevention and treatment.

Il aura fallu attendre 2010 pour que soit menée en France la première étude de prévalence des troubles liés à la pratique des jeux de hasard et d’argent [1]. Si cette enquête a indiqué que les problèmes de jeu touchaient environ 1,3 % de la population adulte, elle ne décrivait que partiellement les caractéristiques associées. Il est cependant essentiel de disposer d’informations pouvant expliquer qu’une pratique récréative devienne hors de contrôle. L’étude JEU a cette ambition. Impliquant 7 centres hospitaliers français, elle a débuté en 2009 et a permis de recruter 628 sujets ayant joué au moins une fois au cours de l’année écoulée, qui seront suivis pendant les 5 années suivantes. Répartis en 3 groupes (« joueurs non problématiques = JNP », « joueurs problématiques sans soin = JPNS » et « joueurs problématiques avec soins = JPS »), l’un des objectifs de cette étude est de comparer leurs caractéristiques respectives. Lors du suivi de la cohorte, l’évolution de ces variables sera mise en perspective avec l’évolution de la pratique et du recours à des soins spécifiques. Une partie des résultats issus de la description des 3 groupes sera présentée ici. Des régressions logistiques multivariées, comparant 2 à 2 les groupes, ont été réalisées. Elles indiquent que, par rapport aux JNP, les JP jouent plus fréquemment, ont un score de distorsions cognitives plus élevé et un score de détermination plus faible. Par rapport aux JPNS, les JPS sont plus jeunes, plus fréquemment actifs, plus nombreux à jouer sur Internet, avec un jeu pathologique plus sévère et un risque suicidaire plus important. Cette étude permet de dresser le tableau des joueurs, en particulier ceux pour lesquels la pratique devient problématique. Des hypothèses au sujet des facteurs favorisant et limitant l’accès aux soins sont discutées.

Si les points communs sont nombreux entre le poker et les autres jeux de hasard et d’argent (JHA), les professionnels du soin et de la recherche spécialisés dans le jeu pathologique sont de plus en plus nombreux à insister sur la nécessité de prendre en compte les spécificités de ce jeu, afin de mettre en place des actions de prévention et de soins plus adaptées et donc plus efficaces. Nous avons mis en place la cohorte multicentrique JEU qui a pour objectif principal d’explorer les déterminants des transitions de la pratique de jeu (émergence des problèmes de jeu, recours à des soins, rechute, etc.). Un objectif secondaire de cette cohorte était de décrire et de comparer les différents types de jeu de prédilection. Les résultats présentés ici concernent une régression logistique multivariée permettant de comparer les joueurs de poker (n = 78) aux autres joueurs de la cohorte (n = 537), dans deux sous-populations distinctes : les joueurs non problématiques et les joueurs problématiques. Les joueurs (problématiques ou non problématiques) de poker se distinguent des autres joueurs par un score d’illusion comportementale sur le jeu (GABS-attitude) plus élevé, une initiation au jeu plus précoce et une pratique du jeu moins ancienne. De plus, les joueurs non problématiques de poker se distinguent des autres joueurs non problématiques par une mise maximale en un jour plus élevée, un score de coopération (TCI) plus élevé et moins de troubles anxieux. Par ailleurs, les joueurs problématiques de poker se distinguent des autres joueurs problématiques par le fait de jouer plus sur Internet et un score de transcendance (TCI) moins élevé. Ces résultats seront discutés en termes d’implications pour la prévention, la recherche et les soins dans cette population particulière de joueurs.