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The narrative of recovering from the impacts of COVID-19 by way of ‘building back better’ has dominated discussions on COVID-19 recovery. However, current efforts are lagging behind the IPCC’s recommendations. This report explores how the Nordic countries' recovery financing plans have been tied to "green" principles and what financial mechanisms could further support and ensure a greener recovery. The Nordic countries developed recovery plans with significant acknowledgement of the green transition in mind. The Nordic countries have supported economic recovery through a wide range of financial instruments. In the long term, fiscal reforms are necessary to embed climate-related criteria in economic growth. Moreover, it is also important to strengthen capacities to plan inclusive green transitions and monitor finance flows for its impact on the green transition.

During the course of 2020-2021, South Pole and Gaia have organized the Nordic Platform on Mobilising Climate Finance on behalf of NKL (Climate and Air Pollution Group -Nordic Council of Ministers). This factsheet summarizes the results from phase 2: the results of a Nordic TCFD workshop, incl. recommendations to the Nordic governments.

South Pole, together with Gaia, organised the Nordic Platform for Mobilising Climate Finance during 2020/2021. The aim of the platform was to distil recommendations to the Nordic governments on how they can facilitate and catalyse low-carbon investments, in order to meet the Nordics’ climate neutrality goals. The platform brought together over 30 Nordic companies, investors and civil society organisations for two tailored webinar series; to discuss the most prevalent climate-related private sector topics, and what measures are needed from the Nordic governments. This was followed by a workshop to allow for further stakeholder discussion, and to formulate final recommendations to the Nordic governments.

During the course of 2020-2021, South Pole and Gaia have organized the Nordic Platform on Mobilising Climate Finance on behalf of NKL (Climate and Air Pollution Group -Nordic Council of Ministers). This factsheet summarizes the results from phase 1: a climate-related webinar series among Nordic public and private stakeholders.

In a survey about leadership (N = 86) we tested men’s and women’s ratings of female, male, preferred and unpreferred attributes. We found ingroup bias such that women favored female attributes and vice verse. We also found that man discriminate less between preferred and unpreffered leadership attributes than women do.

Frågan om låglönekonkurrens med utstationerad arbetskraft ska tillåtas inom EU eller om denna arbetskraft ska betalas samma löner som i värdlandet har de senaste åren varit flitigt omdebatterad i många EU-länder. I Sverige symboliseras denna debatt av Vaxholmskonflikten. I rapporten Trade in Services and in Goods with Low-Wage Countries - How Do Attitudes Differ and How Are They Formed? analyserar ekonomer och psykologer attityderna till olika typer av låglönekonkurrens. Resultaten bekräftar att attityderna är mer negativa till låglönekonkurrens i tjänstehandel som innefattar utstationerad arbetskraft än till "vanlig" import av varor från låglöneländer. Attitydbildningen verkar ha såväl "rationella" som "irrationella" komponenter. Detta gäller både de som förespråkar fri lönekonkurrens och de som är emot, även om analysen visar att det rationella inslaget tycks vara större för den förra gruppen.

This thesis concerns supporting the collaboration and knowledge sharing of distributed clinicians of oral medicine, a sub-discipline of dentistry. The Swedish Oral Medicine Network (SOMNet) holds monthly telephone conferences where a group of clinicians discuss interesting and difficult cases, which distinguishes it from one-to-one teleconsultations. SOMNet can be seen as a distributed community of practice, that is, a group of people sharing a concern and who interact regularly to extend their individual and collective expertise. Related to this, several topics need further investigation: How can geographically distributed clinical collaboration be characterized? What is appropriate functionality for a Web-based system supporting such collaborations? What are the impacts of such systems on collaboration? Further, Semantic Web technologies, such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL), have been proposed as a means of enhancing knowledge sharing. What are benefits and limitations of using these technologies to encode domain knowledge in oral medicine and to support clinical collaboration, and what practical issues face developers? The developed system, SOMWeb, focuses on functionality for meetings and structured cases, and has been regularly used for three years. Interviews, observations, a questionnaire, system log analysis, and case analysis were used to study SOMNet's collaboration and identify system impacts. The documentation of the forms of collaboration in SOMNet can serve as a model for other groups of clinicians wishing to establish a distributed collaboration. SOMNet's meetings provide a necessary rhythm for the community and the cases give context to the clinicians' learning which point toward that the centrality of meetings and cases in a tool will benefit collaboration. Impacts on SOMNet's collaboration include enabling the participation of a wider range of clinics. Factors influencing this are the more accessible submission process as well as the increased

SOMWeb is an online collaboration system based on Semantic Web technologies, which is used for knowledge sharing and dissemination within an oral medicine community in Sweden. Based on a previous study of the use of SOMWeb, general patterns of interaction and communicative activities involved in community collaboration have been identified. The patterns for one such activity, distance consultation, are described and modeled using techniques from the Pragmatic Web. It is also shown how patterns could inform system design

Att praktisera evidensbaserad odontologi innebär att integrera expertisen hos individuella kliniker med bästa vetenskapliga evidens från externa kunskapskällor.

We present a research program for identifying, modeling, and making use of generic pragmatic patterns for clinical knowledge management that support evidence-based medicine (EBM). Part of this program is SOMWeb, a system based on Semantic Web technologies, which is used for knowledge sharing and dissemination within an oral medicine community. A study of the use of SOMWeb has been conducted as the first step in the elicitation of important contextual factors and communicative activities involved in knowledge sharing processes in oral medicine. One such activity, community discussion activation, is described using consultation patterns together with the collaboration patterns of [5]. The general need for context-aware health information systems and the prospective use of approaches within Pragmatic Web in the pursuit of EBM are also discussed.

This article describes the modeling of clinical examinations in oral medicine using OWL. Based on experiences from our previous work and knowledge model, requirements for an ontology for examinations in oral medicine are identified. OWL can be used to address most, but not all, of the requirements. We found a lack of guidance for several design choices and for development of OWL ontologies at different levels of sophistication. However, using OWL gives us the ability to come back and refine the knowledge model after initial deployment.

To support knowledge sharing between practitioners of oral medicine throughout Sweden, the SOMWeb system for community collaboration has been constructed, based on Semantic Web technologies. A large function of the system is to support the discussion of difficult and interesting cases at a monthly telephone conference. From our observations of these meetings, a the users’ responses to a questionnaire, and discussions with users, we find that many of the improvements that can be made to enable further use of the system relate to adding the use of context. Some initial thoughts on what would be relevant to represent in relation to context are given, such as the experience of the practitioner, the reason for adding a case to the system, and the current activity of the user. The long-term aims of this work is to identify aspects of context relevant to online communities of practice in healthcare, and to investigate how these contexts can be modeled using Semantic Web technologies.

This paper describes how Semantic Web technologies have been used in an online community for knowledge sharing between clinicians in oral medicine in Sweden. The main purpose of this community is to serve as repository of interesting and difficult cases, and as a support for monthly teleconferences. All information regarding users, meetings, news, and cases is stored in RDF. The community was built using the Struts framework and Jena was used for interacting with RDF.

This thesis addresses how ontology-driven applications can be designed and developed to support distributed clinical knowledge management in oral medicine, where geographically dispersed practitioners need to share practical clinical knowledge. A step in developing tools for knowledge management is representing knowledge in a machine-processable and sharable manner. We investigate the use of the World Wide Web Consortium's recommendations of the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and Resource Description Framework (RDF) to describe clinical knowledge in oral medicine. The MedView project, a cooperation between clinicians in oral medicine and computer scientists, provides a basis for this work. Limitations of MedView's original knowledge model are identified, together with a list of requirements for a new model. In this new model, OWL and RDF are used for representing examination templates, value lists, aggregates of values, and individual examination records. Further, we give a description of how the ISO/IEC 15288 system life cycle processes can be used to structure the ontology development process. To support distributed knowledge management in oral medicine, an online community for sharing and discussing difficult and interesting cases was built, which uses OWL and RDF for representing examinations, users, meetings, news, and case meta-data. OWL and RDF were found to support the requirements of making ontology reuse possible, and different language versions and meta-data are more easily represented than in the original model. One of the requirements not readily provided for is capturing interactions between different parts of templates, for which the Semantic Web Rule Language could be used. In practice, we found it hard to find ontologies to reuse. Further, there are differing opinions on the appropriate use of constructs, and OWL doesn't directly provide the expected validation facilities. Also, we found a lack of guidance for developing OWL ontologies at different lev

In a net-based society, clinicians can come together for cooperative work and distance learning around a common medical material. This requires suitable techniques for cooperative knowledge management and user interfaces that are adapted to both the group as a whole and to individuals. To support distributed management and sharing of clinical knowledge, we propose the development of an intelligent web community for clinicians within oral medicine. This virtual meeting place will support the ongoing work on developing a digital knowledge base, providing a foundation for a more evidence-based oral medicine. The presented system is founded on the use and development of web services and standards for knowledge modelling and knowledge-based systems. The work is conducted within the frame of a well-established cooperation between oral medicine and computer science.

Medical ontologies like GALEN, the FMA or SNOMED represent a kind of “100% certain” medical knowledge which is not inherent to all medical sub-domains. Clinical radiology uses computerized imaging techniques to make the human body visible and interprets the imaging findings in a clinical context delivering a textual report. For clinical radiology few standardized vocabularies are available. We examined the definitions given in the glossary of terms for thoracic radiology published by the Fleischner Society. We further classified these terms with regard to their definitions in terms of (a) describing visible structures on the image itself, (b) referring to ontological entities of the body (anatomical or pathological), and (c) terms imposing knowledge on structures visible on the image, epistemologically representing ontological entities of the body. Each ontological/epistemological definition was rated on a scale of vague/weak-sound/strong and put in context with the evaluation comments for the use of the terms given in the glossary itself. The result of this distinction shows that clinical radiology uses many terms referring to ontological entities valid for representation in a medical ontology. However, many epistemological terms exist in the terminology which impose epistemological knowledge on ontological entities. The analysis of the evaluation comments reveals that terms classified as sound (ontologically) and strong (epistemologically) are evaluated higher than terms bearing vague or weak definitions. On the basis of this, we argue that the distinction between ontological and epistemological definitions is necessary in order to construct epistemologically-sensitive application ontologies for medical sub-domains, like clinical radiology, where knowledge is fragmented in terms of description, inferred from a description, concluded on the basis of imaging, or other additional information with varying degrees of certainty.

Neuroinformatics is the information science infrastructure of neuroscience. It relates to the tools, databases, models and mechanisms of information flow that serve all of the clinical and research efforts in this field. There have been several attempts to create neuroinformatic systems, but none seem to have reached wide spread adoption yet. This is especially true in the in the area of cognitive modeling where the goal is to develop computational models of cognitive processes. When these models claim to parallel processes in the brain, it would be useful if this could be tested in an automatic way by invoking some form of neuroinformatic database. In principle, many structural and functional claims about a model could be automatically validated against neuroscientific data if both the model and the data were represented in form suitable for an inference engine.