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Introduction: Nasal inverted papilloma (NIP) is a benign tumour with multiple inflammatory cell infiltration. Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) support local antibody production and play important roles in airway inflammation. However, the evidence of TLOs and local immunoglobulins in NIP has not been reported yet. We investigated the presence of TLOs and immunoglobulins in NIP tissues and their association with the clinical-pathological characteristics of NIPs. Methods: We analyzed the occurrence and composition of TLOs and local immunoglobulins by immunohistochemistry and evaluated the lymph organogenesis associated genes and cytokines by quantitative qPCR and Luminex assays, respectively, in papilloma tissues from 84 NIP cases. Results: TLOs were present in 54% (45/84) of the NIP patients but not in control subjects. TLOs were composed of T cells, B cells, follicular dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Compared to NIP tissues without TLOs, tissues with TLOs showed significantly higher eosinophil infiltration levels (3.5-fold), elevation of lymphorganogenic genes (CXCL12, CXCL13, CCL20, CCL21, CD21L, and lymphotoxin alpha and beta), and increased Th17 (IL-21, IL-22, and GM-CSF) and Th2 (IL-5 and IL-13) cytokine production. Moreover, NIP with TLOs demonstrated a higher number of follicular T helper cells and immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells (CD138+ IgA+, CD138+ IgM+, CD138+ IgE+, and CD138+ IgG+) than those without TLOs, and these antibody-producing cells were positively correlated with the eosinophil number. Conclusion: The high frequency of TLOs and excess local immunoglobulin production are associated with an eosinophilic and Th2 skew microenvironment in the NIP mucosa, which would contribute to an important immunopathogenic response during NIP pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Neutrophil infiltration in patients with sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is significantly high. Whether IL‐17, which is a potent factor mediating neutrophilic inflammation, is involved in the neutrophilic phenotype of SNIP is investigated in the current study. Study design: Laboratorial study. Participants: Nasal papilloma and inferior turbinate were collected from patients with SNIP (n = 50) and control subjects with septal deviation (n = 15). Methods: IL‐17 + cells were evaluated in tissues obtained from patients with SNIP and control subjects with septal deviation, by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Main outcome measures: The IL‐17 + cells were mainly localised in mononuclear cells and neutrophils, and were up‐regulated in the SNIP samples compared with those in the controls. The IL‐17 + T‐cell subsets mainly included CD4+ (Th17, 60.0%) and CD8+ (Tc17, 30.0%), and both subsets were enhanced in the SNIP samples than controls. The total level of IL‐17 + cells was significantly correlated with neutrophil infiltration in the SNIP tissues. Furthermore, the SNIP homogenates could significantly promote IL‐17 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Conclusions: An increase in IL‐17 + cells is evident in SNIP and may be involved in neutrophil infiltration in local tissues. IL‐17 could be a potential therapeutic target to relieve the neutrophilic pathological change in SNIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the mechanical properties of cellulose films, chemical crosslinking was used to enhance cellulose films: A high strength cellulose film with a certain UV resistance was prepared by phase conversion with cellulose /DMAc-LiCl solution as casting solution and p-Xylylene dichloride as crosslinking agent, following etherification reaction for crosslinking in NaOH aqueous solution. The synthesized film was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the content of crosslinking agent played a decisive role in the strength of cellulose film. With increasing the amount of crosslinking agent, the original amorphous structure of cellulose was destroyed and a new crystalline Wffflh higher degree of crystallization was formed. The mechanical properties test showed that the cellulose film with best mechanical properties could be prepared when the crosslinking agent was 1:0.125 (molar ratio of--OH : --Cl), the concentration of NaOH was 0.1 mol/L, and the reaction time was 3 h. The tensile strength of the plain film can be increased by 102%, the modulus of elasticity by 32% and the elongation at break by 210%. The mechanical strength of unmodified cellulose films irradiated by ultraviolet light decreased by 24.6%. With the increase of cross-linking agent content, the tensile strength of cellulose films decreased by 16.8%-2.45%. It was proved that the modified cellulose films had certain ultraviolet resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]