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【Objective】 The plum rainy season from May to July in southern China is a period where rice accumulates nutrients. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of onset, duration of flooding and recession of waterlogging in this period on oxidation resistance and yield of rice in the catchment of Poyang Lake. 【Method】 Pot experiments with Semilate rice as the model plants were conducted when the crop was in the elongation stage. Sediment contents of the surface water was 0 kg/m3 (S0), 0.10 kg/m3(S1) and 0.25 kg/m3 (S2), respectively. For each sediment content, there were two waterlogging treatments with the duration of surface-flooding being 3d (F1) and 6 d (F2) respectively. For each sediment and waterlogging combination, there were two drainages with the duration of the surface water receding being 3 d (D1) and 6 d (D2) respectively. The control was without taking interferences (CK). In each treatment, we measured the SPAD, activity of antioxidant enzymes in the flag leaves and the rice yield. We then analyzed the response of the rice to waterlogging and its associated recession. 【Result】 ①The SPAD decreased with the increase in sediment content, duration of flooding and its recession; it peaked prior to the onset of the drainage. The greatest SPAD fall was in S2+F2+D2, decreasing by 46.20% compared to the CK. ②The activities of SOD and POD, as well as MDA content increased first followed by a decline as the waterlogging recessed; they all peaked prior to the starting of the drainage. ③Waterlogging reduced the 1 000-grain weight and hence the grain yield significantly, compared to the CK (P

Let (R , ⋅ , ∘) be a braided Hopf brace, i.e. a Hopf brace in the category of Yetter–Drinfeld modules over a Hopf brace (H , ⋅ , ∘). In this note, we give the sufficient and necessary conditions which make Radford's biproduct (R ♯ H , ⋅) and (R ♯ H ∘ , ∘) become a Hopf brace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the growth and physiological response mechanisms of rice under continuous drought stress circumstances can provide a significant scientific foundation and technological assistance for meeting drought difficulties, improving drought resistance and rice (Oryza sativa L.) output, and ensuring food security. In this study, a rice field experiment was conducted under a rain shelter with five different treatments set up: P1 (drought stress from tillering stage), P2 (drought stress from jointing–booting stage), P3 (drought stress from heading–flowering stage), P4 (drought stress from grain filling stage), and CK (adequate water management throughout the growth stage). Continuous drought stress from different growth stages with four levels (mild, medium, moderate, and severe). The results showed that the effects of different drought stress treatments on rice growth varied significantly. Compared with the CK treatment, plant height was reduced by 12.10%, 8.14%, 3.83%, and 1.06% in the P1, P2, P3, and P4 treatments, respectively, and the number of tillers was reduced by 23.83%, 18.91%, 13.47%, and 8.68%, respectively. With the increase in drought stress levels, SPAD values and Rubisco activity of rice leaf continued to decrease; SOD activity showed a decreasing trend, but the decreasing trend of POD and CAT activities was not significant, while MDA content showed an increasing trend. For yield components, continuous drought stress significantly reduced spike length of rice by an average of 3.5%, effective number of spikes by 18.9%, thousand grain weight by 3.7%, grain number per spike by 11.6%, and fruiting rate by 1.8%, respectively, compared to CK treatments during the growth period. In general, continuous drought stress during the early growth period affected the effective spike number and the grain number per spike. Continuous drought stress after the grain filling stage had the least effect on yield (17.62% of yield reduction), and water use efficiency (1.76 kg m−3) was much higher than other treatments. These researchers' findings provide insight into how rice physiology and growth react to continuous drought stress, which is significant for agricultural operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf size is an important factor contributing to the photosynthetic capability of wheat plants. It also significantly affects various agronomic traits. In particular, the flag leaves contribute significantly to grain yield in wheat. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed between varieties with significant differences in flag leaf traits was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) of flag leaf length (FLL) and to evaluate its pleiotropic effects on five yield-related traits, including spike length (SL), spikelet number per spike (SPN), kernel number per spike (KN), kernel length (KL), and thousand-kernel weight (TKW). Two additional RIL populations were used to validate the detected QTL and reveal the relationships in different genetic backgrounds. Using the diversity arrays technology (DArT) genetic linkage map, three major QTL for FLL were detected, with single QTL in different environments explaining 8.6-23.3% of the phenotypic variation. All the QTL were detected in at least four environments, and validated in two related populations based on the designed primers. These QTL and the newly developed primers are expected to be valuable for fine mapping and marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to studying certain families of inner deformations of entwined modules and investigating simple entwined modules. Our main results can be applied to the study of the inner deformation of all kinds of Hopf modules and the irreducible representations of a wide class of Hopf algebras constructed by smash products. As an explicit application, we consider the case of quantum Yetter-Drinfel'd modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with various subtypes. Among these, seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (SnRA), distinguished by its distinctive seronegative antibody phenotype, presents clinical diagnosis and treatment challenges. This study aims to juxtapose the immunological features of SnRA with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (SpRA) to investigate potential mechanisms contributing to differences in antibody production., Methods: This study included 120 patients diagnosed with RA and 78 patients diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), comprising 41 cases of SnRA and 79 cases of SpRA. Clinical, serological, and immune data were collected from all participants to systematically identify and confirm the most pivotal immunological distinctions between SnRA and SpRA., Results: (1) SpRA demonstrates more pronounced T-helper 17 cells (Th17)/Regulatory T cells (Treg) dysregulation, vital immunological differences from SnRA. (2) SpRA exhibits higher inflammatory cytokine levels than SnRA and PsA. (3) Lymphocyte subset ratios and cytokine overall distribution in SnRA close to PsA. (4) Interleukin-4 (IL-4) emerges as the central immunological disparity marker between SnRA and SpRA., Conclusion: Th17/Treg imbalance is one of the vital immunological disparities between SnRA and SpRA. Interestingly, PsA and SnRA display similar peripheral blood immunological profiles, providing immunological evidence for these two diseases' clinical and pathological similarities. Furthermore, IL-4 emerges as the central immunological disparity marker between SnRA and SpRA, suggesting its potential role as a triggering mechanism for differential antibody production., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Li, Su, Guo, Su, Gao, Li and Wang.)

Previous studies have modified rice's resistant starch (RS) content by mutating single and double genes. These mutations include knocking out or reducing the expression of sbe1 or sbe2b genes, as well as overexpressing Wx a . However, the impact of triple mutant sbe2b / sbe1 /OE- Wx a on RS contents remained unknown. Here, we constructed a double mutant with sbe2b /RNAi- sbe1 , based on IR36ae with sbe2b , and a triple mutant with sbe2b /RNAi- sbe1 /OE- Wx a , based on the double mutant. The results showed that the amylose and RS contents gradually increased with an increase in the number of mutated genes. The triple mutant exhibited the highest amylose and RS contents, with 41.92% and 4.63%, respectively, which were 2- and 5-fold higher than those of the wild type, which had 22.19% and 0.86%, respectively. All three mutants altered chain length and starch composition compared to the wild type. However, there was minimal difference observed among the mutants. The Wx a gene contributed to the improvement of 1000-grain weight and seed-setting rate, in addition to the highest amylose and RS contents. Thus, our study offers valuable insight for breeding rice cultivars with a higher RS content and yields., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Chen, Guo, Yang, Yuan, Song, Fu, Zhang, Xu, Liao, Ali, Du and Wu.)

A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method using the di-n-hexyl L-tartrate-boric acid complex as a chiral mobile phase additive was developed for the enantioseparation of five beta-blockers including propranolol, esmolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol and sotalol. In order to obtain a better enantioseparation, the influences of concentrations of di-n-butyl L-tartrate and boric acid, the type, concentration and pH of the buffer, methanol content as well as the molecular structure of analytes were extensively investigated. The separation of the analytes was performed on a Venusil MP-C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm). The mobile phase was 15 mmol/L ammonium acetate-methanol containing 60 mmol/L boric acid, 70 mmol/L di-n-hexyl L-tartrate (pH 6.00). The volume ratios of 15 mmol/L ammonium acetate to methanol were 20: 80 for propranolol, esmolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol and 30: 70 for sotalol. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min and the detection wavelength was set at 214 nm. Under the optimized conditions, baseline enantioseparation was obtained separately for the five pairs of analytes.