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The current review explores multiple definitions of school shootings used by myriad data collection platforms and by various scholars. Importantly, the impacts of definitional discrepancies on inclusion criteria, data divergence, research, policy, and public perception are discussed at length. The review concludes with a call to Criminologists and school gun violence scholars to better collaborate on what should be considered a "school shooting" and lists five benefits that may result from modifying school gun violence definitions and data collection methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined the effectiveness of central bank communications during times of significant adverse shocks. Specifically, we examined how the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) regulated foreign exchange (FX) markets during the Russo‐Ukrainian War in 2022. Data collected from both the black and authorized FX markets suggested that the content of the NBU's announcements significantly impacted FX market agents. Announcements aimed at maintaining a fixed (floating) FX rate prompted an increase (decrease) in the black market premium in cash transactions. Moreover, the NBU's announcements influenced the sale side of foreign currency more than any other aspect, an area where the black market FX traders held near monopolistic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study numerically examined the propellant flow from gunfire using the kω-SST turbulence model and their sound attenuation using the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkins equations (FW-H). For simulation, a pressure-based solver and 3D axisymmetric geometry were used. The second-order implicit time approach and the second-order upwind scheme spatial discretization were used in the simulation. The maximum exit pressure was 3.748 MPa for the suppressor with a length of 70 mm and diameter of 20 mm. However, when the diameter suppressor increased by 1/6, the maximum exit pressure was reduced to 3.4961 MPa. When the length increased by 1/6, the maximum pressure became 3.3636 MPa. Lastly, when the diameter and length were increased by 1/6, the maximum exit pressure became 3.177 MPa. For this suppressor, 20.835 dB (12.29%) sound pressure level attenuation was achieved with 16.823 MPa (84.115%) overpressure reduction and 484.86 K or 32.32% temperature reduction. Generally, the attenuation increased with the increase in the suppressor's internal volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incidentally found intra-spinal bullets are extremely rare, and have never been reported in the literature. The aim of this study is to report a rare case of an asymptomatic migrating intra-spinal bullet, emphasizing the role of cultural context in history taking, and describing its surgical retrieval technique. We discuss a case of a 10-years old boy with an incidentally discovered intra-spinal bullet opposite to the L5 vertebral level, who presented 3 months after the suspected initial insult. Following its migration to the L3/L4 level intraoperatively, the bullet was forced to spontaneously return to its preoperative position by reverse Trendelenburg Position, Valsalva maneuver and Intrathecal saline infusion, thus avoiding extending the previously performed laminectomy. The authors remind the readers that history is the cornerstone of the clinical practice, even in the most obscure cases. Many convoluted intra-operative situations could be resolved by utilizing basic anatomical and physiological principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the formation of Chinese identity among hyphenated Chinese overseas during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries through the life trajectory of Chinese-Mexican woman Herlinda Chew (189+1939). Based on Chinese-, English-, and Spanish-language newspapers, oral interviews, and archival sources, this case study reconstructs her activities and identity forination in various historical contexts, including the US-Mexico border conflicts during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) and subsequent US involvement, the Chinese Nationalist Party's administration of overseas Chinese, and the overseas Chinese communities' engagement with their home country. This article argues that Herlinda Chew's Chinese identity was not natural-born but developed and changed through connections with Chinese fellows and organizations on both sides of the US-Mexico border and across the Pacific. Herlinda was born as a mixed-race, but her Chinese-ness began with learning the Chinese language froni her husband and was consolidated through her helping Chinese mierants navigate challenges posed by gunfire and racism and taking offices in Chinese associations and the Nationalist chapter overseas. Moreover, Herlinda intensified her Chinese identity by traveling to her husband's hometown in Guangdong. Once there, however, she rejected the expectations of her becoming a dependent wife to her husband like many stay-athome women in qiaoxian, g (hometowns of overseas Chinese). Examining the development of Herlinda Chew's Chinese identity provides insights into how overseas Chinese cultivated transnational connections with China as well as a sense of belonging. This article also highlights individual agency and pursuit of personalized Chinese identity among members of these communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses rise in frequency of stagecoach attacks increased dramatically in Cochise County from 1881 to 1882. It mentions Stagecoach robberies created drama and confusion and a barrage of gunfire, frightening, injuring, and occasionally killing stagecoach drivers, guards, passengers, and livestock. It also mentions ordinances for the development of an orderly community, and law enforcement.

The article focuses on stagecoach robberies created drama and confusion and barrage of gunfire, frightening, injuring, and occasionally killing stagecoach drivers, guards, passengers, and livestock. It mentions attacks on Cochise County, Arizona stagecoaches and roadways had been the discovery of silver at Tombstone in 1878. It also mentions mixture of liquor and uncontrolled weapons often filled Tombstone's streets at night with predictable violence from dance halls.

African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) are a critically endangered and visually cryptic species that inhabits Central African rainforests. Using a 1250 sq‐km grid of 50 acoustic sensors in Republic of Congo, we investigated the landscape‐scale behavioural response of forest elephants to poaching events. We detected eight automatic weapon fire events over 1.5 years of recording (2017–2019). We examined detections of elephant vocalisations across grid sites within 10 km of the gunfire events in the 48 h surrounding the gunfire, and in paired 48‐h control periods free of gunfire. Fewer vocalisations were detected before gunfire events than during control periods, suggesting elephants show behavioural responses to poacher presence before any shots are fired. Immediately following the gunfire events, a significant increase in elephant calls was detected, which may indicate increased communication to facilitate group cohesion and movement. Elevated call levels dropped to lower‐than‐baseline rates after several hours, suggestive of a sustained response. These patterns indicate forest elephants respond to both poacher presence and to gunfire events themselves. As these patterns may reflect behaviours that mediate population processes, conservation strategies should account for the potential of poaching to impact populations via indirect effects on nontarget elephants in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ballistic shields are used by military and police members in dangerous situations to protect the user against threats such as gunfire. When struck, the shield material deforms to absorb the incoming kinetic energy of the projectile. If the rapid back-face deformation contacts the arm, it can potentially impart a large force, leading to injury risk, termed behind armor blunt trauma (BABT). This work characterized the loading profiles due to the contact between the deforming back-face of the shield and the arm using a modified upper extremity anthropomorphic test device (ATD). This ATD measured forces at the hand, wrist, forearm, and elbow to compare the locational effects of the force transfer for future investigations of fracture risk. Two composite ballistic shields, both with the same ballistic protection rating, were investigated and had statistically different responses to the same impact conditions, indicating a further need for shield safety evaluation. Additionally, ballistic force curves were compared among stand-off distances, defined as the distance between the back-face of the shield and the front of the force sensor, where the peak impact force significantly decreased with increased stand-off. This study presents the first highly instrumented ATD upper limb capable of evaluating BABT and characterization of these loading profiles. This work demonstrates the importance of realistic boundary conditions as loading varies by anatomical location. Stand-off distance is an effective method to reduce loading and should be considered in future shield design iterations and standards that are developed using this device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suitability of using different types of shotgun shells for defence against low, slow and small (LSS) UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) is investigated in this article. The basic criterion for assessing the effectiveness of shotgun fire is the hit probability and the effect of gunfire on the target. When using different types of shotgun ammunition, it is necessary to balance two conflicting requirements. First is hit probability which is affected by the number of pellets in the shotgun shell. Second is the kinetic energy of pellets which is affected by their size and speed. The theoretical procedure for determining the optimal types of shotgun ammunition depending on the distance and resistance of the target is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Mass shootings seemingly lie outside the grasp of explanation and prediction, because they are statistical outliers—in terms of their frequency and severity—within the broader context of crime and violence. Innovative scholarship has developed procedures to estimate the future likelihood of rare catastrophic events such as earthquakes that exceed 7.0 on the Richter scale or terrorist attacks that are similar in magnitude to 9/11. Methods: Because the frequency and severity of mass public shootings follow a distribution resembling these previously studied rare catastrophic event classes, we utilized similar procedures to forecast the future severity of these incidents within the United States. Results: Using a dataset containing 156 mass public shootings that took place in the U.S. between 1976 and 2018, we forecast the future probability of attacks reaching each of a variety of severity levels in terms of the number of gunfire victims killed and wounded across three different choices of tail model, three different scenarios for future incident rates, and other parameters. Using a set of mid-range parameters, we find that the probability of an event as deadly as the 2017 massacre in Las Vegas occurring before 2040 is 35% (90% uncertainty interval [8, 72]) and we characterize how this projection varies substantially with choice of modeling parameters. Conclusions: Our results suggest an uncertain, but concerning, future risk of large-scale mass public shootings, while also illustrating how such forecasts depend on assumptions made about the tail location and other details of the severity distribution model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many crimes go unreported, making the true scope of crime unknown, and criminal justice reform based on potentially limited data. An acoustic gunfire detection system (AGDS) broadens the data available and provides a unique picture of gun use and violence in communities, separate from crime reported by victims. Using data from an AGDS in the City of St. Louis, this study models variation in community rates of calls to the police for gunshots detected. The results provide new insights into the prevalence of gunfire in a high crime community. We find that community residents are more likely to call the police when the incident was a homicide, and communities with a higher proportion of Black residents are less likely to call 911, net of community disadvantage and violent crime. Policies that encourage community building and improved access to the police and technology are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study explores the level to which Gunshot Detection Technology (GDT) leads to increased arrests and stops as compared to shots fired calls for service (CFS) in Chicago, Illinois.A two-process Knox test and point process test are applied to measure the level to which GDT alerts and CFS cluster with arrests and stops in space and time. Both tests are first applied to the aggregate arrest and stops data. We then disaggregate arrests and stops by type as well as suspect race/ethnicity to measure any disproportionate effects across GDT and CFS.Both GDT alerts and CFS are significantly associated with arrests and stops occurring in close spatial and temporal proximity. The relative effect of GDT and CFS was consistent across race in the majority of instances. The small number of instances with disparate effects did not exhibit any clear patterning. For some racial groups and arrest/stop types, GDT was associated with heightened enforcement while CFS had a null effect, with the opposite relationship observed for other racial groups and arrest/stop types.Overall, the results indicate that GDT systems may not generate racial disparities in arrests and stops above and beyond what results from the standard police response to gunfire. Racial disparities resulting from police responses to reported gunfire likely relate to aspects of the reporting and dispatch processes generally rather than as they relate specifically to GDT.Methods: This study explores the level to which Gunshot Detection Technology (GDT) leads to increased arrests and stops as compared to shots fired calls for service (CFS) in Chicago, Illinois.A two-process Knox test and point process test are applied to measure the level to which GDT alerts and CFS cluster with arrests and stops in space and time. Both tests are first applied to the aggregate arrest and stops data. We then disaggregate arrests and stops by type as well as suspect race/ethnicity to measure any disproportionate effects across GDT and CFS.Both GDT alerts and CFS are significantly associated with arrests and stops occurring in close spatial and temporal proximity. The relative effect of GDT and CFS was consistent across race in the majority of instances. The small number of instances with disparate effects did not exhibit any clear patterning. For some racial groups and arrest/stop types, GDT was associated with heightened enforcement while CFS had a null effect, with the opposite relationship observed for other racial groups and arrest/stop types.Overall, the results indicate that GDT systems may not generate racial disparities in arrests and stops above and beyond what results from the standard police response to gunfire. Racial disparities resulting from police responses to reported gunfire likely relate to aspects of the reporting and dispatch processes generally rather than as they relate specifically to GDT.Results: This study explores the level to which Gunshot Detection Technology (GDT) leads to increased arrests and stops as compared to shots fired calls for service (CFS) in Chicago, Illinois.A two-process Knox test and point process test are applied to measure the level to which GDT alerts and CFS cluster with arrests and stops in space and time. Both tests are first applied to the aggregate arrest and stops data. We then disaggregate arrests and stops by type as well as suspect race/ethnicity to measure any disproportionate effects across GDT and CFS.Both GDT alerts and CFS are significantly associated with arrests and stops occurring in close spatial and temporal proximity. The relative effect of GDT and CFS was consistent across race in the majority of instances. The small number of instances with disparate effects did not exhibit any clear patterning. For some racial groups and arrest/stop types, GDT was associated with heightened enforcement while CFS had a null effect, with the opposite relationship observed for other racial groups and arrest/stop types.Overall, the results indicate that GDT systems may not generate racial disparities in arrests and stops above and beyond what results from the standard police response to gunfire. Racial disparities resulting from police responses to reported gunfire likely relate to aspects of the reporting and dispatch processes generally rather than as they relate specifically to GDT.Conclusions: This study explores the level to which Gunshot Detection Technology (GDT) leads to increased arrests and stops as compared to shots fired calls for service (CFS) in Chicago, Illinois.A two-process Knox test and point process test are applied to measure the level to which GDT alerts and CFS cluster with arrests and stops in space and time. Both tests are first applied to the aggregate arrest and stops data. We then disaggregate arrests and stops by type as well as suspect race/ethnicity to measure any disproportionate effects across GDT and CFS.Both GDT alerts and CFS are significantly associated with arrests and stops occurring in close spatial and temporal proximity. The relative effect of GDT and CFS was consistent across race in the majority of instances. The small number of instances with disparate effects did not exhibit any clear patterning. For some racial groups and arrest/stop types, GDT was associated with heightened enforcement while CFS had a null effect, with the opposite relationship observed for other racial groups and arrest/stop types.Overall, the results indicate that GDT systems may not generate racial disparities in arrests and stops above and beyond what results from the standard police response to gunfire. Racial disparities resulting from police responses to reported gunfire likely relate to aspects of the reporting and dispatch processes generally rather than as they relate specifically to GDT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This randomized experiment investigated the "contagious fire" thesis, which was first empirically investigated by White and Klinger (2012). They were the first to empirically investigate the notion, which had been widely discussed in and around Policing. The thesis posits that in deadly force scenarios, police officers are prone to use their firearms and discharge more rounds following the catalyst of peer officer gunfire. Officers were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: a treatment group, where the officers were exposed to simulated gunfire from fellow officers (confederates), and a control group, which did not have this stimulus. One hundred and sixty-nine officers from police departments in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, and New Mexico participated in the experiment. Peer officer gunfire significantly and substantially influenced participant shooting behaviors— participants were over 11 times more likely to fire their weapons and discharged approximately 72% more rounds in the presence of gunfire. This experiment supports the contagious thesis of the use of deadly force by officers and offers the first experimental evidence of its existence. The study has implications for understanding multiple officer-involved shootings. • Contagious fire in policing refers to officers firing their weapons in response to the immediately preceding stimulus of peer officer gunfire. • The presence of peer officer gunfire was found to significantly influence shooting behavior. • Findings support the CF thesis and show the importance of consideringunconscious mental processing in police shooting behavior. • The study contributes to the limited research on CF and a need for evidence-based strategies to promote judicious use of force in policing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Line of Duty Deaths (LODD) in America caused by vehicles and gunfire and mentions anti-police sentiment in 2016 attributed with Ferguson effect. Topics discussed include murder of Police Officers Eric Joering and Anthony Morelli in attack on February 10, 2018, involvement of Jim Simone of the Cleveland Police Department in fatal shooting in Cleveland, Ohio and increase in ambushes at levels not seen.

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Abstract Background Following a period of low intensity conflict during 2009–2012, the emergence of the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (or Islamic State) in 2013 was associated with a resurgence of violence in Baghdad, Iraq’s capital and largest city. We evaluated trends in injury-related deaths in Baghdad before and during the Islamic State insurgency. Methods Iraqi National Injury Mortality Surveillance System prospectively collects information on fatal injuries from governorate coroner offices using standardized reporting forms. Trained coroner clerks collect information on victim demographics, intention of injury and mechanism of injury during medical examinations using reports from police and families. We analyzed data on all deaths reported by the Baghdad Forensic Institute from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2015. Results There were 17,555 injury-related deaths with documented intent and mechanism (range 2385–3347 per year): 6241 from gunfire (36%), 1381 explosions (8%), 1348 non-gunfire assaults (8%), 3435 traffic accidents (20%), and 5150 other unintentional injuries (29%). Rates of gunfire (23.45 per 100,000) and explosion (5.90 per 100,000) deaths were significantly higher in 2014 than in all other years during the review period (p

Apart from strengthening crew protective capability from gunfire, the hull obliquity in a light armoured vehicle (LAV) affects its weight and comfortable occupancy. Thus, it requires a critical design analysis for the obliqued hull. The study aims to present the optimal design analysis of an obliqued hull structure to ensure comfortable occupancy of the crew along with its minimum attainable weight and higher protection capability from the gunfire. Three geometric models (G1, G2, and G3) were investigated for the LAV hull's optimal design. The analytical approach was used to investigate the hull obliquity's effect, and the results were validated using experimental data reported by other researchers. Digital human modelling was adopted for validating the space adequacy of the hull. It was observed that the hull's crew protection capabilities from the horizontal strike of armour piercing rounds/bullets were improved almost by half and double for G2 and G3, respectively, when compared with G1. The analytical results are also in good agreement with globally accepted experimental data at reasonable variations. The highest protection capability and comfortable occupancy for the targeted users can be achieved by G3 without affecting the mobility of LAV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the night of February 8, 1968, in Orangeburg, South Carolina, a town located ninety minutes away from Charleston, state highway patrolmen were stationed at the edge of South Carolina State College, a historically black institution, hoping to gain control of a crowd of unarmed students protesting a nearby segregated bowling alley. Triggered by what they erroneously believed was gunfire aimed toward them, the patrolmen fired into the group, killing three young men and wounding twenty-eight others. Among those covering what became known as the Orangeburg massacre was the college's student newspaper, the Collegian. Textual analysis and media framing theory guide this examination of how the campus newspaper staff used their coverage to honor their fallen peers. Collegian coverage also communicated the anger of a campus community that felt betrayed by state lawmakers and expressed frustrations over what many believed was a lack of accurate news coverage by the mainstream media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this way, Mr. Rogers' humility counteracted affective "white fragility", by role modeling openness and nullifying defensiveness.[18] The story of Officer Francois Clemmons is illustrative here. While we may never know the reality of Mr. Rogers' position on race or queerness, it is clear from Clemmons' words that the unconditionality of Fred Rogers' love and acceptance was a powerful force in his healing. 16 Paula Ioanide, I The Emotional Politics of Racism: How Feelings Trump Facts in an Era of Colorblindness i (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2015), 15. 17 Fred Rogers, I The World According to Mister Rogers: Important Things to Remember i (New York: Hachette Books, 2019). [Extracted from the article]

Background: Following a period of low intensity conflict during 2009–2012, the emergence of the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (or Islamic State) in 2013 was associated with a resurgence of violence in Baghdad, Iraq's capital and largest city. We evaluated trends in injury-related deaths in Baghdad before and during the Islamic State insurgency. Methods: Iraqi National Injury Mortality Surveillance System prospectively collects information on fatal injuries from governorate coroner offices using standardized reporting forms. Trained coroner clerks collect information on victim demographics, intention of injury and mechanism of injury during medical examinations using reports from police and families. We analyzed data on all deaths reported by the Baghdad Forensic Institute from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2015. Results: There were 17,555 injury-related deaths with documented intent and mechanism (range 2385–3347 per year): 6241 from gunfire (36%), 1381 explosions (8%), 1348 non-gunfire assaults (8%), 3435 traffic accidents (20%), and 5150 other unintentional injuries (29%). Rates of gunfire (23.45 per 100,000) and explosion (5.90 per 100,000) deaths were significantly higher in 2014 than in all other years during the review period (p < 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively). During the same period from 2010 to 2015, traffic accident deaths declined significantly from 13.29 to 6.35 (p = 0.002), with declines observed primarily among pedestrians. Trends in the rate of non-gunfire-assault and unintentional deaths, comparing 2010 and 2015, were not significant (p = 0.12 and p = 0.63, respectively). Unintentional deaths were mostly attributed to burns (46%) and electricity-related injuries (31%). The proportion of both females and children was highest in unintentional injury deaths. Conclusions: During the study period, deaths from both gunfire and explosions in Baghdad peaked in 2014, corresponding with emergence of the Islamic State. Trends suggest a potential impact of insurgency-related activity on other injuries as evidenced by a decrease in the death rate from traffic accidents. The decreased traffic-related death rate could be from decreased vehicle and pedestrian activity during times of violence. Monitoring trends in injury mortality during conflict allows Iraq to identify priority injury causes to inform public health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]