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The article is devoted to the study of the institution of compensation for moral damage in the field of labor, i.e. in cases where the employee’s labor rights are violated by the employer, and as a result, moral damage is caused, which is subject to compensation. Since the issue of compensation for moral damage in labor law remains debatable to this day, as there is no unambiguous scientific or legislative solution to it. Although the institution of compensation for moral damage in the field of labor is an important guarantee of the protection of workers’ rights. During the research, the current domestic legislation and the views of scientists on the raised issue were analyzed. In particular, it is stated that compensation for non-pecuniary damage in labor law has its own characteristics compared to compensation for nonpecuniary damage in civil law. Thus, the specifics of compensation for non-pecuniary damage in the field of labor lies in the subject structure of this legal relationship - the employee and the employer, where the employer has the obligation to compensate non-pecuniary damage, and the employee has the right to receive it in the presence of negative consequences of the violation of labor rights. Attention has been drawn to the fact that compensation for moral damage in labor law is proposed to be considered in three aspects: as compensation for moral damage caused to the employee; as an independent, special and universal type of employer’s responsibility; and as a way of protecting the rights of the employee in labor relations. It was concluded that the labor legislation regarding the legal regulation of issues of compensation for moral damage to the employee needs improvement, since it lacks a definition not only of compensation of moral damage in labor law, but also of moral damage in labor law, which, in turn, leads to the fact that the inflicted moral damage is not actually perceived as damage, it is simply ignored. At the same time, although the introduction of the institution of compensation for moral damages in labor law did not solve all the problems regarding the protection of human labor rights, it is evidenced by the fact that the constitutional provisions on the recognition of a person as the highest social value and the guarantee of his physical and moral safety by every state are gradually being implemented in the labor legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an article in the field of mining engineering. The development of aluminum industry is subject to decisive factors such as bauxite resources. As a large aluminum industry country in the world, after nearly two decades of rapid development, domestic bauxite resources are becoming increasingly scarce, and the contradiction between ore supply is becoming increasingly prominent. How to ensure the sustainable supply of China's bauxite resource demand and ensure the sustainable and high-quality development of China's aluminum industry is an urgent problem to be solved. The author believes that in the environment of establishing and improving the economic system of green and low-carbon circular development and promoting high-quality development, in addition to continuously increasing the development and utilization of foreign bauxite resources, we can also strengthen the comprehensive utilization of domestic low-grade bauxite resources, restrict the export of primary aluminum products measures such as transnational transfer of aluminum production capacity and promoting small equity and multi-point investment in overseas aluminum industry, and improve the guarantee ability of sustainable supply of bauxite resources in China.

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Taiwan Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Foro Revista de Derecho is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Human Sciences Journal / Revue des Sciences Humaines is the property of Universite des Freres Mentouri Constantine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Human Sciences Journal / Revue des Sciences Humaines is the property of Universite des Freres Mentouri Constantine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Comparative Studies on Islamic Countries Law is the property of Ilam University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cultural rights and interests of farmers are an important component of civil rights and one of the basic contents of the soft governance form of modern countries. Research on the cultural rights and interests of farmers in the new era is carried out according to the research path of "understanding-discovery-improvement". In the context of rural revitalization, the cultural rights and interests of farmers in China are constantly improving. However, there are still problems such as imbalanced urban-rural education, inadequate public cultural services, erosion of rural public spiritual culture, and inadequate training systems for new vocational farmers. By coordinating urban-rural education resources, we can ensure equal access to education in urban and rural areas, strengthen the construction of rural public cultural service infrastructure, and improve the level of public cultural services, promote the core socialist values to reshape the public spiritual culture of farmers, improve the vocational quality education and vocational skill training for farmers in the new era, and continuously protect the cultural rights and interests of farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risks of contracts are increasing nowadays. The reasons for this are increasing economic and social uncertainties. The role of important contract law principles, such as vis maior, pacta sunt servanda, or clausula rebus sic stantibus, has changed. Judicial practice must also follow this. It is an important requirement that the parties properly assess their ability to perform when concluding the contract, and price the risks well. Institutions that ratify and insure contracts are important means of mitigating contract risks. The protection of the deposit, the penalty, the surety, the protection of the balance of the contracts, and the possibility of challenging the contract in the event of a value imbalance. In case of unfair general terms and conditions, the possibility of referring to their nullity.

Copyright of Secretary (16742354) is the property of Secretary Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It has summoned contemporary reality, especially in commercial transactions between the seller and the buyer, and has necessitated the existence of the so-called additional guarantee, which includes the determination of a period between the seller and the buyer so that the buyer can determine the validity of the sale and use it. As well as deliberation by choosing what is suitable for him, and the legitimacy of the additional guarantee has been proven by the book, the Sunnah, and reasonable, to preserve rights, achieve justice and fairness between the parties to the sale contract, and not lose those rights to their owners. The additional guarantee has been adapted to the existing forms suitable for it in Islamic jurisprudence, such as the gendarmerie guarantee and the trust guarantee, and this guarantee aims to document and confirm rights so that they are not denied or circumvented afterward, as well as so that such treatment is strictly regulated following what is prescribed in Islamic law. It may cause damage to the other party, injustice, or the loss of his right to it. One of the most important results concluded by the researcher through the study of this topic is that in the event of a defect in the sale, it must be refunded and its price or replacement taken, provided that this is within the period multiplied by him, and if that period is exceeded, the buyer's right to respond is forfeited. For this reason, the researcher recommends that the additional guarantee be documented in the contract that takes place between the parties to the contract so that this guarantee is not denied by the seller's or buyer's claim that the guarantee exists without evidence. My writing in this research was according to the inductive, deductive, descriptive, and analytical approaches because the research needs such types of approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurisprudence Faculty Journal / Magallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-fiqh is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study addressed the legal provisions regulating movables without possession in mortgage contracts, in light of the "Law of Security of Rights in Movable Properties No. (20) Of (2018)" and "Movable Properties Regulation No. (125) Of (2018)", where it showed the compatibility of these provisions with the general rules of the subject matter in the Civil Code in terms of the existence and designation of the subject matter. The study revealed the existence of floating mortgages and other specific mortgages within the provisions of this law. It also revealed a contravention of the principle of mortgage allocation, and a clear legislative lack for emerging forms of mortgage such as future movable mortgages and the floating mortgage of movable subject matters. The study also identified the material and moral movable assets that may be suitable to be the subject matter to mortgage contracts without possession in accordance with the provisions of this law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the projected objectives of the European customs policy, customs regimes play a decisive role. Within them, the special ones are extremely important, because they provide economic operators with a series of facilities, which allow them to increase their competitiveness in the global commercial competition. In our analysis, we carry out a review of the normative and operational requirements of each special customs regime, as well as a presentation of its advantages, noting their overall positive contribution to the activity of European entrepreneurs.

This article focuses on the topicality of the concept of dialogue as an essential factor for peacekeeping, in the light of a resolution proposed by 68 states at the UN General Assembly and adopted by consensus on 6 December 2022. The text examines in detail the rich content of the resolution, paying particular attention to specific elements relating to how it will be implemented by member states of the world organisation. It also highlights the relevance of the 2016 UN Declaration on the Right to Peace and the crucial role of the younger generation in implementing its provisions in a world characterised by vulnerabilities, perplexities and global discontinuities. The few events marking the 2023 International Year of Dialogue for Peace are highlighted, while noting that this diplomatic initiative has not received the attention it deserves in view of the generous concepts that inspired it. The article suggests some ideas for the future, which UNESCO should be responsible for implementing. This specialised UN institution has a significant role to play in promoting peace education, both in accordance with the mandate enshrined in its Constitution and in the light of the recommendations endorsed at the 42nd session of the General Conference in November 2023.

This research aims to determine the resistance to cancellation of auction for the collateral object of the mortgage right and the creditor’s responsibility toward the auction winner, when, the object of the mortgage right has a lawsuit against the creditor from another party. The research method used in this research is a normative juridical research method. The research results show that the auction cannot be canceled if it complies with existing regulations and procedures as regulated in PMK.No.213/PMK.06/2020 concerning instructions for carrying out auctions. Creditors can be held responsible if an auction is canceled after the auction has been executed as regulated in Minister of Finance Regulation, PMK No. 213/PMK.06/2020 concerning instructions for implementing auctions. Creditors must ensure the validity of the mortgage object being auctioned. So, if the creditor is negligent in this matter, it is the responsibility of the creditor (auction seller) to provide compensation for third-party losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iran's legal system is highly influenced by Imāmī jurisprudence in many areas. Regarding civil responsibility, the rich capacity of jurisprudence related to principles of guaranteeing covers various types of common civil responsibilities, including contractual liability. The principle of Tasbīb (Causation) is the most fitting principle that can serve as the basis for the necessity of compensating damages resulting from contractual breach. The mechanisms of Article 221 of the Civil Code and some jurists' endeavors to establish a separate system for contractual liability is subject to criticism. Utilizing jurisprudential capacities neutralizes any ground for separating the various types of liability, and eventually enables the possibility of referring to the Tasbīb Principle in contractual liability based on some jurisprudential views. Additionally, it necessitates the need for reconsidering existing rules and establishing a common system to replace the scattered and inconsistent laws regarding liability, such as some Articles in the Civil Code or the Law of Civil Liability 1399, some provisions of the Civil and Criminal Procedural Law, and the Islamic Penal Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses some legal and accounting aspects of guarantee contracts. Particular attention is paid to the underlying judgements to be made in accounting for guarantee contracts as a type of financial guarantee issued that is within the scope of International Financial Reporting Standard 9 Financial Instruments. Practical examples and models for the accounting treatment of initial and subsequent measurement of issued financial guarantees (guarantee agreements) are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tesla Revista Científica is the property of Puerto Madero Editorial Academica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Large projects such as power plants require guarantees for the implementation of the work to ensure the project's smooth running. A Bank guarantee is commonly used in these large projects to ensure contract fulfilment and good performance. This research aims to evaluate bank guarantees' role in projects such as the 2 x 650 MW Muara Tawar Power Plant run by PT Hutama Karya (Persero) EPC Division. This research uses qualitative research methods. Data collection techniques in this study include literature studies and interviews. Data analysis techniques used in this study include data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that bank guarantees are essential in implementing work on projects at PT Hutama Karya (Persero) EPC Division. Bank guarantees can be used to guarantee various things, such as quality of work, timely completion, and payments to third parties. Bank guarantees have various benefits in the implementation of work on projects at PT Hutama Karya (Persero) EPC Division, including increasing the employer's trust in service providers, increasing the certainty of work implementation, and increasing efficiency in the work implementation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Verba Iuris is the property of Universidad Libre Bogota, Centre de Investigaciones Socio Juridicas de la Facultad de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In improving the economy in Indonesia, the government is very aggressive in supporting the development of the creative economy, especially SMEs, one of which is by providing financing facilities with guaranteed intellectual property rights certificates. The problem that has occurred to date is that guarantee facilities using intellectual property rights certificates are very rarely implemented, there are many influencing factors such as, banks that apply the precautionary principle and few people use intellectual property rights registration facilities due to lack of information. This research aims to examine the effectiveness of implementing intellectual property rights certificates as collateral for credit financing for creative economy actors and MSMEs. The type of research used in writing is a normative legal research method which emphasizes secondary data. In determining whether a regulation is effective or not in its implementation there are at least five determining factors, namely, legal factors, law enforcement factors, facilities and facilities factors, community factors and cultural factors. The effectiveness of implementing intellectual property rights certificates as debt collateral in Indonesia is still not running well in accordance with what was expected by lawmakers. Regulations regarding intellectual property rights as debt collateral have been around for a long time but in practice it is very difficult to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The purpose of the article is to determine whether, taking into account the current legal framework determining the state role in the economy, it is advisable to support large enterprises in relation to preventing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis will be conducted based on one of the types of guarantees - PLG FGP guarantee line. Methodology: In order to achieve the assumed goals, the analysis was based on non-reactive research, consisting in the assessment of available information. It included studies of normative acts, official statistical data and industry reports and analyses. Two basic research methods were used, namely legal dogmatic and comparative analyses. Results of the research: Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that taking into account the characteristics of economic difficulties resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e. a decrease in demand for goods and services, reduced mobility of the population, limited supply caused by disruption of supply chains and absence of employees at the workplace), it is justified to support sector of large enterprises, because these problems concern both the SME sector and large enterprises to a similar extent. However, it is reasonable to direct the aid because financing was also used by enterprises that were not affected by the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the impact of brand benefits on a firm's financial performance. The primary emphasis is on two critical aspects of brand advantages: responsiveness and assurance. The present study additionally investigates the influence of financial quality on customer loyalty. The research methodology employed in this study entailed acquiring data from a diverse pool of respondents who served as customers for different brands within the relevant industry—the process of data collecting involved the administration of questionnaires and the execution of organized interviews. The study employed statistical research to examine the correlation between brand benefits, financial quality, and consumer loyalty. The empirical evidence suggests that the level of responsiveness and assurance exhibited by a brand has a notable influence on a firm's financial performance. Moreover, a positive correlation exists between enhanced financial quality and increased levels of consumer loyalty. The conclusions of this study suggest that firms should recognize the significance of brand responsiveness and assurance in enhancing their financial performance. This further emphasizes the significance of upholding and improving financial excellence to bolster client loyalty. The present study provides a valuable contribution to comprehending the interplay among brand benefits, financial quality, and consumer loyalty within the contemporary industry landscape.

The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The purpose of the article is to determine whether, taking into account the current legal framework determining the state role in the economy, it is advisable to support large enterprises in relation to preventing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis will be conducted based on one of the types of guarantees - PLG FGP guarantee line. Methodology: In order to achieve the assumed goals, the analysis was based on non-reactive research, consisting in the assessment of available information. It included studies of normative acts, official statistical data and industry reports and analyses. Two basic research methods were used, namely legal dogmatic and comparative analyses. Results of the research: Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that taking into account the characteristics of economic difficulties resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e. a decrease in demand for goods and services, reduced mobility of the population, limited supply caused by disruption of supply chains and absence of employees at the workplace), it is justified to support sector of large enterprises, because these problems concern both the SME sector and large enterprises to a similar extent. However, it is reasonable to direct the aid because financing was also used by enterprises that were not affected by the crisis.

According to the general rule of liability, a person is responsible for their own acts or acts committed under their instruction. Therefore, liability arising from the act of another person has exceptions and is contrary to the general rule. Another form of liability arising from the act of another person is known in common law as "vicarious liability," which is interpreted as proxy liability. In the civil liability sources of common law, the discussion of employer's liability for the actions of their employees has been addressed under the same title. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines the latest theories on the foundations and conditions of this liability in Iran’s and England’s laws. According to Article 12 of the Iranian Civil Liability Law, employer's liability is based on the theory of fault and its specificity lies only in the fact that it arises from the act of another person. In contrast, in English law, this liability is considered distinctive from two perspectives: firstly, it is contrary to the principle of personal liability, and secondly, it falls within the framework of the theory of strict liability and is solely based on the element of harm.

The involvement of a third party in a debt agreement as the owner of the mortgage object is a legal action that often occurs in people's lives. Not a few third parties feel disadvantaged due to debt agreements between debtors and creditors because there are still no regulations that clearly regulate legal protection, one of the cases is Decision No.9/Pdt.G/2020/PN.Tbn. This research aims to investigate issues relating to legal protection for third parties as the owner of the guaranteed rights under applicable legal regulations.This research method uses a normative legal approach by conducting an approach to the law applicable in Indonesia and then conduct a normative analysis using the data sources of the rules of the laws of court decisions. opinions of the legal experts, with the existing legal concept. This research will later focus on legal protection for third parties as collateral owners based on applicable regulations and legal settlements if third parties feel aggrieved over the object of collateral owned. From the results of this study it can be concluded that there is no prohibition on the involvement of third parties as guarantors of land rights in the process of debt agreements, but the legal regulations regarding the role of third parties are only implicitly explained in Law No.4/1996 so that third parties are vulnerable to being harmed. As a form of legal protection for third parties, it can be carried out through a preventive process by issuing APHT and SKMHT by authorized officials. In addition, if a third party's rights have been impaired, this can be done through litigation and non-litigation.

Bu çalışma ülkelerin ekonomisinde en önemli sektörlerden biri olan küçük ve orta boy işletmelerin (KOBİ) finansman yetersizliğine çözüm olarak kurulmuş Kredi Garanti Fonu’nu (KGF) ele almaktadır. Ülkenin ekonomik hayatını yöneten devletin temel hedeflerinden biri de ekonominin can suyu olan, büyük işletmelerin faaliyetlerinde tamamlayıcı rol oynayan ve bölgesel kalkınma ve gelir dağılımındaki dengesizliğin kapatılmasında önemli rol üstlenen KOBİ’lerin finansal problemlerini çözmektir. Dünyanın birçok ülkesinde olduğu gibi ülkemizde de KGF’nin temel amacı finansal açıdan KOBİ’lere destek olmaktır. Ülkemizde 1991 yılında kurulan ve 1994 yılında ilk kredi kefaletini gerçekleştiren KGF hakkında bugüne kadar pek çok çalışma yapılmış ancak İslam iktisadı ve fıkıh açısından bir çalışmaya henüz konu olmamıştır. Hâlbuki KGF’nin amaçlarına bakıldığında İslam iktisadının hedefleri açısından önemli bir kurum olduğu görülmektedir. Çalışmada öncelikle KGF’nin işleyişi ele alınmış ve konumuzla alakalı temel noktalar başlıklar halinde verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sistemin işleyişi kefalet akdine dayalı olduğundan konuya bu açıdan yaklaşılmış ve garanti akdi ile arasındaki farklara değinilmiştir. Kefalet akdi ele alınırken fıkhi birikim, günümüz mer’i hukukla karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmış, böylece birleştikleri ve ayrıldıkları hususlar ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca işleyişte görülen kefalet karşılığında ücret veya komisyon alınması, faizli borçlara kefil olunması vb. fıkhi problemler ele alınmış ve bunlara çözüm yolları aranmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada salt fıkhi ilkelerle yetinilmemiş ve konu, İslam iktisadının temel ilkeleri açısından da değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Bu açıdan konvansiyonel iktisat ile İslam iktisadı arasındaki farklara dikkat çekilmeye çalışılmış ve sistemin daha verimli olması açısından yapılan eleştirilerin yanı sıra çözüm yolları da zikredilmeye çalışılmıştır.

By taking the construction of the Organic Chemistry Teaching and Research Office at Shanxi Agricultural University as an example, the paper addresses the shortcomings of the teaching and research content being too superficial, the teaching and research objects lacking details, and the teaching and research objectives at the universities being too single. It elaborates in detail multiple measures including exploring and innovating diversified paths of teaching and research activities, allocating functions, and refining incentive policies, to provide a reference basis for the construction of teaching and research departments at universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alauddin Law Development Journal is the property of Alauddin Law Development Journal (ALDEV) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to explore how to create economic value for a brand and determine the competent authority responsible for its valuation. The assessment of economic value, especially for brands, requires special provisions and regulations regarding Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). Trademark rights are valuable assets that need to be recognized as such. Technological advancements have spurred economic growth in the creative industry, leading to competition in creating valuable and useful works. A brand serves as an identity, feature, icon, and representation of a product. Its economic value and popularity increase significantly when used by individuals with a large number of followers. To protect the brand's recognition, it must be officially registered, preventing others from easily claiming it as their own. However, currently, there is no specific government regulation governing the economic valuation of a brand. Therefore, it becomes essential for the government to play a role in regulating this aspect. Regulations concerning the economic valuation of a brand become crucial when the brand is utilized as collateral for debt, becomes subject to disputes, or is considered as an asset in the event of bankruptcy. The research adopts a normative juridical approach, examining theories, principles, and related regulations relevant to the topic. Additionally, a quantitative method is used to analyze social reality and human behavior objectively and measure them based on the existing problems in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this research establishes the fairness of Sharia law and its concern for people's rights, including eliminating harm from those harmed, as it commands the harmer to make amends for the harm, even if it was caused unintentionally. To achieve the interest and ward off corruption, and to preserve the sanctity of people, the most important of which is to preserve life and money. The texts of Sharia from the Qur'an and Sunnah have indicated the legitimacy of compensation for damages, and it is permissible for the harmed person to take compensation from him unanimously, provided that it is equal to the extent of the damage, and he also has forgiveness, which is better. The researcher used the inductive approach in the texts mentioned in this matter from the Qur'an and Sunnah, and the descriptive and analytical approach, and concluded with results, the most important of which are: that reparation of harm is permissible in all heavenly religions, and that which reparates with money what was caused only by material damage, while the moral is concerned with limits, and that reparation of harm is obligatory whether It occurred directly or caused by excessiveness or negligence, and if the perpetrator is unable to do so, the guardian must compensate him. So that the right of the oppressed is not lost, and that the rights of the infallible do not lapse by statute of limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tablets in the private archives of the Assyrian merchants unearthed at the Kültepe provide detailed information about their economic and social lives. Information about the period's business transactions through these tablets is also obtained. The three documents discussed here belong to the archive of Aššur-rē'ī and his son Pilah-İštar, which were found in the 1988 Kültepe excavation and are about applying for a guarantor. These documents, which have a specific pattern and are prepared in the presence of witnesses, are a kind of summons. If the debtor does not make the payment on time, the creditor applies to the guarantor, and this application is recorded. In this study, besides the examination of these three new tablets, information about the guarantee and "to give to a guarantor (ana ša qātātim tadānu)" in the Kültepe texts and the 1988 archive are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keeping the soul healthy has been one of the ancient goals of mankind along history, and its necessity has also been emphasized in religion. One of the ancient therapeutic methods approved by Shari'a is hijāma (cupping). In addition to encouraging cupping, some of its rulings have been stated in many traditions which jurists and hadith commentators disagree on their clarification in detail. Using a descriptiveanalytical method, this article has investigated the position of cupping therapy and the quality of the cupping therapist (hājim)’s guarantee. In addition, it analyzed jurisprudential views in these two areas. To solve the problem of incapability of two opposed groups of narrations, in which some condemn cupping while others encourage it, it is concluded that the reason for the condemnation is the possibility of blood getting on the cloth and body of the cupping therapist and the health conditions of the past, so that, like other professions, it is basically permitted (mubāh). Regarding the hājim’s guarantee, if his mistake causes injury to life or limb, it is obligatory to pay the blood money (dīyi). If it is intentional, retribution (qisās) is the basic ruling, and in the case where it is not possible to match the retribution, or in case of the request of the mahjūm (person who was cupped) or his legal avenger of blood, the payment of blood money is obligatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the general rule of liability, a person is responsible for their own acts or acts committed under their instruction. Therefore, liability arising from the act of another person has exceptions and is contrary to the general rule. Another form of liability arising from the act of another person is known in common law as "vicarious liability," which is interpreted as proxy liability. In the civil liability sources of common law, the discussion of employer's liability for the actions of their employees has been addressed under the same title. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines the latest theories on the foundations and conditions of this liability in Iran's and England's laws. According to Article 12 of the Iranian Civil Liability Law, employer's liability is based on the theory of fault and its specificity lies only in the fact that it arises from the act of another person. In contrast, in English law, this liability is considered distinctive from two perspectives: firstly, it is contrary to the principle of personal liability, and secondly, it falls within the framework of the theory of strict liability and is solely based on the element of harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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