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ABSTRACT The wireless cellular network (WCN) provides services to many users with limited radio resources. In WCN, resource allocation is important to provide the desired quality of service (QoS). Among the two possible types of calls in WCN, hand‐off calls (HCs) have higher priority than new calls (NCs). In this paper, we developed a mathematical model to estimate call blocking using an optimal number of guard channel (GC) for HCs by considering target hand‐off call dropping probability (HCDP). We named this model the optimal guard channel reservation (OCR) policy. This analytical model assumes the long‐term average of the traffic parameters and so is far from making any correlation with the operation of the existing system. In real, the traffic parameters are dynamic. Further, we proposed an optimal adaptive guard channel reservation (OACR) policy to obtain optimal performance. It adjusts the GCs dynamically w.r.t the traffic conditions to keep HCDP below the target. We have implemented the OACR scheme by using a test bed. Finally, we have applied both mathematical model (i.e., OCR policy) and OACR policy to a wireless cellular network, that is, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) 900 system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The higher productivity from soil can be achieved through Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technology; for this reason, the implementation of WSNs in precision agriculture is increasing day by day. Among the different technologies for crop monitoring, WSNs are recognized as a powerful option for collecting and processing data in the agricultural domain, with low cost and low energy consumption. The ultimate aim of this paper is to predict the precise values of soil nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) using a machine learning (ML)-based mathematical model formulation. The proposed system will use Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology to automatically monitor soil parameters. It transfers soil data over the mobile network using a GSM modem. In the hardware part, sensor node units were developed to fetch and load data through the energy-efficient GSM, utilizing a bi-directional multi-level text messaging option to improve the alarm system’s efficiency. The system contains sensors such as potential of hydrogen and humidity (PH), which are used to monitor soil data collected from the sensors by the microcontroller. Additionally, as a novel contribution, machine learning based on regression models is applied to the NPK data. A novel data interpolation approach is proposed for data oversampling. The R2 values are compared, achieving nearly 99.5% accuracy in all cases. This paper focuses on various challenges and scalability issues encountered in research and discusses different results obtained by monitoring various soil parameters in a real-time agricultural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of rehabilitation programmes in patients with vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA).Material and methods. The study involved 350 patients with VVA in surgical (n=140) and natural (n=140) menopause, the control group included 70 women without VVA. Patients with VVA were distributed into groups receiving complex “active” rehabilitation (surgical menopause: group 1A, natural menopause: group 2A) and “passive” rehabilitation (surgical menopause: group 1B, natural menopause: group 2B). Body mass index (BMI), vaginal pH, carbohydrate profile with calculation of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), inflammatory markers leptin, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha, serum magnesium, and safety profile with evaluation of adverse events related to rehabilitation measures were assessed over 24 months.Results. BMI decreased significantly in groups 1A and 2A. Vaginal pH at 1-year follow-up decreased in groups 1A and 2A, but increased in groups 2A and 2B. BMI was higher than normal in all patients with VVA, as well as in the control group, demonstrating preobesity (groups 1A, 2A, control group) or first-degree obesity (initially in group 1B and throughout follow-up in group 2B). HOMA-IR initially reflected postoperative insulin resistance in groups 1A and 2A, but in those receiving complex “active” rehabilitation the dynamics of its reduction was the most pronounced. The concentration of inflammatory markers was initially increased compared to the control group and decreased over time in groups 1A and 1B, but only leptin levels reached the control group values by the end of the study. Serum concentration of magnesium levels was 0.71±0.12 mmol/l in group 1A, 0.71±0.10 mmol/l in group 2A, 0.76±0.08 mmol/l in group 1B, 0.72±0.17 mmol/l in group 2B (magnesium deficiency). When organic magnesium salts in combination with pyridoxine were supplemented in groups 1A and 1B, serum magnesium levels were restored to normal from the 3rd month of follow-up. No adverse events were registered.Conclusion. The personalised programme of complex “active” rehabilitation in patients with VVA is more effective than “passive” rehabilitation with comparable safety profile. Its implementation into routine practice will contribute to the improvement of the quality of health care for such patients.

Aim: to evaluate the impact of rehabilitation on various components of quality of life (QoL) in patients with vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA).Materials and Methods. A prospective comparative controlled longitudinal study involved 350 patients with VVA, divided into groups based on the type of menopause: surgical (n = 140) and natural (n = 140), with a control group of 70 women without VVA. Patients were further subdivided into those receiving complex "active" (groups 1A, 2A) and "passive" (groups 1B, 2B) rehabilitation. The study included 6 visits over 24 months, assessing QoL using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Modified Menopausal Index (MMI), Well-being, Activity, Mood questionnaire (WAM), Magnesium Deficiency Questionnaire (MDQ), and the Assessment Test of Magnesium Deficiency (ATMD).Results. Women with surgical menopause had severe sexual dysfunction initially. Complex "active" rehabilitation significantly improved sexual function over time compared to "passive" rehabilitation. Surgical menopausal women had higher initial levels of anxiety and depression. "Active" rehabilitation significantly reduced these levels, reaching normal values within the first year. Patients with surgical menopause exhibited more severe menopausal symptoms. "Active" rehabilitation led to significant reductions in these symptoms, improved well-being, activity, and mood more significantly than "passive" rehabilitation, particularly in the first year. Complex "active" rehabilitation normalized magnesium deficiency indicators within three months, maintaining normal levels throughout the study.Conclusion. Comprehensive "active" rehabilitation significantly improves sexual function, reduces anxiety and depression, alleviates menopausal symptoms, and enhances overall well-being in women with VVA, especially those in surgical menopause. Personalized rehabilitation programs are crucial for enhancing QoL in these patients.

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) includes a wide range of conditions affecting the reproductive and urinary systems, often requiring careful evaluation and management for optimal health. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the symptom management effects of a real time temperature‐monitored non‐ablative RF device for the treatment of postmenopausal Chinese women with VVA symptoms. Methods: This pilot study involved 24 postmenopausal Chinese women with one or more VVA symptoms, who wished to remain sexually active. VHIS, VAS, and FSFI were used to track and evaluate various aspects of the patient's condition. Analyses were conducted at the end of the study to verify the statistical significance of the treatment's results. Results: All patients reported substantial, statistically significant, improvements on every VVA symptom tracked. Approximately 80% of the patients reported total symptom reversal at 12‐week post‐treatment follow‐up. Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrated that non‐ablative, monopolar RF technology equipped with real time temperature monitoring is feasible and safe in the treatment of postmenopausal women with VVA symptoms, and efficacious at up to 12 weeks post‐treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3-factor authentication control system is aim at providing maximum security in company's stores, special utilities and premises where valuables are stored. A developed security system with automatic sensing was introduced using the integration of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) card tagging system, fingerprint sensing biometric security system and Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) to send token generated by the system to the authorized user's access cell-phone. The accuracy of the system was measured virtually in a simulation screen. Results and performance evaluation test shows over 98% accuracy in access granted to access denial, for both right and wrong RFID card and correct to incorrect fingerprint scanning respectively. This consequently, shows satisfaction in the performance of the system test, which proves the validity and efficiency of the system by ensuring full integrity of the door lock in any premises as the case may be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

his article discusses the main sources of odorants and odors in water bodies, the regulations on odorants in drinking water quality standards, and the detection of odorants in water sources and drinking water in China. Discussed two testing methods for odor substances, their respective characteristics and limitations.Introduced the treatment technologies for odorants, such as adsorption, advanced oxidation, and biological methods, as well as their respective application ranges and advantages and disadvantages. The development trend of odor treatment technology in the future was prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Octa-band frequency reconfigurable antenna proposed in this paper can operate in the UWB, GSM, WiMax, 5G MID BAND, WLAN (C-BAND), WLAN (S-BAND), 5G (C-BAND), and STM link-1 bands. To achieve the desired operating frequency, the ground plane of the UWB monopole antenna is modified by embedding two inverted L-shape slots. A novel frequency selective surface (FSS) reflector consisting of a 5 × 5 array of elements is located at a distance of 0.78λ at 6.2 GHz below the proposed reconfigurable antenna to improve its gain. The addition of FSS resulted in a gain improvement of 3–7 dBi. The proposed antenna has a wide switching capability, allowing it to be integrated into portable electronic devices and making it suitable for 5G and other wireless applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on road safety is continuously developing with the applications of sensors and technologies. Another area that draws the attention of the developers for road safety are in the road accident response. As the number of riders and cyclists increase, so do the accidents particularly at night where visibility is limited. This study presents a method of integration of inflatable safety vests for riders with light emitting diode LED signaling strips embedded in its front and back, and sensors to send the location of the rider when an accident hap-pens. The LED strips are controlled using a wireless remote switch to make the rider more visible other than that embedded in the motorcycle or bicycle. The airbag will activate once an accident occurs and or the rider is detached from the motorcycle. A force-sensitive resistor (FSR) is used as a triggering device attached to the vest when an accident happens where a global positioning system (GPS) module will send the location and a map to a specific mobile number for response. Three trials were conducted to test the functionality of the LED lights for signaling. The device functioned well, that both the left, right, and standby mode were activated. The functionality of the location tracker is also tested in three different locations. The FSR was triggered and it gave the exact location by sending the coordinates and a link to view it on google maps with an average transmit and receive time of 3 seconds. It is recommended that the prototype be developed using light-weight materials and batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a microstrip diplexer with 0.004 λg2 (10.1 × 23 mm) overall size is designed, analyzed and fabricated. The proposed diplexer has the smallest size compared to the previously reported microstrip diplexers. The proposed diplexer has a simple and novel structure, wide flat channels and very low S 11 dB . An innovative microstrip structure based on thin coupled lines is used to design of the proposed diplexer. Since in a simple structure the possibility of manufacturing errors reduces, having a simple structure is one of its advantages. Another advantage of this diplexer is two low S 11 dB of 0.17 and 0.14 dB at the lower and upper channels. The operational frequencies of our diplexer are tuned to work at 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz for GSM application. It has the privileges of very compact size, simple structure, small S 11 dB , two wide fractional bandwidths (FBWs) of 21 and 24.3% and acceptable S 11 dB and isolation. Due to its two wide FBWs, the presented diplexer is suitable for broadband communication systems. We have fabricated and measured the introduced diplexer to verify the design methodology and simulation results. The obtained results of the diplexer measurement confirm the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaginal changes during the menopause may cause women to present to their practice nurse. Pearl Clark Brown explains diagnosis and management. Vaginal symptoms which appear around the time of the menopause often occur as a result of declining levels of oestrogen within the epithelial tissues. Vaginal dryness, painful sex, itching, inflammation, burning and soreness are common symptoms around this time. It is thought that up to 80% of women will develop vaginal symptoms in varying degrees once menopausal. The effect that this can have on theindividual can be far reaching, impacting on normal day to day tasks such as sitting, the ability to have sex and being able to take part in exercise. Treatment options include vaginal oestrogen, non hormonal vaginal moisturisers, use of personal lubricants and emollients for washing with. Optimal relief can involve a combined treatment approach used regularly alongside a sliding scale of product use according to the severity of symptoms in response to stressors such as sex, stress or situations known to exacerbate symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, global system for mobile communication (GSM) systems are widely used. Therefore, the impact of mobile GSM signals on human health is one of the current research topics. Furthermore, electromagnetic interference caused by GSM signals can be a significant threat to electronic devices today. To overcome these problems, the surfaces of electronic equipment and exterior or interior walls of buildings can be covered with frequency selective surface (FSS) that stops unwanted GSM signals and passing the other signal. This work presents a novel dual-band FSS that attenuates the 900 MHz and 1800–2170 MHz GSM bands by at least 10 dB in the transmission direction. At the design stage, nested geometries are used to achieve multi-stop band frequency response. The proposed design is effectively optimized by utilizing the equivalent circuit geometries and current and electric field distribution diagrams. So, minimum of 10 dB attenuation is achieved in targeted GSM bands for all polarizations and up to 60 degrees (except TM 60 degrees) of incidence angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Visión Electrónica is the property of Fondo de Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Traditionally, reading of energy meters is done by human operators who move from house to house collecting readings. This exercise requires huge labor operator numbers and a lot of time to achieve complete reading of meters in a particular area. This paper endeavors to do away with this problem by using a telemetering system. With this system, power can be measured from a remote site. To achieve this, readings from an energy meter on site are processed by a microcontroller device that then sends the energy consumption information to a Global System Mobile (GSM) module. The GSM module then sends this information using microwaves to a particular mobile subscriber who receives it in the form of an Short Message Service (SMS). The reading is also transmitted to a web based telemetering system through a server. In the remote site, a remote computer which can access the internet is able to obtain data from the server through the internet. The microcontroller is developed in such a way that it achieves communication between the energy meter and the particular server using Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) protocol. Software programs are also developed to facilitate transfer of data to the user at remote site. With the web based telemetering system connected to the internet, electrical energy measurements can be accessed globally. The efficiency of the transmission channel is important for the success of both SMS and web based telemetering systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the advent of cellular networks represented by the first-generation GSM to the current generations (4G, 5G) represented by the LTE network. This brought about a qualitative revolution in cellular networks in terms of quality, speed, and efficiency. The emergence of cellular networks accompanied by the need to locate the user for commercial and marketing purposes, therefore emerge need for the concept of location-based services (LBS). However, with the increased reliance on cellular networks by users, there appeared a second trend to locate the user for security purposes and emergency. This was the first system established in the United States of America, called federal communication commission (FCC) 911. Position locating has also penetrated the military, security, and police investigations fields to locate criminals. Therefore, we review the methods of determining location in LTE networks. We evaluate each method and identify its weaknesses. In addition, we determine the most appropriate method for law enforcement. Based on the evaluation that showed the most effective way to determine the location used by law enforcement authorities is the radio frequency (RF) fingerprint. Then employment of artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) to obtain an optimal method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Yellow pepper production is the major farming activities of women in Nsukka senatorial zone of Enugu state of Nigeria. The main sources of irrigation for this group of farmers are tanks and under-ground tanks that are artificially supplied with water in their different farms, since natural sources of water are not always available. These women mostly use their buckets or other containers to fetch water from tanks. They continually monitor the water level of their tanks in all their farms to know the best time to refill those tanks and also, they irrigate their crops manually. With the continuous demand of this variety of pepper, this current approach is quite challenging, not sustainable and highly labour intensive. Hence, there is an urgent need to boost production and address those challenges and difficulties associated with the current irrigation method through Internet of Things and other innovative techniques. The aim of this paper is to use a smart system to monitor and control soil moisture, temperature and water level in the tank. The paper equally aims at detecting the location of the farm where tank that is to be refilled is placed. Methods: Simulation and experimental methodology was employed in this research. The components of the proposed system include sensors, GSM, GPS, water pumps and microcontroller. Ultrasonic sensor monitors the water level in the tank, moisture and temperature sensors monitor the soil moisture and temperature, water pump sprinkles water on the crops, GPS provides the location of the tank, GSM sends message when the need arises while the microcontroller takes decision and coordinates the functioning of the entire system. Result: The research produced a system prototype that monitors and controls the usage of water on yellow pepper crops and refilling of water tank in the farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is altering weather patterns, leading to increased variability in cloud cover, precipitation, and temperature. These changing patterns make it more challenging to accurately forecast solar radiation levels, which directly impact solar energy generation. This study, evaluates the solar energy potential using a real-time GSM-based communication system combined with an off-grid PV power plant in Tehran and Ahvaz, two regions in Iran with contrasting climates. To measure the output voltage, C++ language programming was used in Arduino_IDE programming language was utilized along with an Arduino Nano board, ATmega328P microcontroller, and sensors for measuring current, voltage, temperature, humidity, and time. The recorded data was sent through short message service. The results were compared with simulations from PVsyst, PVGIS, and the Global Solar Atlas. The findings revealed that the PV power production potential in Tehran, which is characterized by a cold and wet climate, was 4.101 kwh.kwp −1 with a capacity factor of 17.09%. In contrast, Ahvas, with its warm and dry climate, had a potential of 3.271 kwh.kwp −1 and a capacity factor of 13.63%. These values differed significantly from the estimates provided by PVsyst and the Global Solar Atlas. The Global Solar Atlas overestimated the PV potential by 15% and 18.2% in Tehran and Ahvaz, respectively, while PVsyst underestimated it by more than 15% in both locations. The real-time energy production was measured at 246.1 Wh and 196.27 Wh, compared to the estimated values of 283 Wh and 232 Wh from the Global Solar Atlas, 178.36 Wh and 142.63 Wh from PVsyst, and 221.4 Wh and 196.9 Wh from PVGIS in Tehran and Ahvaz, respectively. These results underscore the importance of accounting for recent climate changes when predicting near real-time solar generation, particularly in remote areas and regions that deviate from global trends.

Abstract Background Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a common and disturbing issue in the postmenopausal period. Unlike vasomotor symptoms, it has a progressive trend. Our study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oxytocin gel versus placebo gel in postmenopausal women with GSM. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases on January 18, 2023. Keywords such as “oxytocin,“ “intravaginal,“ “vaginal,“ “atrophic,“ and “atrophy” were used. We used Review Manager (RevMan) version 5.4 in our analysis. We used the risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and the mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes; both were presented with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) and were calculated with the Mantel-Haenszel or inverse variance statistical method. Cochrane’s Q test and the I2 statistic were used as measures of statistical inconsistency and heterogeneity. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for RCTs was used for the quality assessment of the included studies. Results Seven studies with 631 patients were included. Regarding the maturation index, there was a statistically insignificant increase in the oxytocin arm (MD = 12.34, 95% CI (-12.52-37.19), P = 0.33). Clinically assessed vaginal atrophy showed a statistically significant reduction in the oxytocin group (RR = 0.32, 95% CI (0.23 − 0.10), P