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Individual recognition during fieldwork is necessary when estimating the size of a population for conservation or management purposes. We used a non-invasive method of individual photo identification based on dorsal color patterns. Our study aimed to estimate the size of two green toad Bufotes viridis populations in an urban habitat to provide input for conservation activities. The study was conducted in the two largest known breeding sites of the species in Poznań, Western Poland: Cytadela Park (PC) and Rataje Park (PR). We collected animals within each site's breeding habitat twice during the mating season. Dorsal pattern photographs and morphometric measurements were taken, after which the animals were released immediately. We analyzed the pictures by single-eye matching to estimate the population size using the Chapman estimator. Most individuals caught were males, and no females were recaptured. Therefore, we used only data for males and then estimated the total population size based on a calculation using the sex ratio known from the literature. The number of captured toads was higher at the PC site than at the PR site. Toads from the PC population were noticeably larger and had higher condition value indices than those from the PR population. This result is consistent with the management and history of both sites. We observed habitat transition and potential mortality due to park construction the year before our study at the PR site. In contrast, the PC site is a mature green area with more than 50 years of stable management. Despite some limitations, photo-identification may be an essential first step in estimating population size in community-based conservation initiatives for the green toad, enabling conservationists to enter the public discussion about urban conservation, providing a reference for the conservation value of urban breeding sites, and as a consequently, providing input for active conservation and habitat management (e.g., fish removal and mowing regime modifications). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SasG surface protein of Staphylococcus aureus has been shown to promote the formation of biofilm. SasG comprises an N-terminal A domain and repeated B domains. Here we demonstrate that SasG is involved in the accumulation phase of biofilm, a process that requires a physiological concentration of [Zn.sup.2+]. The B domains, but not the A domain, are required. Purified recombinant B domain protein can form dimers in vitro in a [Zn.sup.2+]-dependent fashion. Furthermore, the protein can bind to cells that have B domains anchored to their surface and block biofilm formation. The full-length SasG protein exposed on the cell surface is processed within the B domains to a limited degree, resulting in cleaved proteins of various lengths being released into the supernatant. Some of the released molecules associate with the surface-exposed B domains that remain attached to the cell. Studies using inhibitors and mutants failed to identify any protease that could cause the observed cleavage within the B domains. Extensively purified recombinant B domain protein is very labile, and we propose that cleavage occurs spontaneously at labile peptide bonds and that this is necessary for biofilm formation. doi: 10.1128/JB.00628-10