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This research explores the relationship between information and communications technology (ICT) development and its impact on a country's economy during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This study has two primary objectives: (1) to understand how ICT development influences a country's economic resilience during a crisis, and (2) to examine the interrelationships between various country‐level ICT development measures. We use multi‐year, country‐level data made available by the United Nations, the World Bank, and World Health Organization to empirically examine our research model. Partial least squares path analysis is the primary research methodology employed in this study. Our results suggest that ICT development has a positive impact on economic resilience in the face of the COVID‐19 pandemic. In addition, our results specify the interrelationships between individual ICT development measures and economic resilience. This research contributes to the extant body of knowledge on the impact of country‐level ICT development on economy by empirically validating a research model that explores the relationships between the various measures of ICT development and economic resilience of countries during the COVID‐19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan and Italy have a cordial economic relationship, and both countries have been working for economic development for many years. The objective of the study is to evaluate both countries' economic performance using three performance indicators—the debt-to-GDP ratio, the GNI per capita, and the unemployment rate—using data from the three years 2024, 2023, and 2022. We conducted document analysis and also employed thematic analysis to extract useful themes from the data. We arrived at several significant findings. The debt-to-GDP ratio for Pakistan is 71.8 percent in 2024, 77.1 percent in 2023, and 76.2 percent in 2022. Italy's debt-to-GDP ratio is 140.5 percent in 2022, 137.3 percent in 2023, and 139.2 percent in 2024. The projected GNI per capita for Pakistan is $1,560 in 2022, $1,500 in 2023, and $1,470 in 2024. Pakistan is categorized as a lower middleincome country based on the available statistics. Pakistan's current GNI per capita status is not satisfactory, hence the country needs to improve its situation. The rate of unemployment in Pakistan was 5.6% in 2022, 5.5% in 2023, and 8% in 2024. The unemployment rate in Italy is 7.8% in 2024, 7.7% in 2023, and 8.1% in 2022. The debtto-GDP ratio, GNI per capita, and unemployment rate indicated that Pakistan's economy needed sustainable policies. Pakistan's and Italy's economic circumstances are strategically significant, thus both nations must improve their institutional frameworks for the advantage of their citizens. Pakistan and Italy ought to cooperate to boost investment and trade. The findings recommend Pakistan adopt Italy's the best economic development practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how public governance, including voice and accountability, political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption, affects national environmental performance in various countries. It also looks at how gross national income moderates the relationship between public governance and environmental performance. The findings show that political stability and regulatory quality positively influence environmental performance at the national level. In contrast, voice and accountability, government effectiveness, and the rule of law negatively correlate. Furthermore, in wealthier countries, voice and accountability, government effectiveness, and the rule of law enhance national environmental performance, while political stability and regulatory quality benefits diminish as income increases. These results emphasize the importance of the economic context in the interaction between public governance and environmental performance, indicating that wealthier nations are more capable of leveraging public governance for environmental improvements. The study offers crucial insights for policymakers aiming to align public governance reforms with environmental objectives, particularly in countries at varying economic development stages.

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of the digital financial inclusion index on Gross National Income per Capita in upperincome countries. Using the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) method, the study has constructed a digital financial inclusion index with the data collected from the World Development Indicator for the years 2011-2021. Further, utilizing the Generalized Moments of Method (GMM) technique, the findings reveal a significant positive effect of the digital financial inclusion index on income levels, emphasizing the importance of inclusive financial systems for broader economic participation. Additionally, bank branches remain important, highlighting their complementary role alongside digital services. Moreover, savings significantly contribute to economic growth and stability. Lastly, ATMs play a positively significant role in raising economic development and increasing income levels. Policymakers should prioritise initiatives that enhance digital financial inclusion, strengthen traditional banking infrastructure, and encourage savings. Additionally, investments in accessible banking services, such as ATMs, can significantly contribute to advancing economic development and increasing income levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the efficacy of globalization in influencing income growth within the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1982 to 2020 is being examined. The “Konjunkturforschungsstelle Globalization Index” (KOFGI) was used to measure globalization at the overall, economic, social, and political level, while income growth was captured using the growth rate of gross national income per capita. The data employed in the analysis were gotten from World Bank and KOFGI database. The analysis follows a sequential order of unit root test based on the augmented Dickey-Fuller, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test for cointegration, and error correction model. The unit root test revealed that the order of integration of the variables were mixed at levels and first difference. The bounds test showcased that all the dimensions of globalization exhibited long-run association with income growth. The short-run result indicated that globalization wielded a negative and significant effect on income growth. A unit percent increase in globalization put forth a 1.3818% decrease in income growth. In the long-run, globalization however exerted a positive but insignificant sway on income growth in the SSA. The implication of this is that though globalization poses a short-run negative impact on income growth, the SSA can move along the learning curve to derive some long-term benefits that emanate from global interactions. It becomes pertinent for the SSA to see globalization as a long-term avenue for propelling income growth, bearing in mind that the short-run negative effect can be corrected periodically as the economy moves along the learning curve of globalization.

In this study, the efficacy of globalization in influencing income growth within the Sub- Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1982 to 2020 is being examined. The "Konjunkturforschungsstelle Globalization Index" (KOFGI) was used to measure globalization at the overall, economic, social, and political level, while income growth was captured using the growth rate of gross national income per capita. The data employed in the analysis were gotten from World Bank and KOFGI database. The analysis follows a sequential order of unit root test based on the augmented Dickey-Fuller, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test for cointegration, and error correction model. The unit root test revealed that the order of integration of the variables were mixed at levels and first difference. The bounds test showcased that all the dimensions of globalization exhibited long-run association with income growth. The short-run result indicated that globalization wielded a negative and significant effect on income growth. A unit percent increase in globalization put forth a 1.3818% decrease in income growth. In the long-run, globalization however exerted a positive but insignificant sway on income growth in the SSA. The implication of this is that though globalization poses a shortrun negative impact on income growth, the SSA can move along the learning curve to derive some longterm benefits that emanate from global interactions. It becomes pertinent for the SSA to see globalization as a long-term avenue for propelling income growth, bearing in mind that the short-run negative effect can be corrected periodically as the economy moves along the learning curve of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms adjust their capital structures to avoid financial distress and bankruptcy to sustain in the market. Asian firms have significantly different financial patterns than their USA and European counterparts. The moderation model gains a better understanding of the relationship between the model variables. We tested the moderating roles of life cycle stages and macro-economic factor gross national income per capita to find their moderating impacts on the speed of adjustment towards target capital structures of Asian manufacturing firms from 2010 to 2018. Our sample of manufacturing industries comes from the eleven Asian economies. We used the dynamic GMM model to estimate moderating impacts and applied the pooled OLS and fixed effect estimations to test the validity of the coefficient of lagged leverage. We find that life cycle stages have positive moderating impacts, and different gross national incomes per capita have no significant effects in adjusting the capital structure. We test the combined moderating impacts of the life cycle and gross national income by applying the full model. The results reveal that moderator variables significantly impact adjusting the target capital structure. From the policy perspective, it is recommended that investors should consider the firms' life cycle stages and per capita income of the economy in making their international investment portfolios. The government should ensure requisite finance for firms at subsidized interest rates to financially support them at critical stages like introduction and decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how public governance, including voice and accountability, political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption, affects national environmental performance in various countries. It also looks at how gross national income moderates the relationship between public governance and environmental performance. The findings show that political stability and regulatory quality positively influence environmental performance at the national level. In contrast, voice and accountability, government effectiveness, and the rule of law negatively correlate. Furthermore, in wealthier countries, voice and accountability, government effectiveness, and the rule of law enhance national environmental performance, while political stability and regulatory quality benefits diminish as income increases. These results emphasize the importance of the economic context in the interaction between public governance and environmental performance, indicating that wealthier nations are more capable of leveraging public governance for environmental improvements. The study offers crucial insights for policymakers aiming to align public governance reforms with environmental objectives, particularly in countries at varying economic development stages., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the hospital sector as well as in the natural environment is a problem that affects both high-income countries (HICs) and low-/middle-income countries (LMICs). The observed differences in the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant strains between HICs and LMICs can be attributed mainly to antibiotic consumption in healthcare facilities and the quantity of treated wastewater. Hospital wastewater is a major hotspot for the spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and carbapenem resistance genes (CRGs) between the hospital sector and the environment. In this review article, attempts were made to describe and compare antibiotic consumption in hospitals, antimicrobial concentrations in both hospital and municipal wastewater, and the prevalence of CRE and CRGs in patients and in hospital and municipal wastewater in HICs and LMICs. A review of the literature has shown that carbapenems are more widely used in LMICs, but Saudi Arabia, an HIC, is a country with the highest carbapenem consumption in the world. The results of research conducted in both groups of countries indicate that Klebsiella sp./K. pneumoniae is the most common CRE in samples isolated from patients. Escherichia coli was the dominant pathogen in hospital and municipal wastewater in HICs, whereas Enterobacter spp. were most prevalent in LMICs. An analysis of the prevalence of CRGs demonstrated that the same genes are present in both groups of countries (bla KPC , bla KPC-2 , bla VIM , bla VIM-1,2 , bla NDM , bla IMP , bla IMP-8 , bla OXA-48,181 , bla NDM-1,5 , bla GES , bla GES-5,6 , bla IMI-1 ). The fact that the same CRGs are most prevalent in countries with different levels of economic development could suggest that these genes have a high potential to persist in the natural environment. These findings underscore the need for enhanced monitoring, effective control techniques, and a better understanding of carbapenem resistance pathways to mitigate public health hazards, notwithstanding the constraints of data analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Women are the worst affected by intimate partner violence (IPV), and this impacts negatively on the health of the children they care for. This study aimed to determine the associations between IPV and the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in 3-5-year-olds. Methods: This was an ecological study using IPV (physical, sexual, emotional) data extracted from the Demographic Health Survey of 20 low- and middle-income countries and ECC data for 3-5-year-olds of the same countries for the period 2007-2017. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the percentage of 3-5-year-olds with ECC (outcome variable) and IPV indicators (physical, sexual, emotional). The model was adjusted for the country’s gross national income and the percentage of women with secondary or higher education. Partial eta squared (ηp 2), regression coefficients, confidence intervals and p-values were calculated. Results: Data on ECC in 3-5-year-olds and IPV were available for six low-income-countries, 10 lower-middle-income-countries and four upper-middle-income-countries. The most prevalent form of IPV was physical violence (10.09%). The Democratic Republic of Congo had the highest prevalence of physical violence (45.8%), sexual violence (25.4%), and ECC (80.0%). The strongest association was between the prevalence of ECC and emotional violence (ηp 2=0.01), followed by physical violence (ηp 2=0.005), and sexual violence (ηp 2=0.003). For every 1% higher prevalence of emotional violence, there was 0.28% higher prevalence of ECC, and for every 1% higher percentage of physical violence, there was 0.21% higher prevalence of ECC. On the contrary, for every 1% higher prevalence of sexual violence, there was 0.35% lower prevalence of ECC prevalence. Conclusions: Emotional and sexual violence where the two types of IPV associated with the prevalence of ECC. The associations were minor and the directions of their effects were difference. These findings need to be studied further.

Gross Domestic Product per capita is one of the main and indispensable indicators around which official reports are built representing thusthe comparative macroeconomic outcomes across states, being considered also a benchmark for national wealth analysis and comparison. However, reality has shown that this results indicator, although one of the most popular and publicized macroeconomic variable, does not reflect a real and complete perspective on the economic and social situation of the citizens of the analyzed country. Proof of the viability of this outlook lies with the World Bank using GNI per capita in order to achieve annual hierarchization of savings in four groups (high income countries, upper middle-income countries, lower middle-income countries and lower income countries). This criterion was also adopted with the European Community in order to establish for each Member State the contribution to the Community’s budget as well as the contribution from VAT. Starting from these points of view and taking into account that, regardless of the level at which the economic activity takes place, the final goal must be the same - the satisfaction of the human needs in rational conditions - the present paper has two objectives: first to analyze comparatively, for the EU Member States, the share of GDP in GDP (per capita) and, secondly, to verify using empirical data the link between the rate of conversion and the social progress of these states. As a variable for measuring the quality of life, the reporting shall be made according to the Social Progress Index. This is because, in order to achieve the economic and social development objectives, financial resources are determinant but not enough - the human resources (and, implicitly, the educational system), the material and informative, along with qualitative aspects such as ethics and equity in the distribution of income represent also indispensable premises.

The paper focuses on the analysis of the impact of Gross National Income and Public Expenditure on total employment and its public and private sector components. It also examines the ratios of public and private sector employment to total employment and public sector to private sector employment. Results of summary statistics of employment, public and private sector employment, public expenditure, and gross national income are briefly discussed. Growth of total employment, public and private sector employment, gross national income and public expenditure is examined to determine the direction and magnitudes of inter-temporal changes. Growth trend of all three ratios is determined to detect and to anticipate the interrelations of change. Stationarity of time series of total employment, employment in public and private sectors, gross national income and public expenditure of Indian economy is evaluated by Random Walk Model and Dickey-Fuller test. Results show that the time series data of total, public and private sector employment approximate normal distribution with extremely low skewedness and concentration. The coefficients of variation of all 6 time series data are relatively very low. But the time series of GNI is non-stationary at 0.05 probability level, while time series of public expenditure displays negative trend. Negative change in private sector employment is determined by lagged private sector employment and private income/expenditure. Results of Engel-Granger test of co-integration show the variables to be well co-integrated in the chosen distributed lag models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have always been concerns for the study of foreign direct investment (FDI), however the most significant contributions and theories have been developed with the expansion of multinational companies, due to the need to explain investment behaviour in order to perform forecasts at national, regional and global levels. Recent studies show that the investment decision starts from the market size, which is the most relevant criterion for investors as the market will absorb the products and services they will produce. Companies are less interested in other issues, often referring only to the GNI indicator (Gross National Income), regardless of its expression as it is considered a relevant benchmark for making direct investments, without addressing the principles of sustainable development. That said, recent theories suggest that the investment decision should also take into account social and environmental aspects, given the legal obligation of companies to declare non-financial data regarding environmental issues, i.e., the impact of business activities on the environment, safety and health, the use of renewable and nonrenewable energy, greenhouse gas emissions, water use and air pollution. In such a context, the study relies on the assumption that the investment decision is mainly grounded on the GNI criteria and, based on panel data, it was shown that this was one of the most decisive factors until the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is reflected by the migration of capital according to the economic results obtained. Taking into account the shock generated by the recent pandemic, the study will be prolonged to investigate the extent to which this state of affairs will be maintained in the post-COVID-19 stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflation is meant the overall and continuing rise in prices by the impact of internal or external variables, produced by excess demand about supply capacity. Problem of the study: The Egyptian economy has a decline in overall economic indicators, most importantly is the overall growth rate, compared with a rise in inflation, poverty, unemployment, the low production and the continuing deficit in the trade balance, and in general budget, which are negative indicators for the Egyptian economy. Therefore, the study is trying to explain and study the problem of inflation, its direct and indirect effects on overall growth rates in the Egyptian economy. Research Objectives: Identify the reality of growth rate in the Egyptian economy; identify what are inflation types and methods of measurement, measuring interaction relationships between both of inflation rates and growth rates in the Egyptian economy, determine factors afficting of both inflation and growth rates in Egypt, to work on indirect effect in these phenomena by afficting on those factors. Results and recommendations 1-To study the effect of the most important variables of affected GDP at current and real prices in Egypt during the period (2003-2014): It turns out that study variables give effects on growth rate in real GDP at real prices consistent with economic logic, on the contrary effects of the growth rate of GDP at current prices. 2- Study interrelationships between the local annual growth rate at real and current prices and the annual inflation rate in Egypt during the period (2003-2014): It was concluded that data will be relied on real growth rate of GDP in its relations with inflation, where it is more logical from the economic point of view than the results of the GDP growth rate of GDP at current prices. 3- The relation between the inflation rate and growth rate GDP in real terms is negatively slope. 4- The results of the current economic model show that: The most important factors affecting in inflation rate and real growth rate in GDP are: First: Annual inflation rate in consumer prices (X2), it has a negative significant statistically effect for both of annual growth rate of GDP at real prices% (X6), net cash reserve (X8), and the balance of current transactions and transfers (X13). And positive significant statistically effect for both of exchange rate of the dollar declared by the Central Bank (X10), and and the total surplus (deficit) (X21). Second: Annual growth rate of GDP at real prices% (X6), it has a negative effect from, annual inflation rate in consumer prices (X2), and the exchange rate of the dollar announced by the Central Bank (X10), while the effect was statistically significant positive for both of, net cash reserve (X8), and the total surplus (deficit) (X21). 5- Best method to forcast the main variables under study of inflation rate and the real growth rate of GDP is the use of the simutianeous equation model it takes into consideration all external variables affecting the internal variables under study. It was reached by forcasting both of the Inflation rates and real GDP growth rates, that the policies followed by floating exchange rate, which requires an impact on all variables to the hoped results of the floating of the Egyptian pound. Therefore research recommends: to re-enter the Central Bank for determining the exchange rate of the Egyptian pound against other currencies, not directly to the currency exchange rate, but by indirect intervention through supply and demand control of the currency in Egyptian market against other currencies, by intervening in the market by selling and buying direct from banks, in addition to moving external variables affecting both inflation and real growth rates in Egypt to able to reach the resalts of simulitanuos equation model which takes into account all external variables related to the study variables.

Gross domestic product GDP and energy consumption in the economic evaluations of countries are seen as two basic concepts of development. The need for energy resources in recent years has brought countries closer to technology, but in some cases, it causes problems such as wars. It is also important to determine the economic feasibility of energy consumption as well as the feasibility of many aspects such as the origin, usage, and necessity of energy. When we look at the crises that have taken place in the last 20 years, it is once again seen that energy is the dynamism and indispensable necessity of the countries.If we look at the effect of the consumed energy on the country's economy, the first economic variable will be GDP. Interpretation and evaluation of GDP, which reveals steady growth, will give effective results on economic indicators of the country.A lot of research has been done in the literature between the amount of energy consumption according to the sectors, type of energy used, supply, and etc. and the GDP which is the most important indicator of the country's economy. The final relationship between these two variables has been examined in details for different countries and energy concepts. In previous studies, it is sometimes observed that energy consumption is a cause of GDP or vice versa, and sometimes a two-way causality between them is determined. On the other hand, a causality relationship can not be always determined between the variables. In this case a suitable regression model can be established without looking for causality. In this study, the causality relationship between the GDP values, categorized by five income levels, and the energy consumptions of the countries between 1980 and 2014 is determined by using the Granger causality test. When we look at the results of the causality test, we find that only one causality relationship exists between high income level countries by GDP and the energy consumption of them. According to the causality test result, dependent and independent variable are determined before generalized estimating equations GEE method is used for modelling the data. In GEE method, the smallest values of QIC and QICC information criteria are found in the direction of causality relationships. The same causality assessment is done between gross national incomes GNI of countries categorized by income levels and energy consumptions, and it is concluded that the GEE models established according to the causality relationship direction are much better fit to the data. These findings obtained from this study suggests that causality test is a guide for us when we have insufficient knowledge in determining dependent and independent variables before fitting regression models to the data

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This paper measures the interdependent between economic growth and human development in South Africa. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to examine if interdependence exists between economic growth represented by GDP and the variables of human development (life expectancy, standard of living and education). This paper is inclined on the theory of economic welfare, which advocates the measuring of economic growth by including the wellbeing of all and not to concentrate on GDP alone which is somewhat asymmetry. Data on South Africa’s economic growth and human development index were collected from the World Bank archives of economic indicators and from the United Nations Development Programme. Data were analysed using the vector auto-regression (VAR) and the Granger causality Wald tests. Findings show that economic growth in South Africa is dependent on the achievement of human development variables namely health or life expectancy, standard of living or GNI and education. provides insight toward improving the constituents of human development to ensure a combination of economic growth and wellbeing; the paper provides a teaching case for the academia. Based on the causality results, this paper contributes by providing a model for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measure the mean and inequality in country material wellbeing based on households' consumer durables, using household‐level data from OECD's PISA surveys for 40 countries over 2000–2012. Our consumption‐based measures capture aspects of material wellbeing not captured fully by income‐based measures. For 2012, tests show that the consumption‐based metrics are more closely associated with objective mortality‐related outcomes than are income‐based measures; in 2000 (and over 2000–2012) each set of measures adds information relative to the other. The consumption‐based measures may be particularly useful in revealing where income‐based measures provide inaccurate indications of the mean and/or inequality in household living standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]