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This study investigated the effects of incorporating sprouted chickpeas, at a 25% enrichment level, into bread production as either grits (90% of particles ≥500 µm) or flour (90% of particles ≤250 µm). The focus was to investigate the role of particle size on dough and bread. In addition to the functional, mixing and pasting properties of ingredients, gluten aggregation, mixing, extensional, leavening, and pasting properties of the blends were assessed during bread-making, as well as bread volume and texture. Chickpea particle size influenced water absorption capacity (1.8 for grits vs. 0.75 g/g for flour) and viscosity (245 for grits vs. 88 BU for flour), with flour showing a greater decrease in both properties. With regard to dough properties, dough development time (16.6 vs. 5.3 min), stability (14.6 vs. 4.6 min), and resistance to extension (319 vs. 235 BU) was higher, whereas extensibility was lower (105 vs. 152 mm) with grits, compared to flour. During bread-making, grits resulted in a higher specific volume (2.5 vs. 2.1 mL/g) and softer crumb (6.2 vs. 17.4 N) at all the considered storage times. In conclusion, sprouted chickpea grits can be effectively used as a new ingredient in bread-making favouring the consumption of chickpea, without compromising product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effect of fine grits (FG)/ fine debris (FD) on activated sludge system was analyzed. • FD caused a lower decline of MLVSS/MLSS ratio than FG at the same concentration. • A model to predict MLVSS/MLSS ratio of the system with FG/FD influent was developed. • MLVSS/MLSS ratio was related to the ISS/SS ratio and deposition ratio of FG and FD. This study embarks on an explorative investigation into the effects of typical concentrations and varying particle sizes of fine grits (FG, the involatile portion of suspended solids) and fine debris (FD, the volatile yet unbiodegradable fraction of suspended solids) within the influent on the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS)/mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) ratio of an activated sludge system. Through meticulous experimentation, it was discerned that the addition of FG or FD, the particle size of FG, and the concentration of FD bore no substantial impact on the pollutant removal efficiency (denoted by the removal rate of COD and ammonia nitrogen) under constant operational conditions. However, a notable decrease in the MLVSS/MLSS ratio was observed with a typical FG concentration of 20 mg/L, with smaller FG particle sizes exacerbating this reduction. Additionally, variations in FD concentrations influenced both MLSS and MLVSS/MLSS ratios; a higher FD concentration led to an increased MLSS and a reduced MLVSS/MLSS ratio, indicating FD accumulation in the system. A predictive model for MLVSS/MLSS was constructed based on quality balance calculations, offering a tool for foreseeing the MLVSS/MLSS ratio under stable long-term influent conditions of FG and FD. This model, validated using data from the BXH wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), showcased remarkable accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apparent viscosity is an important parameter for glucose syrup production, which is greatly affected by particle size and concentration of samples. In order to analyze the factors influencing the apparent viscosity, the particle size distribution, steady shear flow behavior, temperature, and time sweep test of native degerminated maize grits (NDMG), extruded degerminated maize grits (EDMG), and enzymatically extruded degerminated maize grits (EEDMG) with different particle sizes (passed through 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mesh sieves) and concentrations (water-sample ratios: 2:1, 3:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1) were investigated. All samples passed through different mesh sieves showed a gradient and a relatively concentrated distribution, and slurries had typical shear-thinning properties. Apparent viscosity increased with increasing particle size and concentration. The lowest apparent viscosity was attained from the samples obtained at 100+ mesh and 20:1 water-sample ratio. Moreover, the sample with a 20:1 water-sample ratio showed the most stable apparent viscosity in the temperature sweep test. In the time sweep test, the power law equation with high determination coefficients (7-2=0.9446, 0.9382) and low root mean square error (RMSE=0.0002) had the best fit to the experimental data of the EDMG and EEDMG samples passed through 100+ mesh. Overall, the lower apparent viscosities of the EDMG and EEDMG samples obtained at 100+ mesh and 20:1 watersample ratio can improve the activity and accessibility of enzymes for glucose syrup production. This study provides critical insight into decreased apparent viscosity and expands the uses of EDMG and EEDMG in the glucose syrup sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to utilize solid waste pulp green liquor dregs and slaker grits by analyzing the effect of adding solid waste green liquor dregs and slaker grits on water absorption and tile compressive strength, analyzing the chemical content of solid waste green liquor pulp dregs and slaker grits and concrete tile products and chemical morphology of the samples. The method used in this research is pressing. The results of the water absorption test for concrete roof tiles with the addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% solid waste green liquor pulp and slaker grits were 8.4%, 6.4%, 7.5%, and 9.4%. Testing the compressive strength of concrete tiles with the addition of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% solid waste green liquor pulp and slaker grits was 19.0 MPa, 19.7 MPa, 18.6 MPa, and 18.3 MPa. The chemical content of solid waste pulp before and after the finished concrete tile product is in accordance with the building blocks of the tile which consists of compounds Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, and CaO. From the above test, it can be concluded that the addition of solid waste pulp can produce quality concrete roof tiles with reference to the value of SNI 0096-2007, that the maximum water absorption value of tile is 10% and the compressive strength of roof tiles is at least 6.0 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intermittent cutting behavior, performing as periodic contact phase and separation phase between abrasive grit and workpiece, is an important characteristic in the ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (UVAG). This study investigated the effect of intermittent cutting behavior on the grinding force in UVAG. At first, a grinding force model was established by determining the quantity of effective grits and the grinding force of a single grit. Then, the influences of ultrasonic vibration phase on the intermittent cutting behavior and grinding force were discussed. Finally, the prediction accuracy of the model was tested through experiments. Results indicated that the intermittent cutting behavior was divided into the contact phase and separation phase. A large unchanged chip thickness of 1.05 μm was generated at the start of contact phase. The quantity of effective grits firstly increased to maximum 232 at the vibration phase of 0.5 π and then gradually decreased to zero when entering the separation phase. The maximum error of the grinding force model was 15%, indicating that the model was of high accuracy for the force prediction in UVAG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calcium fluoride (CaF 2) component has excellent light transmission and a high laser damage threshold in the UV band, and thus is a potentially ideal material for high-power laser facility. However, the low-damage surface is difficult to attain via the existing processing technologies due to its brittleness, especially the dissociation property of the (111) surface. We innovatively propose H 2 O(g) plasma-assisted porous diamond abrasive lapping technology to achieve low-damage and high-precision surface processing of CaF 2 component, which means that the CaF 2 component is modified first and then the softened modified layer is removed by the porous diamond abrasive lapping. The H 2 O(g) plasma modification mechanism was elucidated through a combination of molecular dynamics simulation and experiment and comparison with H 2 O(g) plasma etching. The modification layer including an oxide layer and a phase change layer was produced by adjusting the plasma processing process (power of 25 W and H 2 O(g) content of 10 ml). Then the modified CaF 2 component was lapped by the porous diamond abrasive tool on the ductile domain layer which is more than the modified layer and less than the sum of the modified layer and plastic domain. When the lapping process parameters were 200 rpm platen rotation speed and 20 N lapping pressure, a surface accuracy of 15.34 nm PV, 2.29 nm RMS (φ1 mm) was obtained. This study provides technical support for the low-damage processing of CaF 2 component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some wastes from the paper pulp production process are still sent to a controlled waste landfill. These materials can constitute alternative resources for constructing road pavements. The study aimed to characterize and explore the sustainable application of two inorganic wastes resulting from the paper pulp process, the dregs (green liquor wastes) and the grits (slaker wastes), in the production of bituminous mixtures by the analysis of samples prepared with 5 and 10% of dregs and 5 and 10% of grits on the baseline reference bituminous mixture AC 14 surf 35/50. Some relevant mechanical properties of the blends were assessed based on Marshall compression, sensitivity to water and wheel-tracking tests. Additionally, water poured on the loose asphalt and compacted slabs' surface was analysed to determine the portion of harmful chemical compounds leached from the asphalt material. The results show that using dregs presented some technical limitations related to mechanical performance and that the incorporation of grits has an acceptable mechanical behaviour. Moreover, the study shows that the measured leachate resulting from water flow in a reference asphalt mixture and the blends with grits are insignificant. It can be concluded that using grits in asphalt mixtures is a promising technique regarding mechanical behaviour and environmental impacts that need further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diamond grits pre-brazed using an amorphous nickel (Ni)-based alloy were accurately fixed onto some positions on a steel substrate by resistance spot welding with a hot-pressing function. The amorphous Ni-based alloy thoroughly wetted and wrapped the diamond grits in the pre-brazing process. After the resistance spot welding, the pre-brazed diamond grits and steel substrate formed a strong metallurgical bonding under resistance heat and electrode pressure. The diamond grits welded by resistance spot welding maintained sharpness similar to that of regular diamond grits. The maximum tensile stress of welded diamond grits pre-brazed using amorphous alloy reached up to 0.43 GPa. The stress state was attributed to the presence of carbides of moderate magnitude between the bonded cladding and diamond grits. Grinding tests showed that the grinding performance of welded diamond grits pre-brazed using amorphous Ni-based alloy was better than that of welded diamond grits pre-brazed using crystalline Ni-based alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new production lines of extruded ready‐to‐eat (RTE) snacks often results in high losses of edible food due to the trial‐and‐error approach in industry. Being able to predict extrudate characteristics of new formulations before having to run trials on industrial scale would be beneficial for reducing waste and having a more efficient development process. With this study, the correlation between pasting properties of seven blends of flours/starches and extrudate characteristics was investigated (100% corn grits, 25% and 50% replacement of corn grits with high amylose starch, potato starch, and rice flour). The predictive power of pasting characteristics on extrudate's moisture content, water absorption and solubility index, sectional expansion index (SEI) and hardness was studied. Results indicated the potential of predicting SEI, water solubility index (WSI), and water absorption index (WAI) of RTE‐snacks. WSI and WAI were, respectively, negatively correlated with peak temperature (R2 = 0.897), and positively with peak temperature and positively with trough viscosity (R2 = 0.855). One can conclude that the rheometer can be a useful tool to gain insight into the characteristics of the extrudate, although further research with enlargement of the dataset is necessary to make the rheometer effectively deployable for potentially other extrudate characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reveal the material removal behavior of robot abrasive belt grinding (RABG) of nickel-based superalloy, the experimental research method of single grit grinding is proposed. In the research, ceramic alumina grits are used to scratch superalloy K438 based on the experimental setup of RABG. Four material removal parameters, namely real cutting depth, number of cutting edges involved in grinding, effective cutting area of cutting edges and pile-up ratio, are used to quantitatively describe the material removal behavior. The experimental results show that the grits have good cutting performance. And the cutting edges involved in grinding change dynamically, which has a significant influence on material removal. In addition, this paper analyzes the differences between RABG and wheel grinding (WG), studies the effect of cutting depth on material removal, and determines the factors that affect the material removal ability by evaluating the material removal ability of different grits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of moringa seed flour (MSF) inclusion on the functional and rheological properties of sweet potato starch (SPS)-based tapioca grits and the sensory acceptability of the gruel. The MSF (2-10%) was properly blended with the SPS (90-98%), using the Central Composite Rotatable Design of the Design-Expert Software. Each blend of the SPS and the MSF, 100%SPS, and cassava starch (CS) were separately toasted at 120 -150oC for 20 min. The grits' functional and pasting properties and the gruel's sensory acceptability were determined using standard methods. The results depict that the MSF inclusion increased the bulk density (80.00 to 83.00%) and oil absorption capacity (70.00 - 81.50%), while the water absorption capacity (518.50 - 108.50%), solubility index (14.00 - 2.00%), and swelling power (13.75-5.58%) decreased. Also, the SPS-MSF tapioca grit's peak (332.88 - 426.17 RVU), trough (162.04 - 302.71 RVU), final (228.08 - 456.59 RVU), and setback (66.04 - 153.88 RVU) viscosities, peak time (4.34 - 5.90 min) and pasting temperature (57.40 - 82.40oC) increased with MSF inclusion, and the breakdown viscosity (170.84-52.79 RVU) decreased. Although all the sensory attributes of the SPS-MSF tapioca gruel fall within the likeness range, tapioca gruel produced from 98 g SPS and 10 g MSF blends (7.91) was very much liked compared to the CS tapioca gruel (7.09) in terms of the overall acceptability. Therefore, adding MSF to the SPS-based tapioca grits influences most of the cooked gruel's rheological properties and sensory acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

SiCf/SiC composites have promising applications in aerospace industries. SiCf/SiC composite micro-holes are important components, such as gas film holes on turbine blades. However, micro-hole machining in the SiCf/SiC composite is challenging because of its excellent mechanical and physical properties and poor machinability caused by micro-hole constraints. Therefore, a novel brazed diamond abrasive core drill was designed to achieve high self-sharpness by continuously losing blunt diamond grits and exposing sharp diamond grits. The wear and self-sharpness of the developed drill were investigated and compared with those of an electroplated diamond core drill during ultrasonic vibration-assisted drilling of SiCf/SiC composite micro-holes. The material removal behaviors of SiCf/SiC composites, including drilling forces, exit tearing, hole dimensions, hole wall quality, and the wear of core drills, were also studied. The developed core drill demonstrated reduced drilling force and a significantly prolonged lifetime. Further, it achieved superior drilling performance, drilling accuracy, and micro-hole quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Third-generation (3G) rice pellets were obtained using rice flour (RF) and rice grits (RG), raw materials of similar compositions but different particle sizes. The samples were mixed with water to 25% moisture and extruded using a laboratory single-screw extruder (Kompakt KE 19/25 extruder) and three compression ratios (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1). The pellets were expanded using a microwave oven subjected to 1000 W/g power. After evaluating the expansion kinetics and the sectional expansion index (SEI), it was observed that the 3:1 compression ratio allowed for greater expansion, while the particle difference showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the SEI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Ingredients play an important role in multigrain puffed snack (PS) quality. Different rice flour (RF) to corn grits (CG) ratios with 3% and 5% rice bran oil (RBO) were assessed for starch digestibility, chemical, and physicochemical properties, and sensory acceptance of PS processed using a twin‐screw extruder. Fat and fibre content significantly increased. PS added with 5% RBO was harder with higher bulk density than 3% RBO. As the CG level increased, the expansion ratio of PS decreased, impacting the physical and sensory properties. The extruded PS exhibited a V‐type crystalline structure originating from the amylose‐lipid complex formation. PS prepared from 50%–60% RF and 10%–20% CG with 5% RBO had the highest content of slow‐digesting starch, resistant starch, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compounds. The optimal rice flour to corn grits ratio with added RBO of multigrain PS showed potential as a functional snack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to test the growth mindset theories of high school students' grits with explanatory models. The correlational design of the quantitative research approach was used in the current study. This study consists of 35000 students studying secondary education in the city center of Konya, Türkiye. The sample of this study consists of 783 students to whom the scales were applied in the selected schools. The study results highlighted a negative significant relationship between the fixed mindset dimension of Mindset Theories, belief in invariance and procrastination sub-dimension scores of high school students, and the perseverance of effort and consistency of interest scores of their grits. The fixed mindset dimension predicts 12.6% of students' grits' consistency of interest and perseverance of effort, 3.6% of the variability in belief in invariance sub-dimension, and 17.3% of the variability in the procrastination. While the consistency of interest dimension of the students' grits does not have a significant predictor of the growth mindset dimension of mindset theories, it has a significant predictor of the variability in the fixed mindset dimension. The study found that the consistency of interest fixed mindset predicted the variability in the procrastination dimension more. It can be suggested to organize training, activities, and projects for the development of students' grit, and to test grit and mindset theories across cultures by conducting similar studies in different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study is to distinguish the performance of mechanically refined abrasive grits and artificial diamonds in the fly milling and grinding configurations. The abrasive grits are mechanically refined, cast (aluminum oxide) and grown (diamond). The fly milling method is used to characterize the performance of grits, which are then compared with grits bonded together to form a grinding wheel. The purpose of the comparison is to show the effect of the bonding system on the wear of single grits and grinding wheels. The article shows that diamond is the highest-performing abrasive for non-ferrous metals but does not perform well at high cutting speeds on ferrous metals compared to aluminum oxide grits. The conclusions show that the performance of grits bonded together is much lower than the performance of single abrasive grits and is dependent on workpiece chemistry, the composition of the bonding system, and key operating parameters such as the depth of cut and cutting speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shape of erodent particles is most critical parameter, which affects the material removal from the target surface. The effect of particle shape on slurry erosion is still under investigation. The kinetic energy of the impacting particle is, in principle, responsible for removal of material from the target surface, which is a function of particle size, shape, density and velocity. In the present work, the variation of the wear with particle size and shape has been analysed to establish relationship between the two. Also the effect of particle shape on the maximum wear and normal impact wear has been investigated. The variations of mass loss form AA6063 target material due to four different shapes of erodents, namely, mild steel shots, mild steel grits, S.S. shots and S.S. grits are determined at two orientation angles 45° and normal impact angle. The kinetic energy of impacting particles was kept constant during all experiments by varying other parameters like velocity of impacting particles, solid concentration and test duration. So the effect of impacting particle shape on erosion wear has been investigated with constant kinetic energy effect at 45° and 90° impact angles. The worn out surfaces have also been studied using SEM to understand the material removal mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belt grinding is increasingly being used to process complex parts because of its ability to achieve flexible, form-following machining. Although the choice between down-grinding or up-grinding is one of the most common issues in process decisions, the influences of the differences in material removal mechanisms remain unclear, especially on surface residual stresses (RS). Thus, this paper focuses on the different grinding direction's influence on residual stress distribution, followed by a causal analysis of the abrasive cutting mechanism. The results suggest that the up-grinding surface is more prone to compressive RS of σa due to the different material flow directions close to the machined surface, and has stronger stress amplitudes of σt due to the increased belt wear caused by the grits entering from the hardened machined surfaces. For both down- and up-grinding, σa along the grinding trace's cross-section is symmetrically distributed in a peaked pattern, but σt is closer to a uniform distribution. One possible reason is that the contact wheel dissipates heat more quickly on both sides than in the center. Besides, the consistency of the RS distribution is better for up-grinding both within the same grinding trace and among different grinding traces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To prevent irritant contact eczema even in occupational fields with heavy‐duty soiling, it is generally recommended to use 'mild' hand cleansers (mild detergent without grits, MC). On the other hand, since grit‐containing cleansers (GC) show a higher washing power that minimizes washing time, their usage is generally preferred in specific occupational fields. Objectives: To compare whether a shorter, intense washing period might cause less skin damage than a longer washing period with an MC. Methods: Differences in cleaning time were first verified in a pilot study using standardized model dirt. In the main study, the forearms of 35 healthy volunteers were washed with three standardized procedures over a period of 3 days, either using 2 min of MC with/without hand brush or 1‐min GC. Clinical scoring, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), corneometry, colourimetry and scaliness/roughness (Visioscan) were used to evaluate the epidermal barrier, topography and irritation. Results: The pre‐study showed that washing time doubled when using MC vs. GC. Using GC resulted in stronger barrier disruption, even after a shorter washing period – median ΔT4–T1 TEWL 0.96 g/m2/h vs. 4.91 g/m2/h respectively, p < 0.0001. The most harmful procedure for the skin was the additional application of a hand brush (18.86 g/m2/h). Conclusions: Short‐time washing with GC damages the skin barrier more significantly in comparison to a longer application of an MC. When washing with MC, the strongest irritant reaction occurred when accompanied with hand brushing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broken rice is an underutilized by‐product of the rice milling industry. It was added with green gram and barnyard millet to investigate as a source of nutrition‐based value‐added food product. The study was carried out to examine the influence of formulated composite flour obtained from broken rice (Oryza sativa) (50%–80%), barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta) (10%–30%), and green gram (Vigna radiata) (10%–30%) on the chemical properties, functional properties, pasting properties, oscillatory test, flour behavior, and microstructure of extrudate. The ash, crude fiber, crude protein, fat, and carbohydrate of the extrudate ranged from 1.62%–1.78%, 1.88%–2.43%, 13.47%–14.57%, 4.9%–7.48%, and 66.86%–70.8%, respectively. The water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) for the flour ranged from 5.06%–6.18 g/g and 2.34%–3.99%. The formulated composite flours having a higher percentage of broken rice showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in their pasting properties, pasting temperature, peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, and setback and final viscosity. The pasting properties gave better results using a twin‐screw extruder with operating conditions of barrel temperature of 110°C, screw speed of 290 rpm, and 14% moisture content (w.b.). The microstructure of the extrudate obtained from 80% broken rice, 10% barnyard millet, and 10% green gram grits flour possessed a more integrated, well‐defined porosity, indicating a completely gelatinized structure. Practical application: Determination of biochemical, structural, and rheological properties of ingredients are essential for the production desirable ready‐to‐eat snacks. In this context, the present study evaluated the functional and rheological properties of broken rice–barnyard millet–green gram blend for the production of nutritious snacks with desirable physical and textural properties. The findings of the study would be useful for food products industries using millets and broken rice as a major raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing industrial pulp production has led to a negative growth of the associated solid wastes, thus making necessary alternative ways of handling them in suitable sanitary landfills to minimize adverse effects on the environment and well-being of people. Solid waste treatment prior to its disposal is a target to minimize pollution of the natural resources (air, soil, water) due to accidental leaching. This paper aims to determine better experimental conditions in the container to develop an optimal composting design for pulp solid wastes. For this, an experimental methodology is introduced. This paper presents the results about the influence of independent control variables (grits addition and composting process time) on dependent variables (chemical and biological), for which a composting design was used, and a face-centered central composite factor was applied. The results showed mature compost over 60-day treatment, with the following experimental observations (i) the grits addition did not decrease the pH in the first stage of the composting process; and (ii) the microbial activities were high during the active stage of the composting progress and evolved to stable, lower values together with a proper trend of N–NH4+ and N–NO3− at the end. Grits addition of around 6% is the optimal experimental amount to use for the composting process of the secondary sludge from the Kraft mill industry. In conclusion, treating secondary sludges and grit residues from the Kraft mill industry to produce compost is feasible and sustainable. This action reduces the environmental pollution risk (evidenced by soil pH change and possible water pollution) and improves the soil assimilation capability of inorganic micronutrients and organic compounds after application. Thus, the controlled waste reuse will pass from a negative input to the environment to a positive, sustainable solution, which can be used as a soil-nutrient improver in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abrasive belt sanding is essential to medium-density fibreboard (MDF) manufacturing and application. To achieve an energy-efficient machining with better surface quality, a kind of abrasive belt with precision-shaped grits (PSG) was applied in this study. As a contrast, an ordinary abrasive belt with random fractured grits (RFG) was taken into account. The surface morphology of each belt was compared and analyzed to see the difference. The power used to remove per unit mass of workpiece material (P*s) was measured and calculated. When the belt speed reached 12.08 m/s, the P*s of PSG belt was 28.5% lower. The micrographs of sanded MDF surfaces generated by PSG belt and the related interfacial area ratio (Sdr) indicated less ploughed area. Besides, the average values of Ra, Rz, Rq and RSm for the surface sanded by PSG belt were significantly lower. The obtained findings could provide new perspectives in MDF sanding operations considering MDF surface creation mechanism with new abrasive tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study aimed to evaluate physicochemical and sensory characteristics of corn grits and pineapple stem starch‐based extruded snacks enriched with oyster mushroom powder (OMP). Base materials (corn grits and pineapple stem starch at a ratio of 1:1) were mixed with OMP at levels of 5, 10 and 15% (w/w, total dry ingredients basis). The mixtures of dry ingredients were adjusted to 15% moisture content, followed by adding 4% palm oil. The mixtures were kept at room temperature overnight before being extruded using a twin‐screw extruder with barrel temperatures of 80–140 °C and screw speed of 450 rpm. Increasing levels of OMP resulted in increased bulk density, hardness, redness, cell wall thickness, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extruded snacks but decreased expansion ratio, lightness and yellowness values. X‐ray diffraction showed that extruded snacks with increasing levels of OMP resulted in higher amounts of V‐type crystals, indicating to the greater formation of amylose‐lipid complex. Sensory evaluation showed that extruded snacks with 5% OMP had the highest preference levels for all sensorial attributes. This study demonstrates that pineapple stem starch and OMP can be used to produce nutritionally enriched and acceptable extruded snacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food industry is very interested in high-yield ingredients to enrich and develop new products that have an affordable value for the population. This work aimed to determine the correlations and contrasts between grain physical and agronomic traits of conventional and transgenic corn hybrids cultivated in the first crop season. The experiments were installed in the 2017/18, 2018/19, and 2019/20 crop seasons in Guarapuava - PR. The experimental design was a randomized block design with eight hybrids (SUPREMO VIP, SUPREMO, P30F53VYH, P30F53, P3456H, P3456, DKB290PRO3, and DKB290) and three replications. The agronomic traits, such as the percentage of rot grains, 1000-grain mass, and grain yield, also the physical traits of grains for industrial purposes, such as grits, germ, vitreousness, flotation, and hectoliter weight, were evaluated. There is a positive correlation between grits and flotation. The choice of hybrids for the food industry based on vitreousness positively favors flotation. The grits showed a positive correlation with hectoliter weight and a negative correlation with the incidence of rot grains. Vitreousness was influenced by the choice of conventional or transgenic hybrid and crop season. The environments of the crop seasons influence the grain yield, 1000-grain mass, and rot grain incidence of conventional and transgenic corn hybrids.

The aim of this study is to explore the wear mechanism of diamond grinding tools in rotary ultrasonic grinding process and complete the simulation study of micro wear state of diamond grinding tools in different processing stages. Primarily, the morphology of single diamond abrasive grains is analyzed and studied, and a three-dimensional irregular abrasive grain simulation is carried out according to the morphology characteristics of diamond abrasive grains. Then, the center distance and spatial distribution law between diamond grits are obtained by calculation, and the discrete three-dimensional morphology simulation of diamond abrasive end face is completed based on the virtual lattice theory. Through the rotary ultrasonic grinding experiment, the wear form of diamond grits and the mathematical model of the wear amount of diamond grits changing with the removal amount of workpiece material are determined. The wear simulation of diamond abrasive tool with different workpiece removal is completed by using the mathematical model obtained from experiments. Last section, the number of abrasive particles in the simulation model and the wear amount of the abrasive tool are compared and analyzed with the corresponding experimental results. The above research provides a new research method for exploring the wear mechanism of diamond abrasive tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Andean purple maize (APM) is an ancient crop widely used as a natural coloring in traditional Peruvian cuisine. However, it has been little explored within the food industry. The present study assessed how APM impacts on techno‐functional properties and sensory acceptance of breakfast cereals. Extruded samples formulated with 100, 75, 50, and 25% APM, and complemented with yellow corn grits (YCG), were analyzed for their techno‐functional and sensory properties. RESULTS: Increases in bulk density, as well as reduction in the expantion and porosity were observated for extrudates containing ≥ 50% APM, accompanied by an increase in purple color intensity. Increase in milk absorption index, reduction in milk solubility index and decrease in cereal hardness with increase in APM were also observed. Despite this, APM extented the cereal bowl‐life. High sensory scores of overall liking (6) and color (7) were obtained for extruded formulations containing ≥ 50% APM and low values for extrudates with 25% APM. Aroma, flavor, and texture scores did not present significant differences. CONCLUSION: APM is an ingredient with the potential to be used to produce breakfast cereals since it improves their techno‐functional characteristics and sensory acceptance, at the same time, it leads to the production of healthy, nutritious, and sustainable food. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important steps in the processing of itabirite iron ore is reverse cationic flotation, with organic starches and fatty amines being the main depressant and collector reagents used, respectively. Sorghum-based depressants have stood out as alternatives to reagents obtained from corn, as this input is mainly produced to meet food production, both internally and externally. Flotation tests with iron ore from the Anglo American mine located in the city of Conceição do Mato Dentro/MG were carried out on a bench scale and rougher stage for the first time, replacing the corn grits currently used by the company with sorghum flour. The influence of conditioning time and collector dosage (Flotigam EDA 3C, from Clariant) on the Fe content in the concentrate and the metallurgical recovery were analyzed. The obtained results indicate that the collector dosage was the only parameter that had a statistical influence on the iron content in the concentrate. The most promising results (Fe content > 60%) were obtained in collector dosages above 58.5 g/t with conditioning times of 0.5 and 1.0 min. Both the dosage and the collector conditioning time were significant for the Fe metallurgical recovery. The best results (metallurgical recovery > 88%) were obtained with a collector dosage of 39.5 g/t and conditioning times of 0.5 and 3.0 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding grit wear and the consequent material removal mechanisms is of critical importance to elevating the performance of dry grinding. This study conducts a single-grit grinding analysis on the grit wear-induced thermomechanical variations and resultant surface integrity for ceramic alumina and CBN grits. The results reveal that the specific grinding force is lower when using the sharp ceramic alumina grit than that with the CBN grit, whereas an opposite result is presented as the grit wear is developed. The study demonstrates the possibility of dry grinding in terms of the wear mechanism, grit morphology, and temperature rise in the single-grit grinding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study is made into the mechanics and monitoring of rotary plunge-roll dressing of grinding wheels using a roll with multi-layer diamonds contained in a hybrid, metal-ceramic bond. A fundamental relationship is obtained between grinding/dressing specific energy and the dressing aggressiveness number A g g r d , revealing a distinct size effect. Results also indicate (i) a nearly linear relationship between grinding and dressing specific energy, and (ii) direct proportionality between dressing specific energy and the acoustic emission (AE) signal. SEM observations indicate that smaller A g g r d produces a grit-dulling phenomenon different from grinding-induced dulling of the grits by attrition, which causes rapid workpiece-material adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilization and soil tillage have an important position in agriculture, because the modification and availability of nutrients from the soil to plants, as well as heavy metals are related to these mentioned treatments. The main negative impact of heavy metals on the environment is their non-degradability. In our study, the samples of barley grits were analysed, where chromium and nickel contents were determined depending on different agrotechnical methods of growing cereal plants. The field trials were based on a plot of land in the cadastral territory of Dolná Malanta near the city of Nitra in the Slovak Republic. The plot area was 14 m². In the experiment, three different dosages of macroelements into the soil were applied, and two methods of soil treatment by ploughing were also performed. Barley grits were obtained by grinding of grains of four varieties of spring barley: KM2084, Lédi, Xanadu and Marthe. The lowest content of chromium and nickel in barley grits was determined in the KM2084 variety. The amounts of chromium in the barley grits of our tested samples were in the range 0.17-0.77 mg.kg-1 dry matter and nickel 0.05-0.76 mg.kg-1 dry matter, respectively. According to the Food Code of the Slovak Republic, the maximum permissible amount of chromium (0.77 mg.kg-1) was exceeded, mainly in the Lédi variety, in the case of nickel, its exceeding of the maximum permissible amounts (0,76 mg.kg-1) was not determined in any variety. NPK fertilization in the ratio 16:1:4 (70 kg N ha-1) in combination with minimization ploughing, as well as fertilization in the ratio 2.5:1:1.5 (60 kg N ha-1) in combination with conventional ploughing had an effect on an increase in chromium contents in barley grain in all varieties, but at the same time caused a decrease in nickel contents, except for the Xanadu variety. The same values were determined in the fertilized variant with the addition of limestone after the application of conventional ploughing. The application of conventional ploughing on unfertilized areas had an effect on the increase of nickel contents in all varieties and the decrease of chromium contents in three varieties of spring barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the complexity of the measurement in a confined space the effect of workpiece rotational speed on surface quality, such as the uniformity of surface roughness (Ra) and peak-to-valley (PV) error of flatness, has not been revealed during the double-sided planetary lapping process. To resolve this concern, a method to measure the workpiece rotational speed is proposed, and the mathematical model for calculating the grit trajectory left on the workpiece in double-sided lapping considering the workpiece rotational speed is established. A variation coefficient for nonuniformity of the track point distribution (NUTPD) is introduced to evaluate the trajectory uniformity. Subsequently, the trajectory map of multiple grits and the value of NUTPD were simulated at different variations, which include the rotational speed ratio γ of the pad to the sun gear, and the rotational speed ratio η of the workpiece to the sun gear. The simulation result shows that the uniformity of the trajectory of the grits left on the workpiece surface is significantly affected by the rotational speed ratios γ and η. Furthermore, to verify the reliability of the simulation, corresponding processing tests were conducted by employing a double-sided planetary lapping machine with YAG wafers. The results show that the uniformity of the surface roughness and the peak-to-valley error of flatness can be reflected in the values of NUTPD. By selecting optimal rotational speed ratios η, better flatness and surface roughness of YAG can be achieved for the lower nonuniformity of trajectory distribution. The above analysis confirms that the method of measuring the rotational speed of the workpiece and trajectory analysis can significantly contribute to optimizing the rotational speed ratio γ. In addition, the above method can provide guidance for the optimization of rotational speed ratio η to obtain more uniform roughness and better flatness of the workpiece surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of sucrose on the extrusion of varied whole sorghum genotypes was studied using a single‐screw system. The raw sorghum flours were characterized in terms of chemical composition and particle size. Specific mechanical energy (SME) was measured as a process parameter, as well as expansion properties, hydration, paste viscosity, instrumental color, and texture, along with total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total condensed tannins (TCT) in the puffed extrudates. In general, the addition of 10% sucrose reduced SME (p <.05), sectional expansion, hydration, and cold paste viscosity, indicating lower starch conversion and increased lightness (L*) and hardness (Fc). In contrast, BRS 501 showed opposite results for most of the variables measured, due to the suppression of the lubricant effect attributed to the high lipid in this genotype. Furthermore, the extrusion process at 0% sucrose released TPC values by 71.2% and 317.5% for low‐tannin extrudates, while the addition of sucrose (10%) did not alter the TPC (p >.05) and had a protective effect on TCT retention in BRS 305 genotype extrudates. Practical applications: The worldwide food intake of non‐traditional whole grains such as sorghum has been restricted. Although it has been recently considered as an interesting an attractive gluten‐free cereal due to its high and varied content of phytochemicals that provide health benefits and dietary fiber source. To take advantage of its potential, thermoplastic extrusion technology was used as a tool to develop textured sorghum expanded products with improved digestibility and retention of bioactive compounds. On the other hand, in order to improve its potential use as sweet snacks, the addition of sugar concentrations (10%) was added to improve its palatability, allowing to obtain expanded extrudates rich in fiber and bioactive compounds with improved taste compared to conventional extrudates, which would be of interest of the consumer and the food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In micro-grinding, the improvement of machining accuracy has received increasing attention recently. However, the real-time dynamic change for taking into the grinding thickness during the machining process, combined with the complex vibration characteristics of the spindle, complicates the theoretical treatment. As a result, the role of interaction characteristics, particularly in the coupling relationship between the tool and workpiece, remains unclear. The coupled superposition algorithm for dynamic grinding force and vibration response is established to better understand the interaction between the tool and the workpiece. Considering the unbalanced excitation and nonlinear grinding force, a dynamic nonlinear model of the tool-workpiece in the grinding process is developed to predict the vibration response and dynamic characteristics during machining. According to the geometric relationship of adjacent abrasive grits during the machining process, the dynamic grinding thickness including the multi-degree of freedom instantaneous displacement is derived, and the dynamic grinding combined force on the primary and secondary surfaces of the tool is calculated. The accuracy of the dynamic model of microgrinding considering tool-workpiece interaction is verified based on the constructed microgrinding test bed. The effect of different dimensional parameters and operating parameters on the stability of spindle machining is analysed by the established model. The potential value of this research is to guide the selection of grinding parameters and the improvement of machining accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potentials of underutilized African yam bean (AYB) and pro-vitamin A cassava in the development of nutritious food products with acceptable sensory properties were studied. Grits were produced from freshly harvested yellow root pro-vitamin A cassava by peeling, washing, cutting, soaking, dewatering, roasting, sieving, and milling to obtain yellow root cassava grits while AYB flour was obtained by cleaning, roasting, dehulling, milling, and sieving (425 µm). A simple lattice design was used to obtain formulations of blends (100:0; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40 and 0:100) of yellow root cassava grits and AYB flour. Gruels were prepared from these formulations using 4:5 w/v in boiling water while meals were prepared using 1:1 w/v of blend in boiling water for 5 min. Moisture, fat, ash, protein, crude fibre, carbohydrate, β-carotene and calorific content of the blends were in the ranges of 4.66 – 7.92%, 2.20 – 2.82%, 2.16 – 2.66%, 2.72 – 20.43%, 1.15 – 1.40%, 68.65 – 83.23%, 1.33 to 3.97 μg/g and 348.37 – 358.96 kcal/100 g, respectively. Saponin, tannin, trypsin inhibitor, hemagglutinin, starchyose, raffinose, phytate and Hydrogen Cyanide ranged from 0.039 – 0.087%, 0.11 – 0.15%, 1.24 – 3.15 mg/g, 1.47 – 3.49 mg/100 g, 1.51 – 1.81%, 0.38 – 0.45%, 0.82 – 2.69 mg/g, 0.07 – 4.47 mg/kg, respectively. The sensory evaluation revealed that the meal and the gruel samples had acceptable sensory attributes. The developed products have the potentials in alleviating the problem of protein malnutrition in developing countries.

To validate the proposed removal mechanism of 2D SiC f /SiC composite, single- and double-grit scribing experiments were conducted on the fiber woven surface (WS) and stacking surface (SS) along the 0°, 45°, and 90°. The results indicate that transverse fibers mainly undergo shear, tensile, and bending fractures. The removal modes of normal fibers are shear and bending fractures. The longitudinal fibers are damaged by tensile (cut-in side) and bending (cut-off side) fractures, accompanied by fiber peel-off. The removal forms of the matrix include crack propagation, ductile scratch, powdery removal, and brittle peel-off. The order of scribing force is F SS0 > F WS45 > F SS90 > F WS0. The maximum and minimum scribing force occur on SS0 and WS0, respectively, due to the powdery removal of matrix and fibers + matrix peel-off. The 2nd grit scribes the matrix layer and fiber tip in a very low depth to cause powdery and ductile removal, which exhibit the different material removal mechanism with the 1st grit. The scribing damage formed by 1st grit greatly reduces the force required by the 2nd grit for the same material removal volume. The coupling effect among grits in multi-grit scribing and grinding cannot be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cubic boron nitride (cBN) grits were joined with a Cu70-Sn20-Ti10 solder alloy powder at a temperature of 960 °C for 20 min under vacuum. The bonding morphology, macroscopically and microscopically, was analyzed, along with the interfacial reaction layer products and thickness of Cu-Sn-Ti/cBN grits. The research extensively characterized the surface morphology and attachment phase of cBN grits both before and after a reaction process. The analysis also included a detailed examination of the cBN grits' morphology. Moreover, the research performed a comparative evaluation of the compressive strength of cBN before and after the reaction, providing valuable insights into the effect of the reaction process on cBN's mechanical properties. The results indicate that the solder effectively wets the surface of the cBN grits, demonstrating good wettability. At the microscopic level,the reaction layer with a structural sequence of cBN-TiB 2 -TiB-TiN forms at the interface between the two materials. This reaction layer is approximately 5.65 μm thick and exhibits a chemical metallurgical combination. Moreover, the compressive strength of cBN remained unchanged before and after brazing. [Display omitted] • Cu70Sn20Ti10 alloy and cBN can be chemical and metallurgical bonded by reaction layer. • Reaction layer between two materials has a structural sequence of cBN-TiB 2 -TiB-TiN. • The compressive strength of cBN cannot be affected with Cu70Sn10Ti10 alloy at 960 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing industrial pulp production has led to a negative growth of the associated solid wastes, thus making necessary alternative ways of handling them in suitable sanitary landfills to minimize adverse effects on the environment and well-being of people. Solid waste treatment prior to its disposal is a target to minimize pollution of the natural resources (air, soil, water) due to accidental leaching. This paper aims to determine better experimental conditions in the container to develop an optimal composting design for pulp solid wastes. For this, an experimental methodology is introduced. This paper presents the results about the influence of independent control variables (grits addition and composting process time) on dependent variables (chemical and biological), for which a composting design was used, and a face-centered central composite factor was applied. The results showed mature compost over 60-day treatment, with the following experimental observations (i) the grits addition did not decrease the pH in the first stage of the composting process; and (ii) the microbial activities were high during the active stage of the composting progress and evolved to stable, lower values together with a proper trend of N–NH4+ and N–NO3− at the end. Grits addition of around 6% is the optimal experimental amount to use for the composting process of the secondary sludge from the Kraft mill industry. In conclusion, treating secondary sludges and grit residues from the Kraft mill industry to produce compost is feasible and sustainable. This action reduces the environmental pollution risk (evidenced by soil pH change and possible water pollution) and improves the soil assimilation capability of inorganic micronutrients and organic compounds after application. Thus, the controlled waste reuse will pass from a negative input to the environment to a positive, sustainable solution, which can be used as a soil-nutrient improver in agriculture.

Copyright of Electroplating & Finishing is the property of Electroplating & Finishing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The crack distribution characteristics in grinding damage have a significant impact on subsequent polishing efficiency and part strength. Grinding tests were carried out on fused quartz using grinding wheels with different wear states. The results showed that the cracks produced by sharp abrasive grits were mainly near chevron cracks and had no preferred direction. However, the blunt abrasive grits produced near partial cone cracks had a preferred direction. At a depth of 96.7 μm from the surface, the amount of cracks in the range of 50°~90° with an inclination angle between the crack and the cutting direction could reach 88.9%. The statistical results showed that the depth and total length of cracks produced by sharp grits were larger than those produced by blunt grits (the maximum crack depth difference was about 40 μm). Therefore, it was concluded that sharp abrasive grits were not conducive to damage control. The findings of this research enhance our understanding of the formation mechanism of grinding damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the possibility of replacing proteins of animal origin with complete proteins of plant origin. In nutrition, complementarity of proteins in terms of amino acids complementing each other is preferred. One of the methods of balancing essential amino acids is to obtain compositional mixtures from traditional groats and some legumes. Based on the concept of reference protein and the method of balancing scores of limiting essential amino acids, guidance values of the quantities of lentil grits for addition to traditional groats were obtained. The addition of 19-35 % lentil grits allows to obtain mixtures with a high protein content and the protein will be complete. An algorithm was proposed for calculating optimum proportions of two proteins when they are mixed. Described are two methods for obtaining ground large-seeded lentils. Obtaining two-component mixtures implies the comparability of their fractional composition, which allows to synchronize the cooking time. To speed up the cooking process, the lentils were subjected to heat treatment in an infrared stream. The cooking time of lentil groats was evaluated in comparison with the cooking time of traditional groats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To gain better knowledge of the grinding process especially the grinding force and efficiency, the friction characteristics between workpiece and abrasive grains has been investigated extensively. However, the calculation of coefficient of friction (COF) in previous studies is limited to indenters with optimized shapes, e.g. pyramidal shape from Berkovich and Vickers indenter or conical shape from conical indenter. In the kinematic simulation of grinding, the applicability of previous models in estimating the contact area and COF is limited due to the very irregular grit shapes of the grinding product. In this study, a new model for calculating the COF for scratches by arbitrary grit shape on any unflat surface is proposed, which only involves the elastic recovery ratio, the pile-up ratio, the grit profile and the workpiece surface profile prior to scratch. To verify the model, single scratch tests under two different shape indenter were conducted on a Nanoindenter. The model is then used to analyze the influence of indenter tip shape on the COF by applying it to a few typical shapes of grinding grits. Finally, good agreement was found on the variation trend of the COF in double scratch tests under different separation distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]