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Acidic substances were known for thousands of years, and their macroscopic-sensory characteristics were reflected by words in most ancient languages. In the Western canon, the history of the concept of acidity goes back to Ancient Greece. In Greek, the word associated with acidity from its early literary references was ὀξύς ("sharp"), and still in contemporary Greek the words "sour" and "acidic" have the same root. This paper makes a short presentation of the appearance of the abstract concept in the works of Plato and Aristotle and relates it, on one side to the already existing theological-philosophical tradition, starting with Hesiod´s Theogony and on the other, to the then available to the Greeks organoleptic experiences of sourness-vinegar and sour milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical subjects, such as history, usually do not attract the interest of students and as a result educational games and serious games that use augmented reality (AR) are increasingly used as a means of supporting education. It is believed that these games can make the lesson more engaging and contribute to improving student performance. However, relevant research is limited. The present research presents the AR-enhanced serious game "Exploring Ancient Greece" that aims at supporting 10- to 14-year-old students in learning the history of Ancient Greece. It consists of three levels that include: a presentation of archaeological sites with AR that gives students the chance to explore places of historical interest; a trivia game that includes an AR presentation of a monument or piece of art somewhere in the physical surroundings of the students; and an escape room where the player is trapped in an archaeological site and tries to solve riddles to find the exit. To evaluate the game, an empirical study was conducted involving students between the ages of 10 and 14 who answered knowledge questions before and after playing the game, completed a questionnaire including questions based on the System Usability Scale (SUS), as well as questions for evaluating their experience, and answered oral questions. Based on the results of this study, students improved their knowledge of history, evaluated the game positively and stated that they prefer the use of serious games and AR in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Septuagint Kingdoms, the Greek translation of Samuel-Kings, has an ambiguous linguistic reputation. While scholars sometimes note natural linguistic features, its isomorphic and literal translation style is typically emphasised. This ambiguity has apparently caused several scholars to misinterpret LXX 1 Kgdms 3:2, which uses the verb βαρύνω in reference to the failing eyesight of the priest Eli. When examined against other evidence, notably Euripides' Alcestis , Kingdoms is shown to use a natural though poorly attested Greek expression meaning "go blind." This paper demonstrates the natural idiomatic use of βαρύνω in 1 Kgdms 3:2 and shows its value in refining our understanding of "heavy eyes" in other non-translation Greek texts. More broadly, it promotes the reading of the LXX against the wider history of the Greek language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this article is the classical Greek history of religion, particularly ritual sacrifice in relation to political ethics. This article recovers the lost meaning of the Delphic knife made by coppersmiths that Aristotle's Politics (1.2 1252b) contrasted with the city famously made by Nature. It dismisses traditional conjectures about the knife as historically inaccurate about its craft and philosophically uninformed about Aristotle's doctrine of the final cause, or purpose, of making something. It states the obvious purpose of a knife as cutting, which Aristotle skillfully practiced as the first anatomist, or dissector. It documents the purpose of a classical Greek ritual knife to divide the carcass of a sacrificed animal into equitable portions for civic distribution. It identifies Neoptolemus, the legendary hero turned villain, who was stabbed during his sacrifice at Delphi as an exemplar of greed in quarreling with the temple butcher for an excessive share of the allotted meat. Aristotle alluded to the popular drama and poetry about his and other violations of the Delphic maxim "nothing in excess." His Politics argued against political factions as greedy, thus divisive of the city that Nature made a whole. He approved of ritual sacrifice as a civic bond, and he taught civic moderation in conformity with his well-known ethics of personal moderation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the previously underexplored conceptualizations of history articulated in the initiatory homilies of late fourth-century Greek catechists Cyril of Jerusalem and John Chrysostom. Grounded in their interpretation of the (Judeo-)Christian tradition, both authors conceive history as a divine narrative, constituting a coherent “history of salvation”. Metaphorically, their historical understanding can be illustrated as a spatial entity characterized through geometric imagery. A systematic analysis of their catecheses reveals that, fundamentally, both authors maintain a linear perspective on history, emphasizing divine beginning in creation and continuing through the present toward an eschatological consummation. Nonetheless, Cyril introduces more nuanced models, including cyclical depictions, notably a four-staged vision of paradise intertwined with a spiral-like conception of history. Owing seemingly to their primary objective of guiding audiences toward robust engagement with the Christian tradition and ecclesial participation, both authors refrain from addressing themes that might provoke unwarranted speculation. By presenting these insights, this article offers a novel contribution to the scholarship on late fourth-century theology of history, concurrently paving the way for historiographical exploration in modern scholarship of late antique Christian sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven inscriptions from Oine on Ikaria that refer to Samians residing on the island have long been used to argue the case for Samian political control over Ikaria. This article seeks to reassess what these inscriptions tell us about Samian–Ikarian interactions by exploring different models of connectivity for the two islands. Specifically, this article considers short-range mobility, and the capacity of each island to perform various political functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the publication of Hellas, the last major poem of Shelley's that appeared in his lifetime. First, it focusses on the press-copy, the poem's most important textual witness (and arguably the basis of any modern edition), recovering from it a hitherto unnoticed but apparently authoritative reading. Second, it discusses Charles Ollier's unexpurgated edition, identifying passages that were removed from, or altered in, the first edition published in 1822. Third, it traces the gradual emergence of the suppressed passages in editions of the poem published between 1829 and 2002. Finally, with reference to 'A Defence of Poetry' and the first (authorised) posthumous edition of the poem, by Mary Shelley, published in 1839, it considers how the textual history of Hellas may illustrate Shelley's view that the meaning of a poem may not be realised in an author's lifetime. In her 'Note on Hellas' Mary Shelley appears to have identified the poem's awareness of itself as yet to be fully understood with a subtlety matched in the criticism of the late Michael O'Neill, one of Shelley's finest readers whose loss we continue to mourn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I commence this review with six important works on mobility, diasporas, ethnicities, and intercultural relations in antiquity; after a decade of relative dearth of significant contributions, it is truly wonderful that the field is moving again. Jonathan Hall and James Osborne have edited an excellent volume on the interregional networks in the eastern Mediterranean between 900–600 bce. The volume aims to link the novel approaches to Mediterranean history espoused in the major syntheses by Nicholas Purcell – Peregrine Horden and Cyprian Broodbank respectively, with new approaches to the study of cross-cultural interaction and material culture. The editors explicitly and convincingly argue in favour of employing multiple models for explaining the Early Iron Age Mediterranean; the ten chapters exemplify both multiplicity and important common themes. Certain contributions accept the concept of globalization as a useful way of explaining the changes evident across the Mediterranean. While some contributions problematize the concept of style as a means of drawing clear ethnic lines among artists and artistic traditions, other scholars argue for the need to maintain traditional ethnic labels like that of the Phoenicians, which is facing a current deconstructive trend; equally interesting is the stress on the agency of specific groups, like mercenaries, as agents of connectivity. Particularly significant, finally, is the focus on areas that have usually remained at the margins of discussion of Iron Age interconnectivity, like the North Aegean and the Troad, the Black Sea, Anatolia and Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We examine how Plato, C.S. Lewis, and J.R.R Tolkien responded to tumultuous times that included the ongoing reality of death through wars and plagues and social unrest. More specifically, we draw upon the historical backdrop of Plato's dialogues, C.S. Lewis's essay, "Learning in War-time", and Tolkien's Lord of the Rings to bring to light important social and psychological dimensions of the learning process that may help students and educators navigate these tumultuous times that cause confrontation with death. We argue for a middle ground between emphasizing the "unprecedented" nature of events like COVID-19, the politically divisive state of affairs in America, the war in Ukraine, the devastation of earthquakes in Syria and Turkey, and the desire to find a new normal in the midst of world-wide turmoil. We first reflect on our experiences with pandemic teaching and learning. Then, we address some contemporary research on pandemic learning. Third, we turn to the historical backdrop of Plato's dialogues, specifically the Plague, The Peloponnesian War, the rule of "The Thirty", the restoration of democracy, and the Reconciliation Agreement in Athens. Fourth, we consider some of the effects of the first and second world wars for both C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien. Finally, we suggest that Gandalf emerges as a model of the middle ground we aim for in our pedagogical relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Cyprian Norwid and the History of Greece" by Maciej Junkiert is a book that explores how Cyprian Kamil Norwid, a Polish poet, engages with the history of Greece in his work. The book discusses Norwid's connection of Greek philosophy to Christianity and the importance of figures such as Socrates, Epimenides, Cleopatra, and Caesar in his writings. It also examines Norwid's fascination with the origins of history and the concept of memory, which were invented by the Greeks. The book offers a unique perspective by arguing that Norwid viewed Greek antiquity as central to his intellectual pursuits, rather than focusing solely on Poland. Overall, "Cyprian Norwid and the History of Greece" provides valuable insights into Norwid's work and its relationship to Hellenism, historiosophy, and memory studies. [Extracted from the article]

The Defence in Depth tactical doctrine was developed by the German Army during the First World War in order to overcome the increasing French and British offensive capability on the Western Front. This article attempts to analyse how the Turkish High Command accepted and implemented the German Defence in Depth doctrine as a guiding principle during the defensive and pivotal Battle of Sakarya (1921) as a part of the 1919–1922 war with Greece. Despite the sudden change of tactical doctrine and lack of experience, the Turkish Army successfully employed it, and the new tactics proved instrumental in the Turkish victory. Although the Germans designed this concept for trench warfare, the Battle of Sakarya proved that it could also be applied, with some modification, to a war of manoeuvre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peisistratus managed to remain tyrant of Athens from 546 to 527 B.C. in part thanks to his administration of foreign policy. The aim of this article is to analyze how Peisistratus of Athens foreign relationships functioned during his third tyranny. Through an analysis of the available sources, mainly Herodotus, Thucydides and Aristotle, the purpose of this work is to see how the tyrant of Athens exerted his influence on three areas of the Hellas: the Cyclades, mainland Greece and the Hellespont. In the Cyclades he managed to show his dominance through the purification of Delos and the installation of Lígdamis as tyrant of Naxos. In mainland Greece, his alliance with Argos allowed him to establish himself as tyrant in Athens, thanks also to the help of his counterparts in Thebes and Eretria, but this collaboration also earned him enmity with other poleis, such as Corinth or Sparta, which joined the animosity already held by those of Megara. In the Hellespont Peisistratus intervened directly in Sigeion, while he did it indirectly in the Chersonesus thanks to the intervention of Miltiades. In short, the results of this study show that the last tyranny of Peisistratus put forth a consistent foreign policy that can be reconstructed in spite of the scarcity of sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-word summary of the following article might be «Words matter». It matters whether we conceive of the non-built world as nature, as «wilderness», as Gaia/Mother Earth, or as «our common home». We analyze the emergence of each of these four notions. Nature, by far the most multi-layered of the words, has a complex history rooted in the Greek word phusis. Nature is problematic because of its opposites: supernatural; nurture, culture and civilization. Nature seems to require dualism. Wilderness started out as something terrifying (the realm of the wild beasts), later acquiring a specific American understanding of an area conserved for recreation, of nature partially preserved, all desirable goals inspired by John Muir. In the Scriptures, wilderness becomes filled by promise. Gaia is short for the Gaia hypothesis of Earth as a living, self-regulating organism. It was coined by James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis and discussed critically by Bruno Latour. Compared with the view of the Earth as dead matter, «Gaia» is conducive to respect for all living beings. When it is coupled with Mother Earth, the concept becomes problematic from a feminist point of view. The common home or household stem from the teachings of Pope Francis. Although Laudato si' is rightly viewed as a prophetic text regarding ecology and spirituality, «common home» implies a domestication of all that lives in a worldview that remains anthropocentric (homes are artefacts). A better concept is the «web of life» of which humankind is a part, but not the master. It is such a decentering that may herald hope for the Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the fortune of Geoffrey de Ste. Croix's famous article 'The Character of the Athenian Empire', and reassesses its basic thesis that the Athenian Empire was popular among the lower classes of the allied cities in the light of recent developments in the field. After surveying the article's immediate and more recent reception, and discussing its relation with The Origins of the Peloponnesian War and The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World , it isolates four key new trends in Greek history that, while going against some of Ste. Croix's basic convictions, end up reinforcing his overall case. These are: a renewed attention to the mass and elite dichotomy, with recent work interpreting Greek oligarchy as a fundamentally reactive and anti-demotic regime; the recognition of the continued relevance of Persian meddling in the later fifth-century; a sea-change in Attic epigraphy which has led to the post-dating of several 'imperial' decrees; the new recognition of the dynamism of the Greek economy, and of the economic function of the Athenian Empire itself. Finally, the article addresses the paradigm of class struggle and stresses how democracy and economic dynamism, to which the Athenian Empire contributed, fostered the growth of slave markets and worsened the exploitation of 'marginal' regions as slave suppliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing people are willing to protect wildlife when they feel connected with nature, we used owls as a case study to review owl symbolism in Greek history (2900 BC - 2000 AD). For five millennia, Greek civilization thrived and used owls as a dominant symbol in major cultural expressions. Consequently, a broad spectrum of social beliefs evolved towards owls. Until 1500 BC, they were mainly used as decorative attributes. During the Mycenaean era, though, owls began to be worshipped as eerie creatures in funeral rituals, inducing fear and respect. When Greek civilization peaked during the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods, an important shift is noticed in social perceptions. Owls are transformed into major symbols of wisdom, power, justice and divinity, connected to the goddess Athena and the city of Athens. Their significance faded in the subsequent Roman period and was absent throughout the Byzantine era, for 1500 years. When owls reappeared after 1800 AD in cultural aspects of modern Greece, society again considered them fearsome creatures. We finalize our historical review with a recent survey in Greece, capturing up-to-date trends. Our survey indicates that today: (i) owls are mostly considered beneficial and deserving of protection, but part of the population still perceives owls as bad omens, powerful and scary; (ii) elementary concepts of raptors' importance in ecosystems are still unknown to many; (iii) a small but impactful percentage still deliberately kill house-nesting owls, outlining the need to educate and provide nest-boxes as a relocation solution. By performing a thorough review of historical perceptions toward owls, important insights are offered on how to positively connect people with their wildlife and cultural heritage. We claim that people who understand how nature was related to their country in the past are inspired and more inclined to protect it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) has been an important crop with considerable cultural and economic significance for over 2,500 years, and Greece has been an important entry point into Europe for lineages that were domesticated in Western Asia and the Caucasus. However, whole-genome-based investigation of the demographic history of Greek cultivars relative to other European lineages has only started recently. To understand how Greek cultivars relate to Eurasian domesticated and wild populations, we sequenced 3 iconic domesticated strains ('Xinomavro,' 'Agiorgitiko,' 'Mavrotragano') along with 1 wild accession (the vinetree of Pausanias—a historically important wild specimen) and analyzed their genomic diversity together with a large sample of publicly available domesticated and wild strains. We also reconstructed genealogies by leveraging the powerful tsinfer methodology which has not previously been used in this system. We show that cultivated strains from Greece differ genetically from other strains in Europe. Interestingly, all the 3 cultivated Greek strains clustered with cultivated and wild accessions from Transcaucasia, South Asia, and the Levant and are amongst the very few cultivated European strains belonging to this cluster. Furthermore, our results indicate that 'Xinomavro' shares close genealogical proximity with European elite cultivars such as 'Chardonnay,' 'Riesling,' and 'Gamay' but not 'Pinot.' Therefore, the proximity of 'Xinomavro' to Gouais/Heunisch Weiss is confirmed and the utility of ancestral recombination graph reconstruction approaches to study genealogical relationships in crops is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concepts are the products of the human mind and imagination that have emerged in the context of history-society. For this reason, their meaning contents also change throughout history. In this context, science and religion are two important concepts that the human mind has produced in history. However, both have found a wide application area in practical life and have influenced each other interactively throughout history. Until the emergence of scientific thought, religions have gained the power to organize human and social life by undertaking the task of meeting the need for knowledge of human beings. With the emergence of scientific thinking ability, the way religions describe and explain nature and its contents has also been discussed. However, the attempt to think scientifically, which took off in Ancient Greece in European history, could not show a significant presence during the Medieval Ages, when Christianity determined scientific thought. Some important scientific, social and economic developments that took place in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries led to the questioning of the authority of the Church, and brought the importance and value of scientific thought back to the agenda of the Western people. As the power of science to explain nature increased, the power of institutional religion to determine thought began to decline. However, when we look closely at this period, it can be seen that the leading figures of the scientific revolution - although they are free-thinking people - also have sincere religious and metaphysical beliefs, and the struggle is mostly tied around the “problem of authority”. In the following centuries, as modern science began to make itself felt more and more in public life with its spectacular achievements, institutional religion would have to largely leave the public sphere. From now on, science will claim to establish it on earth in return for the claim of heaven provided by religions in the next world. However, with the understanding that science cannot answer the existential problems of human beings and the need for certainty with the 20th century, the “sacred” has succeeded in reproducing itself in a new form. Thus, the history of science has clearly shown us once again that it is not possible to completely remove metaphysical beliefs from the human mind and scientific thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Ioannis E. Kotoulas. History of Greek Geopolitics" is a comprehensive and meticulously researched book that explores the history of Greek geopolitical thought from the 19th century to the present. The author, Ioannis E. Kotoulas, provides a detailed analysis of the development of Greek geopolitical ideas, examining the influence of external sources and the historical context of each period. Kotoulas introduces original hypotheses and a hermeneutical model for understanding Greek politics and geopolitics. The book is a valuable resource for those interested in the interdisciplinary field of Greek geopolitics and its connections to geography, history, and politics." [Extracted from the article]

Thessaly's importance in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, within the framework of the study of medieval Greek history in the final phase of the later Byzantine period (1204–1461/1479), warrants its bibliographical promotion, so to speak, as well as its placement alongside the other Byzantine exiled states of the post-1204 period, that is, those of the Lascarids of Nicaea (1204–1261), the Angeli-Ducae-Comneni of Ep(e)irus (1204/1205–1348/1449/1479), the Grand Comneni of Trebizond (1204–1461), as well as the Cantacuzeni and the Palaeologi of the later Despotate of the Morea/Mystras (1262/1348–1460/1461), while the early (thirteenth-century) history of this Thessalian Byzantine "state" should be studied on a parallel basis with that of the Latin Empire of Constantinople ("Romania": 1204–1261) and the other major by-product of the Fourth Crusade, that is, the Latin/Lombard Kingdom of Thessalonica (1204/1207–1224). The article covers the period from C.E. 1204/1212–1213 to C.E. ca. 1470, with particular emphasis from the years 1212 or 1213/1222 onward, when the Thessalian area was initially incorporated in the rising Epeirote state (principality), until the final phases of the Ottoman annexation of the area, between ca. 1454 to ca. 1470. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Greek diasporic articulations of historical consciousness in Australia, this article introduces an analytical framework called ethnic compartmentalisation. Bringing Australian studies of ethnicity into dialogue with settler colonial scholarship, ethnic compartmentalisation examines how Greek migrants/settlers fragment their sense of belonging to Australia. By compartmentalising their sense of history, race, and migration, the segments of the Greek diaspora in Australia justify their ongoing settlement on Indigenous lands by separating or leveraging the multiple parts of their inherited migrant histories as insiders and outsiders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ancient Hellenic art of pankration differed from that of pugilism and wrestling in that it included two additional unique aspects: joint manipulations (including chokes, in the form of groundwork) and kicks. Its history of Olympic competition spans at least 869 years, from 648 BCE to 221 CE. In the following study, the comprehensive list of compiled kicking-related terms includes five general terms, seven primary techniques, six distinct variants, and five strike placement denominations for a total of 23 descriptors, amassed for this purpose for the first time in modern literature. All terms that are to be listed were sourced directly from ancient texts. The study also includes an analysis of how the ancient Greeks viewed kicking techniques in competition based on Hellenic literature of antiquity and pankration depictions (pottery, statues, & reliefs). The goal is to create a comprehensive database of Hellenic pankration's kicking techniques and practises to incorporate in an academically sound modern renewal of the combat sport that can support adequate teaching and competition that can carry into its return to the Olympics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we trace the histories of discourses concerning student identity in post-war Greece. Making use of the discourse-historical approach (DHA), textual data are analyzed in student journals published by students' unions, factions and collectives of the University of Thessaloniki. Student identity is theorized as being constructed and negotiated in discourse, in close relation to sociopolitical context. In light of the discourse-historical approach it is assumed that the intensification of discursive strategies, such as nominations, predications and argumentations, and the reconceptualization of ingroup and outgroup dichotomy relate to student identity shifts. The findings from such an analysis detect successive shifts in student identity during the post-war period. Student identity is constructed upon the 'Us' and 'Them' dichotomy. Students sometimes self-identify as agents of change and at other times as followers or recipients thereof, while their discourse is tuned with domestic sociopolitical developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of retailing has become an area of growing scholarly interest over the last few decades, with publications mainly concerning the national historiography of retail and wholesaling. On the other hand, although the retail sector is considered to be one of the most historically significant sectors of the Greek economy, the economic history of the Greek retail industry remains a notoriously underdeveloped area of inquiry and, as such, is on the margins of economic and social studies in Greek historiography. In this paper, we, attempt to provide a first concise (and certainly not exhaustive) analysis of the historical development of the Greek retail sector from the nineteenth century to the present (in circa) day. Specifically, we aim to analyse the evolution of the Greek retail trade to assess the spatial and social impacts associated with establishing and operating "new forms" of commerce. The focus is on the sectoral and organisational restructuring of the retail trade with the changes in the standards of the spatial location, which relate to the establishment and operation of retail businesses. Students and scholars of the history of retailing would benefit from this worthwhile exercise which for the first time provides a first overview of the historical development of the Greek retail sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I commence this review with a major contribution to the study of women in the ancient Greek world. The public invisibility of women in the poleis of the archaic and classical period is a well-known phenomenon; equally well-known is the fact that this starts to change from the Hellenistic period onwards, when developments in the culture of evergetism and in honorific practices created a niche for women to be publicly visible and honoured by their communities. Przemysław Sierkierka, Krystyna Stebnicka, and Aleksander Wolicki have published a two-volume collection of all public honorific inscriptions for Greek women from the classical to the Roman imperial period. The work excludes honorific inscriptions for Hellenistic queens and female members of the Roman imperial family, thus focusing on honours for Greek citizen women and foreign women. The first volume includes a book-size introduction to the history of public honours for Greek women, examining diachronic changes and offering an overview of the language of inscriptions and the repertory of honours provided. At the same time, the introduction offers an extensive discussion of the role of women in the public life of Greek cities in the long term. The first volume also includes the corpus of inscriptions from Aegean Greece, the Balkans, and Sicily and Italy in the West; the second volume largely focuses on Asia Minor, while also including the few relevant inscriptions from Cyprus, Syria, Egypt, and Cyrenaica. Each inscription is described in detail, while the Greek text is accompanied by an English translation and followed by a focused commentary. In line with the other major corpus under review here, this editorial choice to provide translation, bibliography, and commentary will make these volumes an impressive research tool for both specialists and non-specialists. I admit that I was really surprised by the quantity of the surviving material: the volume includes 1128 inscriptions from 238 communities. While many of these inscriptions are short, formulaic, and repetitive, the information provided on a substantial number is truly fascinating for Greek social history and the history of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Turkish-Greek War on the Western Front during the National Struggle period of 1921 by analyzing British press coverage. The study aims to unveil how the Turkish-Greek fronts were portrayed in the British press. The research employs a comparative analysis method, assessing news and articles in the British press by comparing them with local sources. The study primarily focuses on news from Reuters, Associated Press, Havas agencies, as well as articles authored by newspaper reporters and war correspondents. The British press extensively covered the Greek occupation in Western Anatolia, which received strong support from the Allied forces, particularly the British. Initially, the Greek invasions were lauded, but starting in September 1921, the British press began reporting more negative developments regarding the Greek invasions and expressed admiration for Turkish progress. It is important to note that the British press did not maintain a consistent attitude throughout the Turco-Greek War. Furthermore, the stance of the British press significantly differed from the policy of the British government, indicating that the British press aligned its coverage with the evolving dynamics of the war. The British press predominantly featured news and statements from the victorious advancing side, while rarely including perspectives from the defeated and retreating side in the Turkish-Greek War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recents studies suggest the existence of a European Public Sphere, especially in the face of events of significant importance. In the scope of the Covid-19 crisis, this paper aims to study the platformization of the discussion on European topics by political agents such as politicians and political parties. Focusing on four Southern European countries - Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain - that have a common past history in their relationships with Europe (PIGS), we analyze political agents' posts with the highest reach. The study was conducted on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube over a period of three months, between September and November 2021. Regarding the platformization and the success of communication strategies, overall right-wing politicians tend to be more effective in capturing the attention and mobilising the participation of social media users on Facebook and Twitter. Different political groups stand out in the discussion of different European issues on different platforms. However, for most countries, the Economy, related to Europe, was the main subject with the highest reach addressed by the political actors, thus reinforcing the idea of Structural Europeanization. However, with most posts having a national scope, this does not contribute to strengthening the construction of a European Identity (Normative Europeanization). These findings are aligned with previous literature regarding European issues being first and foremost used as leverage for national political struggles, especially due to national and populist movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It becomes clear in Llewellyn-Smith's detailed account that Venizelos always had in mind the wider picture of Greece's position in the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean. As Llewellyn-Smith notes in the introduction (2-3), his special interest in Venizelos dates back to the late 1960s, when he wrote his widely cited study of Greece's military campaign and debacle in Asia Minor (1919-1922) ([1]). Sir Michael Llewellyn-Smith, a former British Ambassador in Athens, examines Venizelos's early years in Cretan politics, his entry onto the center stage of Greek politics, and his gradual development into a renowned statesman. [Extracted from the article]

The economic decline of the Ottoman Empire was fundamental in various ways to the outbreak and progress of the Greek Revolution. The first attempts to create a national currency during the Greek Revolution reflect efforts to craft a modern state, and the eventual introduction of the phoenix by the first governor of the Hellenic State, Ioannis Capodistrias, underscores the shift to a newborn nation-state. The contradictions of Capodistrias's monetary policy, however, reflected social antagonisms within Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews an exhibition, "Open Horizons: Ancient Greek Journeys and Connections," held from April 23 to August 14, 2022, in Australia, and reviews the book "Open Horizons: Ancient Greek Journeys & Connections" book by Anna Vasiliki Karapanagiotou and Deb Tout-Smith.

2023 marks the centenary of the Treaty of Lausanne, which ended the state of war between Turkey and the western allies, in particular Greece, and reordered the Near East, settling frontiers and providing for the protection of minorities. This essay reviews the historiography of the period 1915-23 through Greek and British sources in printed books and papers, covering the Greek irredentist claim to western Asia Minor, the Paris peace conference, the occupation of Smyrna, the Greek war against Mustapha Kemal's Turkish nationalists, the collapse of the Greek army, the Lausanne treaty, and the convention on the exchange of Greek and Turkish populations agreed at Lausanne in 1923. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Central Asian Journal of Art Studies is the property of Central Asian Journal of Art Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Care for the veterans of the Greek 'war-decade' (1912–22) was an enormous task. Greece's response to this new social issue was not any kind of Greek exceptionalism. On the contrary, it was in line with significant international developments during this era. In Greece there was a crucial shift regarding veterans' welfare aiming at their professional rehabilitation, similar to the processes that were taking place in other former belligerent nations. This article explores the establishment and effectiveness of these mechanisms and assesses the international influences on this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the concept of autochthony as attested in some classical myths, and studies in particular the interweaving between masculine and feminine elements. These two poles stand in a relation which is not of opposition, but of complementarity; intertwined with other themes such as the city-founder coming from afar, they serve to paint the image of a homeland that is both mother and father. This combination is summed up with special political and symbolic efficacy in the Athenian sources.

We examine how Plato, C.S. Lewis, and J.R.R Tolkien responded to tumultuous times that included the ongoing reality of death through wars and plagues and social unrest. More specifically, we draw upon the historical backdrop of Plato’s dialogues, C.S. Lewis’s essay, “Learning in War-time”, and Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings to bring to light important social and psychological dimensions of the learning process that may help students and educators navigate these tumultuous times that cause confrontation with death. We argue for a middle ground between emphasizing the “unprecedented” nature of events like COVID-19, the politically divisive state of affairs in America, the war in Ukraine, the devastation of earthquakes in Syria and Turkey, and the desire to find a new normal in the midst of world-wide turmoil. We first reflect on our experiences with pandemic teaching and learning. Then, we address some contemporary research on pandemic learning. Third, we turn to the historical backdrop of Plato’s dialogues, specifically the Plague, The Peloponnesian War, the rule of “The Thirty”, the restoration of democracy, and the Reconciliation Agreement in Athens. Fourth, we consider some of the effects of the first and second world wars for both C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien. Finally, we suggest that Gandalf emerges as a model of the middle ground we aim for in our pedagogical relationships.

This note points out that Paus.3.14.3 preserves documentary evidence for seventh-century contests in foot-races at locations other than Olympia. The passage is thus a tiny piece of evidence for the Greek athletic culture in the early archaic period, which is otherwise poorly covered by the surviving evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"How Women Became Poets: A Gender History of Greek Literature" by Emily Hauser explores the tradition of women's poetry in ancient Greek literature and the challenges female writers faced in male-dominated societies. Hauser traces the presence of women's voices in oral and literary traditions, highlighting moments when women infiltrated the male world of poetry to construct their own poetic identities. The book examines the gendered vocabulary of poetry, the silencing of female voices, and the evolution of poet-terms for women. Hauser's work offers a fresh perspective on the gender history of ancient Greek literature and challenges the notion that poetry was solely the domain of men. [Extracted from the article]

İsmet Pasha's visit to Athens in 1931 was a highlight of the diplomatic revolution between Turkey and Greece in the early 1930s. Thanks to press coverage of the visit, the Turkish public had the opportunity to observe Greece's social landscape as shaken by the refugee issue for the first time since the Greco-Turkish war and population exchange. Whether Greek refugees could return to their former homelands was the focal point of the visit. A month later, the Turkish government granted Greek exchangees the freedom to travel. Prior to this decision, the cabinet had handled authorization requests individually and issued special permits as a palliative solution. The case of the appeal made by an exchangee monk for a mission to unearth hidden relics at Sumela Monastery is especially intriguing. This article focuses on the story of this mission and the historical context that facilitated its realization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sheds light upon the history of an underresearched group of refugees who settled in Greece in the 1920s. It focuses on Armenians from Anatolia who fled to Greece in 1921–22, during and after the Greek-Turkish War of 1919–22. The article examines how the Greek government and international humanitarian organizations (Near East Relief, American Red Cross, etc.) approached the Armenian refugees, including orphans. The study further highlights practices such as transfers of Armenians within Greece, repatriation programs supported by Greece to send the Armenian refugees to Soviet Armenia, and citizenship policies regarding them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Λιβανωτός is a rare word in the Biblia graeca and means 'frankincense'. It appears once in the canonical Septuagint in 1 Chron 9.29 as part of a list of ingredients which were under the care of the Levites: flour, wine, olive oil, incense and spices. In the Apocrypha, it appears in 3 Macc 5.2 as a drug, together with unmixed wine, for maddening or running elephants wild. Then it is used only in Rev 8.3, 5 in constructions which made lexicographers unanimously define λιβανωτός as a container (censer or brazier). However, when one examines the usage of this noun in Greek writing at large, he or she observes, not without surprise, that λιβανωτός exhibits impressively stable semantics. Virtually everywhere in the history of Greek, the term is a spice (frankincense). Why then should Rev 8.3, 5 be an exception? The study probes into the claim that λιβανωτός means 'censer' in the Johannine Apocalypse, shows how well the regular meaning of incense fits in the scene John witnesses, and draws important implications for the understanding of the text and the lexicographical task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greece is a country with a centuries-old history oriented towards the sea and with a long coastline, especially on islands. The Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), which was relatively recently established in the country by Law 4546/2018, as amended by Law 4759/2020, defined the philosophy and tools of this new field of spatial planning. The aim of this article is to critically review the marine spatial planning system in Greece, as it has been formed so far, through the presentation of the first Marine Spatial Framework (MSP) for Greece. The article focuses on issues of applied planning in order to highlight issues such as the spatial level of implementation of the MSP, the relationship between marine and terrestrial spatial planning, the degree of binding nature of the MSP, its interconnection with development policy, but also the geopolitical issues involved in planning. In the light of the particularities that characterize Greek spatial planning, the first MSP, which was prepared in the framework of the research project "THAL-HOR 2" and concerns the Marine Spatial Unit 1 (MSU1) covering the wider area of the North Aegean, is presented. The article starts with a brief presentation of the national institutional framework governing the MSP and its specific characteristics. It then presents in detail the methodological approach followed for the preparation of the proposal of the MSP for the MSU 1 as well as the critical inputs taken into account. The critical elements of the proposal (alternative spatial development scenarios, location and integration identification, marine spatial development pattern, Marine Development Zones and action plan) are then set out, where examples of spatial guidelines and regulations are given. Finally, the conclusions of the article briefly discuss the key issues raised by the preparation of this MSP on the potential and limitations of such a spatial planning tool for the marine space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Greek resistance fighter Ilektra Apostolou was executed on 26 July 1944, by the collaborationist security forces in Greece during the Second World War. Apostolou was a member of Kommounistiko Komma Kllados (KKE, Communist Party of Greece) and of Eniaia Panneladiki Organosi Newn (EPON, United Panhellenic Organisation of Youth), and was involved in pre-war antifascist action. During the resistance, she tried to pass on the mentality she had developed from this early involvement to young women in EPON and Lefteri Nea (LT, Free Young Woman): that women would be liberated only by actively participating in social struggles. Her biography is examined with a critical eye, taking into consideration that it was largely written after the war. This means that it not only provides a factual representation of Apostolou: it also functions as a lieu de memoire, a site of memory. The politics of memory influences how her biography is constructed. The second part focuses on the memorialisation of Apostolou, examining it through the lens of intersectionality. Identity criteria - such as gender, race, age and political identification - and the changing relative significance attributed to them are important both for shaping and understanding, memorialisation processes. An intersectional approach seeks to reveal the hidden dimensions behind the memorialisation process. The last part focuses on Apostolou's post-war legacy and explores how her memorialisation was intertwined with political developments from 1944 to the present, with a particular focus on the contestation over Apostolou's memory between the right and the left at various points in modern Greek history. The article draws on a combination of secondary and primary sources, the main primary sources being those found in the Educational Centre of Charilaos Florakis (Archive of the Greek Communist Party) and the Contemporary Social History Archives (ASKI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]