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In this study, growth and enzyme production of Bacillus megaterium RB-05 was achieved at varying parameters such as temperature, incubation time, pH, carbon source and nitrogen source. Naturally occurring sand with 97% quartz was utilized as the matrix for bacterial growth and CaCO3 precipitation. The estimation of CaCO3 precipitation was done through gravimetric analysis and CaCO3 deposition was detected through EDX and SEM analysis. Furthermore, sand stabilization was determined through Drained triaxial tests. The results obtained showed maximum bacterial growth and urease activity at pH 7, 350C temperature and 48 h incubation time. Bacteria showed maximum growth with glucose as carbon source however, significant urease activity was observed with both glucose and maltose. Optimum bacterial growth was observed with ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source however, maximum urease activity was observed with ammonium sulphate. CaCO3 precipitation of treated sand showed a linear relation between CaCO3 precipitation with urease production. The EDX and SEM analysis showed CaCO3 deposition between sand particles and on the surface. Furthermore, the stress response of sand showed enhanced sand strength at maximum CaCO3 precipitation. The obtained results show the link between urease production, CaCO3 precipitation, and sand stabilization by MICP. High urease activity influences CaCO3 precipitation in the soil followed by enhanced soil strength. However, the positive results were obtained in reactor environment, further studies are required to make the technique applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stainless steel is widely used because of its excellent corrosion resistance in typical environments. However, it is susceptible to corrosion in acidic media, therefore, to address this issue, the electrochemical deposition of polyaniline coatings on 316L stainless steel was investigated using cyclic voltammetry at different potential windows and scan rates. The successful polymerization and surface morphology were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Moreover, thermal stability of the PANI coating was assessed through thermo gravimetric analysis while the corrosion behavior of bare and coated steels immersed in 1M H2SO4 was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Based on the Nyquist plots obtained from the EIS revealed that the corrosion resistance of the PANI coating improved significantly with a decrease in scan rate and by limiting the upper potential, especially during longer exposure times up to 72 h. Results suggest that controlling the deposition parameters and optimizing the electrochemical conditions can lead to even greater improvements in the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel. These findings offer valuable insights for researchers and engineers in the field of materials science and corrosion protection, enabling them to develop more precise and efficient strategies for enhancing the durability and performance of stainless steel in acidic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a novel mathematical approach rooted in X-ray spectroscopy principles to evaluate the oxidation state of sulfur, which is then applied in concrete and cementitious materials. Unlike previous studies that relied on an empirical quadratic relationship based on the ratios of characteristic X-ray lines (SKα, SKβ, and SKβ') for sulfur oxidation state determination, unique linear relationships between the intensities of the three X-ray lines for each oxidation state and total sulfur were utilized. Rational equations are then derived by combining these linear relationships for each species. Two independent rational calibration curves are constructed using the SKβ/SKα and SKβ'/SKβ ratios for samples containing sulfide-sulfate mixtures, irrespective of total sulfur concentration within the range of 0.3% to 2.0% by weight of concrete. These equations demonstrated interchangeability across three simulated matrices (Portland cement, concrete, and silica) and two sulfide species (pyrrhotite and pyrite). Absolute quantification of sulfide and sulfate species in concrete is achieved by independently measuring total sulfur. Compared to previous quadratic and linear equations, this approach is shown to minimize the difference between the experimental and calculated ratios of the calibration samples. Agreement was also observed between the sulfate ratio calculated through the rational approach and gravimetric analysis for concrete samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La1 –xSrxCoO3 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) were prepared by the alginic acid sol–gel route and characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The electrocatalytic activity of fabricated oxide electrodes (Ni/oxide) was studied for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an alkaline medium. The cyclic voltammetry of oxide electrodes shows a pair of redox couple at anodic peak potential (Epa) = 400 ± 6 mV and cathodic peak potential (Epc) = 296 ± 8 mV. The observed values of electrode kinetic parameters such as the Tafel slope (b) lie between 91 and 126 mV dec–1 and current density (j) lie between 17.0–73.1 mA cm–2 at 0.85 V. The Sr-substitution in lanthanum cobaltate matrix improve electrocatalytic activity for OER in an alkaline medium and maximum improvement was observed in the case of 0.4 mol Sr-substituted oxide. The order of reaction (p) with respect to the concentration of [OH–] is found unity and the highly negative value of entropy of the reaction indicated the oxygen evolution follows the same mechanism and involves the adsorption of the reaction intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research demonstrates the design, synthesis and development of a bio-inspired and green formulated nanomedicines to combat human lung cancer. The application of phytochemicals modified biocompatible nanocomposites have been an immense thrust towards biological investigations and medicinal therapeutics. In this regard, we have developed a sustainable nanomaterial having Au NPs immobilized over high surface carbonaceous support (reduced graphene oxide, RGO) bio-inspired by Arabic gum (RGO/AG/Au). The material has been meticulously characterized over FT-IR (Fourier Transformed Infra Red spectroscopy), FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDX (Energy Dispersive X ray spectroscopy), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) techniques. Towards its bio-application, the antioxidant assay studied by DPPH radical scavenging process. IC50 of this analysis was found as 80 µg/ml. The study was further extended in restricting the proliferation of human lung cancer cell lines, NCI-H661, NCI-H1975, NCI-H1573, and NCI-H1563 following MTT colorimetric method and the related IC50 were determined as 118, 197, 175, and 69 µg/mL respectively. The excellent anti-cancer property exhibited by RGO/AG/Au was anticipated based on the good antioxidant potential of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a peroxide‐cured ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber composite with a non‐conductive path achieved through the use of a special‐grade carbon black, resistant to electrochemical degradation, for automotive applications, especially in the manufacturing of radiator coolant hoses, has been developed. The most significant aspect of this study is that the developed composite exhibits optimized physico‐mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and compression set, along with considerable thermal stability and cold flexibility. Both sulfur‐cured and peroxide‐vulcanized EPDM composites were prepared, and the final validation of the composite was obtained through a comprehensive comparison of these properties. The composite's stability was confirmed through heat aging measurements and glycol‐water coolant immersion tests. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of the composite was analyzed using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The novel composite was characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies, and its surface morphology was examined via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM). The cold flexibility crack formation test was conducted in accordance with ASTM D 2137, and the electrochemical degradation (ECD) resistance test was carried out following SAE J 1684 method 2. The results indicate that the developed composite remained free from crack formation during these tests. Highlights: Novel EPDM composite resists ECD in radiator hoses.Optimized physico‐mechanical properties achieved.Thorough validation of sulfur versus peroxide curing.Successful prevention of crack formation.Comprehensive analysis: TGA, DSC, FE‐SEM, FTIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene was synthesized through a two-step pyrolysis method using waste candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus) shells as the precursor. Cerium (Ce)/graphene composites were prepared via an impregnation technique. The resulting graphene and Ce/graphene were characterized using various analytical methods, including Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV). The bio-carbon produced predominantly exhibited a graphene structure with flat carbon morphology and an interlayer distance of 0.33 nm. This structural information is supported by XRD data, which shows a broad and weak peak at 2θ = 26° corresponding to the C (002) plane, indicative of graphene presence. FTIR, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy further confirmed the presence of graphene through the detection of Csp2 aromatic bonds and the characteristic D, G, and 2D peaks. Notably, the performance of cerium can be enhanced by the incorporation of graphene, attributed to the large surface area and chemical interactions between Ce and graphene. Consequently, candlenut-derived graphene shows potential as a supportive material for modifying the properties of cerium, due to the current value of Ce/Graphene increase with presence of graphene, thereby opening avenues for various advanced applications, such as sustainable and high-performance energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, using eco-friendly controlling methods against pests has been getting great attention. Therefore, this study aimed to assess synthesis of two different phases of nano aluminum oxide, alpha and Gamma, (α- and γ-Al2O3 NPs) from wastes. Additionally, evaluate them to control stored product mites, Mycetoglyphus fungivorus, and Caloglyphus mycophagus, and the fungi Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria sp., and Fusarium oxysporum. Two phases of Al2O3 NPs were synthesized in acidic and basic media and characterized using the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Mortality percentages of mites were evaluated at concentrations of 10, 30 and 60 ppm after 1, 2, 3 and 4 days. The growth of fungi was assessed to determine the fungicidal concentrations in PDB cultures by Mycelium Dry Weights Method. The study confirmed the formation and thermal stability of α- and γ-Al2O3 NPs using FESEM, UVVis and TGA. The average particle size of α-Al2O3 is 4–10 nm and for γ- Al2O3 is 14–30 nm. Both phases were toxic to tested stages of mites. Increasing concentration and exposure time, results in increased mite mortality rates. γ-Al2O3 NPs were more efficient than α-NPs post initial exposure, then all through time both have the same effect. The female's fecundity was significantly influenced. Tested eggs did not hatch at all. The toxic activity remained strong after 1, 2, and 3 months of exposure. The SEM images revealed a strong adhesive of α- and γ-NPs which were visibly bonded to various areas of dead mite females. γ-Al2O3 showed antifungal activity more than the α-NPs. Concentrations of fungicides depended on the fungal strain sensitivity. It has been concluded that α- and γ-Al2O3 NPs are efficient environmentally friendly agents against the proliferation of storage mites and mycotoxin producing fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological response to biomaterials plays a crucial role in selecting suitable materials for the formulation and development of tissue engineering platforms. Biodegradation is one of the properties that is considered in selecting appropriate biomaterials for biomedical applications. Biodegradation is the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules with/without the aid of catalytic enzymes. The biodegradation process is crucial in the chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) process of biomaterials and small molecules in the body. Degradation of biomaterials can be followed by assessing the physical, mechanical, and chemical attributes of biomaterials. There are several techniques/parameters that can be targeted when studying the degradation of biomaterials, with gravimetric analysis, surface erosion, and morphological changes being the largely employed techniques. However, the techniques present a few limitations, such as technical errors and material solubility being mistaken for degradation, and these techniques can infer but not confirm degradation as they do not provide the chemical composition of fragmenting/fragmented molecules. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) guidelines provide techniques and parameters for assessing biodegradation. However, the ASTM guidelines for degradation assessment approaches and techniques need to be updated to provide sufficient evidence to draw conclusive decisions regarding the degradation of biomaterials. In this review, the degradation assessment approaches and techniques are critically reviewed about their advantages and disadvantages, and to provide suggestions on how they can still play a role in assessing the degradation of biomaterials. This review could assist researchers employ cost-effective, efficient, and multiple degradation assessment techniques to evaluate and provide sufficient information about the degradation of biomaterials. Suggested future ASTM guidelines for assessing biodegradation should include measuring parameters (such as chemical, mechanical, or physical attributes of biomaterials) in real-time, employing non-invasive, continuous, and automated processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wooden load-bearing structures are becoming more common as an eco-friendly alternative to steel and concrete in large buildings. In these buildings, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is increasingly used in structural building elements, particularly in the flanges of wooden I-beams. However, as for all products made from wood, proper moisture control is important to ensure the long-term integrity of the elements. The purpose of this study is to investigate the moisture properties of LVL and the correlation between moisture sensor readings and the actual moisture content determined from accurate weighing of the samples. Laboratory measurements were made of two different wooden materials using 20 identical sensors. The test was conducted on samples of LVL flanges delivered by the Norwegian wood production company Hunton, and on samples of pine lumber. The moisture sensors were delivered by Omnisense. For the LVL samples, the test results show that the resistance values given by the resistance method were too high compared to the more accurate gravimetric method. Conversely, the measured values were too low for the pine samples. LVL also had a faster moisture sorption than pine under the same moisture conditions. The glue between the veneer layers affects the electric conductivity of the wood in LVL and interrupts the readings. The glue might also affect the moisture sorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to fabricate a novel electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/silk fibroin (SF) nanofibrous membrane containing astaxanthin (ASTA) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles as potential wound dressing. Since ASTA is typically liposoluble, the bioavailability could be greatly enhanced by improving its hydrophilicity. The antioxidant performance of eletrospun membrane is verified by ABTS radical scavenging assays. The beadless fibers could be fabricated at 16 kV when PVA (12, wt%) is blended with SF (6, wt%). In addition, the membrane is carefully chemically crosslinked by comparing the efforts (i.e., mechanical strength and water resistance) of glutaraldehyde dipping and vapor treatment. The morphology of the electrospun membrane is observed by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscope. The formation of Ag nanoparticles, which provides the membranes antibacterial properties, is also confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy and inhibition zone test. Meanwhile, the PVA/SF/ASTA/Ag compound membrane is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, thermo gravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and water contact angle. The releasing of ASTA is also measured, and kinetic data are adjusted by Higuchi models. Finally, the biocompatibility is confirmed by in vitro cell staining experiments and in vivo rat models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Over the last few decades, significant research efforts have been devoted to developing new cleaning systems aimed at preserving cultural heritage. One of the main objectives is to selectively remove aged or undesirable coatings from painted surfaces while preventing the cleaning solvent from permeating and engaging with the pictorial layers. In this work, we propose the use of electrospun polyamide 6,6 nonwovens in conjunction with a green solvent (dimethyl carbonate). By adjusting the electrospinning parameters, we produced three distinct nonwovens with varying average fiber diameters, ranging from 0.4 μm to 2 μm. These samples were characterized and tested for their efficacy in removing dammar varnish from painted surfaces. In particular, the cleaning process was monitored using macroscale PL (photoluminescence) imaging in real-time, while post-application examination of the mats was performed through scanning electron microscopy. The solvent evaporation rate from the different nonwovens was evaluated using gravimetric analysis and Proton Transfer Reaction- Time-of-Flight. It was observed that the application of the nonwovens with small or intermediate pore sizes for the removal of the terpenic varnish resulted in the swollen resin being absorbed into the mats, showcasing a peel-off effect. Thus, this protocol eliminates the need for further potentially detrimental removal procedures involving cotton swabs. The experimental data suggests that the peel-off effect relates to the microporosity of the mats, which enhances the capillary rise of the swollen varnish. Furthermore, the application of these systems to historical paintings underwent preliminary validation using a real painting from the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 13 diesel degrading bacteria were isolated from the oil contaminated soils and the promising strains identified as Acinetobacter pittii ED1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa BN were evaluated for their diesel degrading capabilities. These strains degraded the diesel optimally at 30 °C, pH 7.0 and 1% diesel concentration. Both the strains produced biofilm at 1% diesel concentration indicating their ability to tolerate diesel induced abiotic stress. Gravimetric analysis of the spent medium after 7 days of incubation showed that A. pittii ED1 and P. aeruginosa BN degraded 68.61% and 76% diesel, respectively, while biodegradation reached more than 90% after 21 days. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis of the degraded diesel showed 1636.67 cm−1 (C=C stretch, N–H bond) peak corresponding to alkenes and primary amines, while GC-TOF-MS analysis showed decline in hydrocarbon intensities after 7 days of incubation. The present study revealed that newly isolated A. pittii ED1 and P. aeruginosa BN were able to degrade diesel hydrocarbons (C11–C18, and C19–C24) efficiently and have potential for bioremediation of the oil-contaminated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of advanced multifunctional compounds has gained significant momentum in recent scientific endeavours. This study is dedicated to elucidating the synthesis, rigorous characterization, and multifaceted applications—encompassing anti-corrosion, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties—of Diethyl 4-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate. The 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative was meticulously synthesized through a strategic reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, ammonium acetate, and 5-bromoindole-3-carboxaldehydein the ethanol medium at 60 C. Subsequent spectral validations were conducted using sophisticated techniques, namely FTIR, NMR, and Mass spectrometry, resulting in data that perfectly resonated with the hypothesized chemical structure of the compound. Its anti-corrosive potential was assessed on mild steel subjected to an aggressive acidic environment, employing comprehensive methodologies like gravimetric analysis, Tafel polarization, and EIS. Concurrently, its antimicrobial prowess was ascertained against a spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Candida albicansandAspergillusniger, leveraging the disc diffusion method and using Gentamicin as a reference standard.The empirical results illustrated a substantial decrement in corrosion rates with ascending concentrations of the organic compound, achieving an apex of anti-corrosive efficacy at 81.89% for a concentration of 2 × 103 M. Furthermore, the compound outperformed Gentamicin in antimicrobial screenings, manifesting superior efficacy against all tested pathogens. The antioxidant potential, quantified using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay against ascorbic acid as a benchmark, was found to have an IC50 value of 113.964 ± 0.076 µg/ml.This comprehensive investigation accentuates the paramount potential of the synthesized dihydropyridine derivative in diverse domains—from industrial applications as a corrosion inhibitor to therapeutic avenues given its pronounced antimicrobial and antioxidant capabilities. The compelling results obtained pave the way for expansive research and development initiatives cantered around this multifaceted compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the decreasing of petrochemical resources and the increasing severity environmental pollution, the development of environmentally friendly adhesive technology using renewable resources has attracted more and more attention. Inspired by mussels, a novel biomimetic adhesive synthesized using polyaspartamide derivative (PolyAspAm(DOPA/OA)) and alkali lignin (AL). The physical/chemical structure and properties were examined by 1H‐NMR, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, water absorption, in vitro cytotoxicity, lap shear tensile, and three‐point bending tests. The adhesive capacity was improved significantly when AL added into PolyAspAm(DOPA/OA). The lap shear tensile for four different substrates (metal and plastic) both increased greatly. The underwater adhesion test possessed good underwater adhesion properties. The results confirmed that hydrogen bonds and chain entanglement were formed between PolyAspAm(DOPA/OA) and AL. It was the introduction of catechol groups and physical–chemical interactions between PolyAspAm(DOPA/OA) and AL improved the adhesion strength and water resistance of the adhesive. Moreover, the corn stover non‐wood boards were prepared by one‐step hot pressing using PolyAspAm(DOPA/OA) with AL adhesives. The three‐point bending of corn stover non‐wood boards increased from 5.00 ± 0.03 to 14.85 ± 20.1 MPa. Overall, this work shows that a nontoxic, environmentally friendly PolyAspAm(DOPA/OA) with AL adhesive has extensive application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to meet Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-12 sustainable consumption and production for electroless copper deposition. The study involves replacement of non-biodegradable chemicals with biodegradable materials. The present work utilises biodegradable D-Mannitol and eco-friendly copper methane sulphonate salt. The bath was stabilised with 2, 2′-dipyridyl and cetrimide. Gravimetric analysis and electrochemical studies viz. anodic polarisation, Tafel polarisation, cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy were carried out. Deposit morphology and structure were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). 2,2′-dipyridyl and cetrimide were found to reduce the speed of chemical reduction of copper (II) to copper which helps to improve the stability of the bath at higher pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative and absolute importance of a number of traits, in particular, agrophysiological, morpho-functional, at the level of individual organs and parts of an integral plant, and/or sowing for the development of features of biological traits, and other agroecologically significant components of the crop production process, has been discussed in research papers for a long time. The purpose of the study was to search for agroecologically significant signs of growth of the upper leaf blades (ULB), which can empirically and potentially determine the development of the grain dry mass (GDM) of winter wheat under "model" conditions of biological agrotechnical influences designated as biological fertiliser systems. Methods used in the research: methodological approaches of field experiments, gravimetric, convective drying, and stochastic methods. The development of GDM was largely driven by potentially scalable integral growth traits of ULB - leaf area duration, biomass duration (LADULB, BMDULB, respectfully) or their combinations with potentially non-scalable features of the average growth rate ULB - net assimilation rate, relative growth rate (NARULB, RGRULB, respectively). It is also highly probable that LADULB may play a central role in the development of RGRULB or BMDULB (but not NARULB). The coordination of RGRULB with NARULB was not excluded, although it was overly complicated. The construction of such and similar studies in the line of an exhaustive explanation of consistent systemic and mechanistic predeterminations of the production process with signs of ULB growth under various agrotechnical and biological influences will improve discursive and mathematical simulation constructs that can characterise and integrate the differential effects of plant components on photosynthesis of leaf cover, crown, and ultimately on the processes of development of components of the final biological and economic yield of winter wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most common problems encountered in the oil industry is the microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) of steel equipment by the produced water (PW). In this aspect, PW sample, which is known to contain microorganisms, was taken from Adıyaman oil field and used in corrosion tests of N80 tubing steel. Two different laboratory scale systems, test (with non-sterile PW) and control (with sterile PW), were set up and operated at 70°C over 720 h. For corrosion analysis, the coupons were removed from the laboratory-scale systems at certain time intervals and, gravimetric and electrochemical analyses were carried out. The surface of the coupons was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The corrosion rates of the test coupons obtained from gravimetric analyses were higher than the control ones during the experiment, and the test coupons were 1.46 times more corroded at the end of the experiment. Additionally, it was determined that the current values of the test coupons were significantly higher than those in the control system (p<0.05). The results of corrosion analyses pointed out that N80 steel was corroded microbiologically. SEM analysis showed that microorganisms were present among the corrosion products. The corrosion data obtained from the control system also indicated that the PW was aggressive for N80 steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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When possible, choosing materials with a low quartz content is the most effective and cost-efficient way to prevent the respirable quartz exposure of workers and other end users of powdery products. Therefore, methods are needed to analyze low amounts of quartz from powdery products, such as sand, gravel, plaster, cement, and concrete. To this end, we present a method to analyze respirable dust and quartz from powdered materials, such as construction products. The method includes separation of the respirable dust fraction by liquid sedimentation, followed by gravimetric analysis and determination of the crystalline silica content by X-ray diffractometry. While also aiding in the development of less harmful products, analysis of the quartz concentration of powdery products is statutory in Eu countries, excluding natural products not chemically modified. According to EU Regulation No. 1272/2008, products must be classified if they contain harmful substances in concentrations above 0.1 wt.%, and clauses pertaining to cancerous properties and harmfulness to lungs should be included. Also, mineral producers in the EU recommend that products containing respirable quartz should be labelled based on their quartz concentration, provided the concentration exceeds 1 wt.%. The present method meets these needs. The analysis can be performed in parallel from 50 to 1000 mg (dry weight) of powdery materials. The quantitative limit of determination was 10 µg per sample, corresponding to 0.01 wt.%, and the linear range 0.02–10 wt.% (10–5000 µg quartz per sample, Pearson correlation coefficient 0.99). The accuracy of the method was 82% and the repeatability 11%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring accurate and precise measurements of analytes is crucial in gravimetric analysis but can be jeopardized by overlooking analyte in the filtrate, washing solutions, residue during analytical procedure, and weighing form of analyte. To address this issue, a stoichiometric approach for the purity determination of high-purity BeO was developed using gravimetric analysis. This method involved the systematic stoichiometric evaluation of the stepwise conversion of the different weighing forms of Be. The initial BeO sample underwent sequential conversion to the Be complex with N-benzoyl-N-phenyl hydroxylamine, BeO, and BeSO4; each was evaluated for stoichiometry via gravimetric analysis. The amounts of Be in the filtrate and washing solution, and their loss during sample preparation were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Additionally, the sulfate content in the BeSO4 precipitate was determined by the gravimetric analysis of BaSO4 to validate the stoichiometry of the precipitate. The observed mass ratios of different Be weighing forms were compared with the theoretical values at each conversion step. The composition of the final converted BeSO4, i.e., the observed mass ratio of BaSO4/BeSO4, was comparable to the theoretical composition. The purity of the initial BeO sample was determined to be 100.03 % ± 0.17 % (k=2). The measured purity was successfully validated by comparing it with that of NIST SRM 3105a Be standard solution using ICP-OES.

The influence of deep and regional geological structures is becoming increasingly important in superhot geothermal systems due to their proximity to the transition between brittleness and ductility. In the Los Humeros geothermal field in Mexico, where subsurface fluids reach temperatures of over 350 °C, the surface structures resulting from the collapse of calderas have so far only been interpreted at the local scale. The aim of this work is to place the recent tectonic and volcano-tectonic geomorphologic evolution and structures in the Los Humeros volcanic area in a regional context. NE- and NW-striking dominant structures resulting from a morpho-structural analysis on a regional scale are confirmed by negative and positive anomalies, respectively, after Butterworth filtering of gravity field data with different wavelengths over a local area of about 1000 km2. By analyzing the slip and dilation trends of the observed directions, we show the relevance of the regional context for reservoir exploration. The magnitudes of the principal stresses we estimate indicate a trans-tensional fault regime, a combination of strike-slip and normal faulting. The structures derived from the gravity and morpho-structural analyses, which are parallel to the maximum horizontal stress, have the highest potential for tensile and shear failure. Therefore, the corresponding negative gravity anomalies could be related to fracture porosity. Consequently, we hypothesize that these structures near the transition between brittleness and ductility control fluid flow in the Los Humeros geothermal field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, N1‐N4‐bis (3‐(trimethoxysilyl) propyl) butane‐1,4‐diammonium trinitromethanide on titanium dioxide {TiO2−Bis [TMS−NH2+ C(NO2)3−]} was synthesized and characterized using a variety of techniques including energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Then TiO2−Bis [TMS−NH2+ C(NO2)3−] was used as an efficient nano‐catalyst in the one‐pot synthesis of 1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a] pyrimidine derivatives at 120 °C under the solvent‐free conditions with good to excellent yields. Easy separation of the products from the catalyst, short period of the reaction times, and reusability of the catalyst are among the most important features of the reported method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplay between soil nutrients, water activity, and microbial biomass is pivotal for plant growth as well as for soil health. While surface microflora typically promotes mineralization and nutrient deposits, the impact of drought on soil microbial biomass and nutrient utilization remains underexplored. In this study, we assessed various land types—open lands (OL), annual crops with single species (ACS), perennial crops with multiple species (PCM), less water available lands (LWA), and soil near ponds (CP)—to elucidate the distribution of macronutrients and microbial biomass. Soil samples were collected from different land types, air-dried, and subjected to physical, chemical, and biological analyses. Standardized protocols, including gravimetric and titration analyses, were employed for physical and chemical assessments, while microbial biomass was evaluated using fumigation. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Pearson Coefficient, were employed to discern patterns across seasons, soil depths, and microbial biomass. Microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) ranged from 134.2±1.2 μg/g to 286.6±1.33 μg/g, while nitrogen (Nmic) and phosphorus (Pmic) varied from 11.3±1.3 μg/g to 69.5±0.98 μg/g and 07.6±1.5 μg/g to 77.5±0.6 μg/g, respectively, across all seasons. Carbon stock in the upper soil surface positively influenced nitrogen and phosphorus retention. Notably, PCM exhibited superior Cmic, Nmic, Pmic, and water-holding capacity compared to OL, LWA, and ACS. Our findings underscore the significance of multiple cropping systems, particularly PCM, in enhancing microbial biomass and nutrient levels in drought-affected regions. The observed improvements in soil moisture, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium levels suggest that diverse cropping systems can effectively enrich soil nutrients and biomass content in drought stress. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential of perennial crops with multiple species in mitigating the impact of drought on soil microbial biomass and macronutrient distribution. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of sustainable agricultural practices in drought-prone regions and emphasize the importance of implementing diverse cropping systems to enhance soil health and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the crucial qualities such as strength, stiffness and durability, as well as low-cost manufacturing benefits, the fibre-reinforced composite materials are becoming more popular in structural applications. The current work basically focused on the influence of Pistachio shell particles (PSP) on mechanical performances of kenaf(K)/glass(G)/polyester hybrid laminates. Usual hand layup technique is used to fabricate different stacking order laminates such as KKKK, KGGK, GKKG, KGKG, and GGGG with PSP filler concentration of 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 5 wt%. The experimental findings reflect a noticeable improvement in mechanical properties with gradual inclusion of PSP filler. The KGKG laminate with 5 wt% of PSP shows an optimum tensile strength of 127.35 MPa and highest micro-hardness value of 21.35 HV, whereas KGKG laminate with 3 wt% of PSP exhibits a maximum flexural of 112.42 MPa and impact strength of 75.59 KJ/m2. The numerical analysis is also been carried out to validate the experimental results using ANSYS 19.0 software. On comparing the data of numerical analysis with experimental values, the deviation of result is found to be within the limit of 5% to 10%. Furthermore, the result of Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) has shown a highest amount of residue of 31.22% at 700°C in case of GKKG laminate with 5% of PSP filler. Again, at 5 wt% of PSP filler, the GKKG laminate has shown a lower water intake capability of 3.5% in comparison to KGKG and KGGK laminates at saturation time of 14 days. The fractography study has been conducted to examine the different mode of failure of laminates during testing by the help of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the corrosion inhibition capabilities of two novel hydrazone derivatives, (E)-2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N′-(4-methylbenzylidene)acetohydrazide (MeHDZ) and (E)-N′-benzylidene-2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetohydrazide (HHDZ), on carbon steel in a 15 wt.% HCl solution. A comprehensive suite of analytical techniques, including gravimetric analysis, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), demonstrates their significant inhibition efficiency. At an optimal concentration of 5 × 10−3 mol/L, MeHDZ and HHDZ achieve remarkable inhibition efficiencies of 98% and 94%, respectively. EIS measurements reveal a dramatic reduction in effective double-layer capacitance (from 236.2 to 52.8 and 75.3 µF/cm2), strongly suggesting inhibitor adsorption on the steel surface. This effect is further corroborated by an increase in polarization resistance and a significant decrease in corrosion current density at optimal concentrations. Moreover, these inhibitors demonstrate sustained corrosion mitigation over extended exposure durations and maintain effectiveness even under elevated temperatures, highlighting their potential for diverse operational conditions. The adsorption process of these inhibitors aligns well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, implying physicochemical interactions at the carbon steel surface. Density functional tight-binding (DFTB) calculations and molecular dynamics simulations provide insights into the inhibitor-surface interaction mechanism, further elucidating the potential of these hydrazone derivatives as highly effective corrosion inhibitors in acidic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospun hybrid scaffolds composed of synthetic and natural polymers have gained increasing interest in tissue engineering applications over the last decade. In this work, scaffolds composed of polylactic acid electrospun fibers, either treated (P-PLA) or non-treated (PLA) with air-plasma, were coated with high molecular weight chitosan to create a core–shell microfibrous structure. The effective thickness control of the chitosan layer was confirmed by gravimetric, spectroscopic (FTIR-ATR) and morphological (SEM) investigations. The chitosan coating increased the fiber diameter of the microfibrous scaffolds while the tensile mechanical tests, conducted in dry and wet environments, showed a reinforcing action of the coating layer on the scaffolds, in particular when deposited on P-PLA samples. The stability of the Chi coating on both PLA and P-PLA substrates was confirmed by gravimetric analysis, while their mineralization capacity was evaluated though scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) after immersing the scaffolds in simulated body fluids (SBF) at 37 °C for 1 week. Sample biocompatibility was investigated through cell viability assay and SEM analysis on mouse pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells grown on scaffolds at different times (1, 7, 14 and 21 days). Finally, Alizarin Red assay and qPCR analysis suggested that the combination of plasma treatment and chitosan coating on PLA electrospun scaffolds influences the osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, thus demonstrating the great potential of P-PLA/chitosan hybrid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to transform crude palm oil (CPO) into biofuels through a catalytic hydrocracking method using a SiO2–ZrN catalyst prepared by the chelate-assisted EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), denoted as SiO2–ZrN2 and KHP (potassium hydrogen phthalate), denoted as SiO2–ZrN3 catalysts, respectively. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX mapping, PSA, gravimetric acidity analysis, and N2 adsorption–desorption. The transformation of SiO2–Zr to SiO2–ZrN through the nitriding treatment was able to change the particle size distribution of the catalyst from heterogeneous to homogeneous, as well as enhance the acidity the acidity and textural features with a highly dispersed ZrN on the silica. CPO hydrocracking test revealed that SiO2–ZrN prepared by chelate-assisted EDTA and KHP achieved high catalytic activity towards CPO hydroconversion followed by high liquid and low coke formation with an adequate stability performance. SiO2–ZrN successfully suppressed the formation of long-chain into short-chain hydrocarbon. Both SiO2–ZrN2 and SiO2–ZrN3 each exhibited a high fraction towards aviation fuel compared to parent SiO2 and SiO2–Zr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human use index caused by population pressure in Opa catchment Ile Ife, Southwestern Nigeria, has resulted in catchment denudation, accelerated erosion, and sediment delivery into a man-made (1978) reservoir (Opa) in the catchment. This study is aimed at evaluating the suspended sediment balance of Opa reservoir with a view to ascertain the annual siltation rate. River discharges, water levels, suspended sediment concentrations/yield, and flow velocities were monitored, and data collected from all the tributaries of the Opa reservoir and the spillway (outlet) in the period 2017–2018. Water samples collected were subjected to gravimetric analysis, and the results utilized to obtain sediment rating curves and to compute the suspended sediment balance. Suspended sediment inflow from the six sub-catchments ranged from 8.49 to 29.05tons/ha, with a total inflow of 1146.50tons/ha into the reservoir during the hydrological year. The corresponding outflow through the spillway was 615.70tons/ha. 530.80tons/ha was sequestered in the reservoir, equivalent to an estimate of 46% suspended sediment deposited in the reservoir. The high sediment yield in Opa reservoir is due to the dredging and clearing of the river channels in the catchment of any impediment thereby enhancing sediment delivery into the reservoir. Sediment loads were higher in the rainy season suggesting catchment erosion as the main factor responsible for the sediment yield into the reservoir. The study concluded that the positive suspended sediment balance suggests sediment sequestration with an increasing tendency for accelerated elimination of the wetland in the face of poor environmental management and enhanced human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling of agro‐waste as complementary reinforcements has received significant recognition in the development of aluminium matrix composites. Hence, this study examines the corrosion behavior of Al6063 reinforced with hybrid SiC/PKSA (palm kernel shell ash) particles. Through various ratios of SiC and PKSA particles in Al6063 alloy, composites were fabricated by double stir casting. Samples were cut and metallographically prepared for 1 M H2SO4 solution corrosion experiments. Gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analyses were employed. The composites corroded initially at relatively high rates, gradually declining during long immersion times in the acidic solution. The intersection of reinforcements at the general surfaces of the composites where flawed oxide skins predominate acted as active sites for corrosion initiation. From potentiodynamic polarization studies, the corrosion currents increased with time for all specimens, with A9 being 1075.65 μA/cm2 at 72 h as against 857.99 μA/cm2 at 24 h of measurement. The corrosion potentials for all the specimens hovered around −654.00 to −647.22 mV. Bode plots revealed similar electrochemical reactions over all the substrates' surfaces. The relative corrosion resistance by the specimen depends on the oxide films' nature as the cathodic interfacial reinforcements dropped off into the acidic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two halo‐benzothiazoles, namely, 2‐amino‐6‐bromo‐benzo[d]thiazole and 2‐amino‐6‐fluoro‐benzo[d]thiazole were utilized to modify poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and gave two modified PVC samples for biomedical applications. Prepared glucose‐fatty acid esters of palmitic, oleic, and octanoic acids were exploited as plasticizers to produce phthalate‐free eco‐friendly antimicrobial PVC. The chemical structures of all prepared compounds were confirmed via Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal properties of modified PVC was determined using thermo gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry while weight loss and degree of discoloration were used to assess the photostability after UV irradiation whereas references heat and UV absorbers were applied for comparison. The plasticizing effect of each glucose‐fatty acid ester at 20% by weight on the mechanical properties of modified PVC was determined and referenced to diethylhexylphthalate. The results revealed that the mechanical properties as well as the thermal stability of plasticized modified PVCs were enhanced. Plasticizers migration from the polymeric matrix was also determined and the results showed low extent of migration of the prepared plasticizers. So, modified plasticized PVC samples exhibited improved physicochemical properties. Antimicrobial properties of all samples, using disc diffusion agar method, were evaluated against some Gram +ve bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans and Gram −ve bacteria like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi strains used were Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus ochraceous. All investigated compounds showed improved antibacterial and antifungal activities. Highlights: PVC was chemically modified with two halo‐benzothiazoles to obtain antimicrobial PVC.Glucose‐fatty acids esters were prepared as eco‐friendly plasticizers for PVC.Halo‐benzothiazoles improved both the thermal‐ and photo‐stability of PVC.Glucose‐fatty acid plasticizers enhanced the mechanical properties of PVC.The extent of migration of prepared plasticizers is lower than that of reference plasticizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a heat-resistant adhesive was prepared using molybdenum-phenolic (Mo-PF) resin as the matrix and TiB2 particle as the ceramizable filler for bonding Al2O3 ceramic substrates. Firstly, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to characterize the chemical structure of the Mo-PF. Subsequently, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and shear strength testing were employed to investigate the effects of heat treatment in different atmospheres on the thermal stability and residual bonding properties of the adhesive. To further explore the bonding mechanism of the adhesive after heat treatment in different atmospheres, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compressive strength testing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized to analyze the microstructure, mechanical strength, and composition evolution of the adhesive at different temperatures. The bonding strength of Al2O3 joints showed a trend of initially decreasing and then increasing after different temperature heat treatment in air, with the shear strength reaching a maximum value of 25.68 MPa after treatment at 1200 °C. And the bonding strength of Al2O3 joints decreased slowly with the increase of temperature in nitrogen. In air, the ceramicization reaction at a high temperature enabled the mechanical strength of the adhesive to rise despite the continuous pyrolysis of the resin. However, the TiB2 filler in nitrogen did not react, and the properties of the adhesive showed a decreasing tendency with the pyrolysis of the resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work describes the cost-effective synthesis and purification of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Synthesis of CNTs was carried out in distilled water between two electrodes using the electric arc discharge (EAD) method. EAD is a simple and straightforward route in which an electric arc is generated between graphite electrodes through DC power source to produce soot which contains MWCNTs along with impurities. The deposited soot containing MWCNTs was then chipped off and purified. In this case, multistep purification scheme was opted to remove unwanted impurities from produced MWCNTs. Purification route comprised thermal treatment, chemical treatment and a combination of both to yield pure MWCNTs. Thermal treatments were carried out in normal air and under controlled flow of oxygen at different temperatures whereas chemical treatment was performed using acidic solution. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were carried out before and after purification treatments to investigate the outcome of employed treatments. Results showed that the thermal or chemical treatment alone is not sufficient to remove impurities from soot. Moreover, the introduction of an oxide group through chemical treatment reduces the oxidization temperature of graphitic particles. It was found that the chemical treatment followed by thermal annealing under the controlled flow of oxygen is the most appropriate method for successful purification of MWCNTs synthesized via EAD method. Cost-effective method for synthesizing and purifying multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using arc discharge in distilled water is presented. A multistep purification process involving thermal and chemical treatments was employed to remove impurities. Results showed that neither thermal nor chemical treatment alone was adequate for purification, but combining chemical treatment with thermal annealing under controlled oxygen flow proved most effective. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were utilized for analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilayer scaffolds could provide a suitable topology for osteochondral defect repair mimicking cartilage and subchondral bone architecture. Hence, they could facilitate the chondro- and osteogenic lineage commitment of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) with hydroxyapatite, the major inorganic component of bone, stimulating osteogenesis. Highly porous poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffolds with two layers of different pore sizes (100 and 250 µm) and hydroxyapatite (HA) supplementation were established by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) to study growth and osteogenesis of human (h) MSCs. The topology of the scaffold prepared via TIPS was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a microCT scan, pycnometry and gravimetric analysis. HMSCs and porcine articular chondrocytes (pACs) were seeded on the PLLA scaffolds without/with 5% HA for 1 and 7 days, and the cell attachment, survival, morphology, proliferation and gene expression of cartilage- and bone-related markers as well as sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis were monitored. All scaffold variants were cytocompatible, and hMSCs survived for the whole culture period. Cross-sections revealed living cells that also colonized inner scaffold areas, producing an extracellular matrix (ECM) containing sGAGs. The gene expression of cartilage and bone markers could be detected. HA represents a cytocompatible supplement in PLLA composite scaffolds intended for osteochondral defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we improve the efficiency of automated tomato harvesting by integrating deep learning into state-of-the-art image processing techniques, which improves the accuracy and efficiency of detection algorithms for robotic systems. We develop a hybrid model that combines convolutional neural networks' dual two-dimensional matrices for classification and part affinity fields. We use data augmentation to improve the robustness of the model and reduce overfitting. Additionally, we apply transfer learning to solve the challenging problem of improving the accuracy of identifying a tomato's center of gravity. When tested on 2260 diverse images, our model achieved a recognition accuracy of 96.4%, thus significantly outperforming existing algorithms. This high accuracy, which is specific to the environmental conditions and tomato varieties used, demonstrates the adaptability of the model to real-world agricultural conditions. Our results represent a significant advancement in the field of agricultural autotomization by demonstrating an algorithm that not only identifies ripe tomatoes for robotic harvesting with high accuracy, but also adapts to various agricultural conditions. This algorithm should reduce manual labor in agriculture and offer a more efficient and scalable approach for the future agricultural industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A commercial epoxy coating was studied on steel panels and as free films to investigate water uptake using non‐destructive techniques (gravimetric analysis, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy [EIS], Attenuated Total Reflection‐Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy [ATR‐FTIR], and Scanning Acoustic Microscopy [SAM]) after immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. In epoxy free films, water uptake showed rapid absorption initially, slowing down due to the counteracting process between water uptake and leachable content. Later, a mass decrease indicated leaching dominance. On coated steel, EIS revealed rapid water absorption within 72 h, followed by slower uptake up to 336 h. The continuous increase in water content resulted from observed coating layer swelling, confirmed by SAM. ATR‐FTIR analysis indicated hydrogen bonding of most absorbed water molecules to the epoxy matrix. By combining non‐destructive techniques, water uptake mechanisms into the epoxy coating film were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review presents state-of-the-art for representative sampling of hydrogen from hydrogen refueling stations. Documented sampling strategies are presented as well as examples of commercially available equipment for sampling at the hydrogen refueling nozzle. Filter media used for sampling is listed and the performance of some of the filters evaluated. It was found that the filtration efficiency of 0.2 and 5 μm filters were not significantly different when exposed to 200 and 300 nm particles. Several procedures for gravimetric analysis are presented and some of the challenges are identified to be filter degradation, pinhole formation and conditioning of the filter prior to measurement. Lack of standardization of procedures was identified as a limitation for result comparison. Finally, the review summarizes results including particulate concentration in hydrogen fuel quality data published. It was found that less than 10% of the samples were in violation with the tolerance limit. • Review of known sampling methodologies for particulate matter in hydrogen fuel. • Review of gravimetric and visual methods for assessment of particulate matter. • Presentation of public hydrogen fuel quality data for particulates. • Identification of challenges and shortcomings in current methods used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the thermal degradation behavior of both poly(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-dodecafluoro-5-methyloctyl-4-(acryloyloxy) benzoate), poly(ABCF13) and its graft copolymers onto high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated in detail. The homopolymers and grafted copolymers were synthesized using the bulk-melt polymerization method in the presence of benzoyl peroxide; 10% and 40% of ABCF13 were used in the graft copolymers. The combined analytical technique, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (TGA/FTIR), was utilized to understand the obtained products' thermal behavior and formed decomposition chemicals. The thermal tests were carried out in both air and N2 atmospheres. The experimental results showed that the first weight loss of poly(ABCF13) in air and N2 atmospheres started at about 226 C (1.00%), and the primary and early decomposition product was determined as CO2. The weight loss pattern in graft copolymers at lower concentrations closely resembled that of the homopolymer. However, at higher concentrations, the resulting products exhibited a distinct decomposition mechanism characterized by a gradual decrease in trend. This segmented behavior may indicate the coexistence of the homopolymer and grafted copolymers within the matrix. Moreover, the findings showed that the semi-fluorinated grafted unit had a substantial retardation effect on the polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When designing appropriate machinery systems, equipment, and infrastructures for interacting with, cultivating, gathering, and agriculture-related processing, it is required to have an understanding of the engineering characteristics of agricultural products. This unpredictability makes it difficult to design or develop machines that can efficiently and effectively manage a wide range of product characteristics. Experimental analysis was used to accomplish the study's objective, which was to investigate the implications of variation on the gravimetric characteristics and frictional parameters of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) concerning the design of the threshing machine. The mean average values of gravimetric parameters were determined by analysing the experimental data: arithmetic mean diameter (7.042 ± 0.473 mm), geometric diameter (6.737 ± 0.463 mm), bulk density (781.20 ± 25.34 kg m-3), true density (1347.03 ± 143.0 kg m-3), porosity (41.385 ± 7.05%), width (6.316 ± 0.502 mm), thickness (4.962 ± 0.50 mm), projected area (49.194 ± 6.715 mm²), and volume of the seed (161.689 ± 3.778 mm³). The average moisture content values were found to be 11.214±1.185% on a dry basis, the static coefficient of friction varied between 0.276 and 0.386 on the surface of iron sheets, 0.294 to 0.435 on stainless steel, 0.317 to 0.434 on galvanized iron, 0.321 to 0.451 on medium density fiberboard, 0.319 to 0.480 on aluminum, 0.310 to 0.470 on painted sheets, 0.320 to 0.440 on glass, 0.333 to 0.447 on plastic, and 0.374 to 0.575 on rubber. Perforated sheet surfaces showed the highest static coefficients of friction, followed by rubber, plastic, plywood, glass, aluminum, galvanized iron, painted sheet, stainless steel, and iron sheet surfaces. These data are not only required for predicting loads in agricultural storage structures but are also needed to establish useful sources for the development of machinery for handling, cleaning, storing, transporting and drying, among other things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that ceramic–polymer composite materials can be used to manufacture spherical bodies in the category of balls. Since balls are frequently subjected to compression loads, the paper presents some research results on the compression behavior of balls made of ceramic composite materials with a polymer matrix. The mathematical model of the pressure variation inside the balls highlights the existence of maximum values in the areas of contact with other parts. Experimental research was carried out on balls with a diameter of 20 mm, manufactured by 3D printing from four ceramic–polymer composite materials with a polymer matrix: pottery clay, terracotta, concrete, and granite. The same ceramic–polymer composite material was used, but different dyes were added to it. A gravimetric analysis revealed similar behavior of the four materials upon controlled heating. Through the mathematical processing of the experimental results obtained by compression tests, empirical mathematical models of the power-type function type were determined. These models highlight the influence exerted by different factors on the force at which the initiation of cracks in the ball materials occurs. The decisive influence of the infill factor on the size of the force at which the cracking of the balls begins was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of the Earth's surface is driven by external and internal forces, the latter of which can only be studied indirectly. Knowledge about the structure of the Earth's interior is very important for modeling and predicting the processes occurring at the surface. This study presents a new concept of joint analysis of the gravimetric and seismometric recordings of earthquakes for determining the seismic structure of the Earth down to the depth of 1250 km. The proposed method allows the use of gravimetric data without the known full transfer function of the instrument. Group velocity dispersion curves of the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves up to the period of 550 s are measured based on the joint analysis of the recordings of superconducting gravimeter and broadband seismometers operating at the same location in five testing sites in Europe, allowing for the exploration of a broader response for incoming seismic waves. Averaged dispersion curves for earthquakes around the world for each site are inverted by the weighted linear inversion and Monte Carlo methods to estimate the distribution of shear-wave seismic velocity in the Earth's mantle. A comparison of the deterministic and probabilistic inversion methods can excellently demonstrate surface waves' ability to determine the Earth's mantle structure. The inversion results are compared with the global ak135 seismic model (Kennett et al. 1995) to verify the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the dominant role of bone mass in osteoporotic fractures, aging bone tissue properties must be thoroughly understood to improve osteoporosis management. In this context, collagen content and integrity are considered important factors, although limited research has been conducted on the tensile behavior of demineralized compact bone in relation to its porosity and elastic properties in the native mineralized state. Therefore, this study aims (i) at examining the age-dependency of mineralized bone and collagen micromechanical properties; (ii) to test whether, and if so to which extent, collagen properties contribute to mineralized bone mechanical properties.Two cylindrical cortical bone samples from fresh frozen human anatomic donor material were extracted from 80 proximal diaphyseal sections from a cohort of 24 female and 19 male donors (57 to 96 years at death). One sample per section was tested in uniaxial tension under hydrated conditions. First, the native sample was tested elastically (0.25 % strain), and after demineralization, up to failure. Morphology and composition of the second specimen was assessed using micro-computed tomography, Raman spectroscopy, and gravimetric methods. Simple and multiple linear regression were employed to relate morphological, compositional, and mechanical variables with age and sex.Macro-tensile properties revealed that only elastic modulus of native samples was age dependent whereas apparent elastic modulus was sex dependent (p

λ-cyhalothrin (LC), a frequently used synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, poses a substantial risk to human health and the environment due to its prolonged presence in plants, soil, and water. This study aimed to identify and characterize bacteria with the ability to degrade and utilize λ-cyhalothrin as their sole carbon and energy source. The bacteria were isolated by employing an enrichment technique on mineral salt media through a series of dilution steps. Strain isolated underwent identification through morphological, biochemical, and molecular analyses, specifically employing 16S rRNA and phylogenetic analysis, which disclosed its classification as Bacillus sp. With the accession number OR133746. Physio-cultural conditions, including temperature, initial substrate concentration, pH, incubation time and inoculum size affecting the strain's activity were investigated in MSM using a one-variable-at-a-time approach. The optimal conditions for bacterial growth and λ-cyhalothrin degradation was found to be a substrate concentration of 6 g/L, a temperature of 30 °C, a pH of 6.5, and an incubation time of 96 hours. The results of Gravimetric analysis revealed that the selected isolate exhibited notable degradation rates of 75.4 % and 100 % after 72 hours and 96 hours of incubation, respectively. These findings highlight the exceptional efficiency of the strain in degrading λ-cyhalothrin. Consequently, this strain emerges as a promising candidate for tackling pollution attributed to λ-cyhalothrin through bioremediation processes.

This paper presents the performance of a multifunctional generic compound, 4-Aminobenzoic acid (4ABA) as migratory inhibitor applied on hardened concrete surface to curb corrosion due to combined chloride and carbonated environment. Electrochemical techniques (LPR and EIS), gravimetric analysis were applied to evaluate the corrosion performance and the inhibition mechanism of 4ABA. Chloride and carbonation profiles were developed to investigate the dominant cause of corrosion during the exposure. Visual and microscopic analysis of concrete surface and rebar surface was also done. Compressive strength test was performed to study the effect of corrosion inhibitor on strength property of hardened concrete. Results confirm that 4ABA prolonged the passive state of rebar when used as preventive measure and restrained the on-going corrosion process when employed as repair strategy. Combined exposure by chlorides and CO2 leads to redistribution of chloride ions in concrete matrix. The results also conclude that during the combined exposure, chloride ions initiate the corrosion process and carbonation aggravates this process. Application of 4ABA does not influence the strength properties of concrete. ABA has performed the inhibition by protective layer development and shield formation against the negatively charged corrosive ions. Blended cement concrete system which was observed to be more vulnerable to corrosion was seen to attain similar corrosion resistance as OPC concrete after inhibitor application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]