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A new species Diorygma tiantaiense Z.F. Jia, sp. nov. was found, which is characterized by a corticolous thallus with norstictic acid, oval or oblong apothecia, immersed to ± raised discs with white pruina, and large muriform ascospores (120–210 × 35–60 µm). Detailed morphological descriptions, photographs, and a comparison and discussion of similar species are provided. A checklist and key to the species of Diorygma known from China is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the intricate symbiotic relationship of a crustose lichen, Dyplolabia afzelii from the pristine habitats of the Western Ghats. This unique lichen genus is authenticated using polyphasic taxonomy for the first time in India through morphological, chemical and molecular phylogenetic (concatenated LSU, mtSSU and RPB2 analyses) tools. Additionally, this investigation ventures into the molecular realm by analyzing ITS sequence data and the phylogeny of the photobiont in D. afzelii and unveils an as-yetundescribed Trentepohlia species closely related to Trentepohlia cf. arborum. This study also represents the pioneering effort to unravel the enigmatic lichen symbiosis within Dyplolabia, from India and reveals vital insights into this unique composite organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe 14 new lichen species in the family Graphidaceae, mainly from the Amazon basin: Acanthothecis aggregata, Allographa ancelina, A. apicalinspersa, Chapsa constrictospora, C. diorygmoides, C. lichexanthonica, Clandestinotrema caloplacosporum, Diorygma defectoisidiatum, D. gyrosum, D. lichexanthonicum, D. norsubmuriforme, D. salxanthonicum, D. toensbergianum, and Ocellularia flavoradiata. For each species, it is indicated where and how it would key out in a recent identification key. Two of the Diorygma species are sterile and were assigned to this genus by sequencing the mtSSU gene. Five additional species are new to Brazil and 27 others, including some Gomphillaceae, are new state records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lichenized fungi genus Sarcographa belongs to Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota, Fungi. It is characterized by radial apothecia, strongly branched and immersed in stromata, 8-spored asci, transversely septate or submuriform ascospores, and tropical and subtropical distribution. Based on the methods of morphology, anatomy, chemistry and molecular biology, nine species of Sarcographa in China are reported. The new combination Sarcographa flavescens (Dal-Forno & Eliasaro) L. W. Chen & Z. F. Jia, comb. nov. is proposed for Phaeographis flavescens Dal-Forno & Eliasaro, and Sarcographa labyrinthica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. is a new record to Chinesee mainland. Sarcographina heterospora (Nyl.) Z. F. Jia & Lücking, a species of allies genus Sarcographina is described, and a brief description to each known species and discussions with their similar species are given. A key to the known species of Sarcographa (incl. Sarcographina) in China is also shown. The study provides basic information for the biodiversity of lichenized fungi in China.

The lichenized fungi genus Sarcographa belongs to Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota, Fungi. It is characterized by radial apothecia, strongly branched and immersed in stromata, 8-spored asci, transversely septate or submuriform ascospores, and tropical and subtropical distribution. Based on the methods of morphology, anatomy, chemistry and molecular biology, nine species of Sarcographa in China are reported. The new combination Sarcographa flavescens（Dal-Forno ＆ Eliasaro） L. W. Chen ＆ Z. F. Jia, comb. nov. is proposed for Phaeographis flavescens Dal-Forno ＆ Eliasaro, and Sarcographa labyrinthica（Ach.） Müll. Arg. is a new record to Chinesee mainland. Sarcographina heterospora（Nyl.） Z. F. Jia ＆ Lücking, a species of allies genus Sarcographina is described, and a brief description to each known species and discussions with their similar species are given. A key to the known species of Sarcographa（incl. Sarcographina） in China is also shown. The study provides basic information for the biodiversity of lichenized fungi in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species Diorygma tiantaiense Z.F. Jia, sp. nov. was found, which is characterized by a corticolous thallus with norstictic acid, oval or oblong apothecia, immersed to ± raised discs with white pruina, and large muriform ascospores (120–210 × 35–60 µm). Detailed morphological descriptions, photographs, and a comparison and discussion of similar species are provided. A checklist and key to the species of Diorygma known from China is presented.

This study re-examined the status of species of Diorygma Eshw. known from the Western Ghats using an integrative taxonomy approach that includes morphological and chemical data, as well as multigene phylogenetic analyses. Prior to this work, the two species D. karnatakense and D. dandeliense were distinguished primarily on lirellae morphology (branching pattern) and the number of ascospores per ascus. Our study of the morphology, chemistry and molecular phylogeny (mtSSU, LSU and RPB 2) of freshly collected samples and re-examination of type material suggests that both names should be synonymized. Consequently, D. karnatakense is accepted as the correct name, with D. dandeliense as a newly proposed synonym. Phylogenetically, D. karnatakense is allied to D. antillarum and D. hieroglyphicum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India harbours 12 species of Pallidogramme, including P. chapadana (Redinger) Staiger, Kalb & Lücking, which is being reported as new record for the country. In addition, two species, viz. P. bengalensis B.O. Sharma & Khadilkar and P. chrysenteron (Mont.) Staiger, Kalb & Lücking have their known distribution range within India expanded. A detailed description and illustrations are provided for the new country record and comments are made on expanded distribution ranges. A world key to all known species of Pallidogramme is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with the exploration of lichen diversity in Dhubri district of Assam state. A total of 42 lichen species belonging to 10 families and 16 genera were recorded, the majority of which were crustose (93%) with Graphidaceae as the dominant family. Eleven of the lichen species under eight genera are new additions to the lichen biota of Assam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five Graphis species are reported as new to Europe from the Mata Nacional do Buçaco, a region in Portugal where graphidoid Graphidaceae are abundant and diverse. The following species were identified: Graphis dendrogramma, G. duplicata, G. gonimica, G. librata and G. pyrrhocheiloides. An updated key is given to the Graphis species known from Europe. All those newly reported were identified with names corresponding to tropical species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with 26 new records of lichens to Assam belonging to 14 genera, 9 families and one under Arthoniales from Ultapani Forest Range under Haltugaon Forest division of Kokrajhar district. The crustose lichen showed their dominance in the area with the percentage of 89% and foliose 11%. The members of Diploschistaceae family showed their dominance with three genera and 8 species followed by Graphidaceae with 6 species and Collemataceae, Pyrenulaceae and Thelotremataceae with two species each. The genera Hemithecium exhibited luxuriant growth with five species followed by Ocellularia with four species and Rhabdodiscus with three species. The present study reflects the richness of lichens in the study area. The dominance of Diploschistaceae and Graphidaceae member establishes the existence of semi-evergreen forest in the region and the presence of Ocellularia indicates healthy forest with ecological continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichens from an unusually large, arborescent runner oak (Quercus pumila) from Miami-Dade County, Florida, were collected and inventoried. A total of 56 lichen species and one lichenicolous lichen species were found, representing 17 families with Graphidaceae bearing the most (14) species. Several species recorded were also recently reported or newly described from South Florida, which has a tropical climate and ecoregion that are distinct in the continental United States. Some lichen species (especially crustose Arthoniaceae and Graphidaceae) are twig specialists not normally found on trunks and branches; therefore, future studies of lichen diversity on single trees should include as much twig material as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peter D. Crittenden served as senior editor of The Lichenologist, the flagship journal in the field of lichenological research, for a period of two decades, between 2000 and 2019. A review of the development of the journal and the publication output during this period is provided. The number of papers published during this period (1197) matches that of all papers published under the three previous senior editors, Peter W. James, David L. Hawksworth and Dennis H. Brown, during a much longer period of 42 years from 1958 to 1999. Peter oversaw important editorial changes to the layout and content of the journal: an increased size with a modern cover design, leaving behind the classic mint-coloured cover of more than 40 years; the addition of 'thematic issues' and encouragement of large monographs; implementation of substantial changes to the Code, such as effective electronic publication and obligate registration of new fungal names; and more recently a new policy to reject so-called 'single naked species descriptions'. Shortly before Peter took over as senior editor, The Lichenologist had received its first impact factor, and Peter managed to continuously increase this measure from around 0.9 to lately up to over 1.5, higher than most other competing journals. The 1197 papers between 2000 and 2019 were published by a total of 1138 different authors, more than half of whom appeared just once as author, whereas a small number participated in numerous (up to 93) papers. There was a continuous increase in the mean number of authors per paper per year, from below 2.5 to around 3.5, the highest numbers ranging between 11 and 30; still, c. 75% of all papers between 2000 and 2019 were single-authored or had up to three authors. Based on affiliations at the time of publication, two thirds of author contributions came from Europe (66%), 13% from North America, 9% from Asia and 7% from Latin America. Likewise, almost half of the study areas were located in Europe and around 10% each in North America, South America and Asia. The countries with the highest number of studies included, in descending order, the United States, Spain, the United Kingdom, Norway and Sweden. North America and Europe were over-represented in terms of author contributions, whereas Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania were over-represented in terms of study areas. The 1197 papers analyzed encompassed a broad diversity of topics, classified into 32 categories. Taxonomy of lichenized fungi was the most frequent component, representing the focal point in almost half of all studies, followed by phylogeny and evolution, ecology, and the taxonomy of lichenicolous fungi. Around two thirds of the currently accepted genera of lichenized fungi were treated, with a significant correlation between known species richness and the number of papers in which a genus was treated, underlining the taxonomic representativity of papers published in the journal during the past two decades. Examples of genera that were treated more frequently than expected included commonly studied model organisms, such as Lobaria, and those frequently featured in ecological or other non-taxonomic studies, such as Xanthoria. Species-rich tropical genera, particularly in the Graphidaceae, were generally under-represented. Mean number of authors per paper per volume and total number of country origins of authors per volume were the best predictors of impact factor, followed by diversity of study countries per volume, mean number of study countries per paper per volume, mean number of topics per paper per volume, and proportion of studies with phylogenetic components per volume. Individual papers that contributed to high impact factors included broad-scale revisionary treatments and worldwide keys to species-rich taxa, substantial phylogenetic reclassifications of known taxonomic groups, papers dealing with novel methodological approaches of broad interest, and broad-scale studies related to environmental change and lichen biomonitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The objective of this paper was to test the hypothesis that epiphytic lichen metacommunities in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest are hierarchically structured and not only correspond to forest formations and their floristic subdivisions, but also reflect the main geopolitical regions in the study area (Northeast, Southeast, South) and particularly the division of the Atlantic Forest, along a latitudinal gradient, into a tropical and a subtropicaltemperate zone north and south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Study area: Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Methods: We employed niche distribution modeling for 245 species of four large and representative families of epiphytic lichens in the study area, using a stacked species approach to model metacommunity structure via quantitative methods of community analysis (clustering and ordination techniques). To account for sampling bias, we performed background manipulation via a bias layer. Results: We detected a hierarchical structure with three main clusters (A, B, C) subdivided into ten subclusters. Both the main clusters and each of the subclusters correlated strongly with environmental variables and latitude and featured statistically significant, characteristic indicator species, and the subclusters matched floristic subdivisions of the main forest formations recognized in the study area. There was a significant correlation of the three main clusters with the three geopolitical regions in the study area which after all also reflect ecogeographical features. The main separation between the two northern (A, B) and the southern cluster (C) almost precisely followed the division of the Atlantic Forest by the Tropic of Capricorn, supports the notion that the latter is an important delineator in biome formation, reflected by epiphytic lichen metacommunities. Conclusion: We conclude that modeling metacommunities via a stacked species approach is a powerful tool, also to elaborate baseline data for future monitoring of metacommunities in relation to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opegrapha multipuncta and Schismatomma quercicola are two sterile European lichens reproducing only vegetatively by means of soredia. RAxML and Bayesian analyses of newly generated sequence data from the mitochondrial ribosomal RNA small subunit provide clear evidence that these two species do not belong to the Arthoniomycetes, but to the Lecanoromycetes. In our phylogenetic analyses, O. multipuncta is nested in the genus Porina (Porinaceae) as sister to P. austroatlantica , while S. quercicola is nested in the genus Schizotrema (Graphidaceae) as sister to S. zebrinum. The following new combinations are introduced: Porina multipuncta (Coppins & P. James) Ertz, Coppins & Frisch and Schizotrema quercicola (Coppins & P. James) Ertz, Frisch & Sanderson. Schizotrema quercicola represents the first record of the genus Schizotrema for Europe and the first sorediate member in this genus. The species is newly recorded from Norway. The lichenicolous habit of Arthonia invadens is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we found eight crustose lichens (Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr., Arthothelium macrothecum (Fée) A. Massal, Bactrospora jenikii (Vezda) Egea & Torrente, Cresponea proximata (Nyl.) Egea & Torrente, Dirina paradoxa (Fée) Tehler, Graphis glaucescens Fée and Sarcographa tricosa (Ach.) Müll. Arg.), all of them are reported as new for Quintana Roo and Graphis subchrysocarpa Lücking as a new record for Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se analizó la diversidad y la composición de las comunidades de líquenes en dos fragmentos, uno perturbado y otro conservado, de bosque altoandino en la Reserva Biológica “Encenillo”, Colombia. Se muestrearon 32 árboles de encenillo (Weinmannia tomentosa), 16 en cada fragmento, colocando sobre cada árbol tres submuestras en tres alturas, para un total de 32 muestras (árboles) y 96 submuestras. Los 714 registros de líquenes, 261 para el bosque perturbado y 453 para el bosque conservado, correspondieron a 54 especies, siendo los géneros Parmotrema (161 registros, 5 especies), Usnea (141 registros, 7 especies), Hypotrachyna (79 registros, 7 especies), Phyllopsora (63 registros, 2 especies) y Sticta (49 registros, 6 especies) los más representativos. Usando caracteres morfológicos, se asignaron las 54 especies a 37 biotipos facilmente reconocibles. Análisis de conglomerados y escala multidimensional no métrica de las 32 muestras (árboles) separaron los dos fragmentos por su composición de biotipos de líquenes. Mediante ánalisis de indicadores, usando los biotipos como unidades, se encontró que los biotipos “Yoshimuriella”, “Usnea (apotecios)”, “Usnea (pigmentado)”, “Parmotrema (soredios)”, “Lobariella (apotecios)”, “Sticta (verde)”, “Psiloparmelia” y “Hypotrachyna (soredios)” fueron estadísticamente indicativos para el bosque conservado, mientras que los biotipos “Hypotrachyna (isidios)”, “Usnea (penduloso)”, “Parmotrema (isidios)” y “Heterodermia (apotecios)” fueron representativos para el bosque perturbado. Como conclusión, un protocolo usando biotipos en vez de especies puede ser implementado por personas no especialistas para hacer monitoreo y evaluaciones rápidas del estado de conservación de bosques altoandinos.

An account of thelotremoid species of Graphidaceae in India is provided, which includes 124 species in 24 genera. Ocellularia and Thelotrema are the most diverse genera represented by 34 and 18 species, respectively. Type specimens were re-examined and additional samples studied morphologically and chemically. One new species, Ocellularia upretii S. Joshi, Divakar, Lumbsch & Lücking, is described; it is characterized by a greyish green thallus, porinoid ascomata, brown proper exciple, simple, carbonized columella, clear hymenium, transversely septate, amyloid ascospores of 110–125×15–20 µm and an absence of secondary metabolites. Asteristion australianum , Astrochapsa mirabilis , Cruentotrema cruentatum , C. kurandense , Ocellularia violacea and Thelotrema adjectum are reported as new to the country, and Astrochapsa mirabilis , Melanotrema submicrosporoides , Ocellularia annuloelevata , O. subkeralensis and Rhabdodiscus verrucoisidiatus are proposed as new combinations. Diploschistes awasthii , Ocellularia gupeti , O. leucina, O. mahabalei , Thelotrema confertum and T. verrucorugosum are synonymized under D. scruposus , O. neomasonhalei , O. urceolaris , O. thelotremoides , Chapsa leprocarpoides and T. rugatulum , respectively, with Ocellularia canariana and O. verrucomarginata reduced to synonymy with O. allosporoides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new lichenicolous fungus Melaspilea nitidochapsae colonising on the thallus of Nitidochapsa leprieurii (Mont.) Parnmen, Lücking et Lumbsch is described from India. The new species differs from other known species colonising lichen family Graphidaceae by having completely carbonised exciple, hyaline to pale brown transversely 1-septate ascospores and a different host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of continuing studies on the Graphidaceae in China, the status of all taxa traditionally assigned to the genus Graphina reported from China are resolved in the present paper. Five new combinations are made, namely Diorygma isabellinum (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Fissurina adscribens (Nyl.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Graphis lecanactiformis (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Phaeographis haloniata (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov. and Platygramme taiwanensis (J.C. Wei) Z.F. Jia & Lucking, comb. nov. Five new synonymies were found: Graphina olivascens Zahlbr. (= Fissurina adscribens), Graphina plumbicolor Zahlbr. (= Phaeographis haloniata), Graphina roridula Zahlbr. and its variety platypoda Zahlbr. [= Diorygma pachygraphum (Nyl.) Kalb, Staiger & Elix], and Graphina taiwanensis f. obscurata J.C. Wei (= Platygramme taiwanensis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate species delimitations are of great importance for effectively characterizing biological diversity. Our criteria for delimiting species have changed dramatically over the last decades with the increasing availability of molecular data and improvement of analytical methods to evaluate these data. Whereas reciprocal monophyly is often seen as an indicator for the presence of distinct lineages, recently diverged species often fail to form monophyletic groups. At the same time, cryptic species have repeatedly been detected in numerous organismal groups. In this study, we addressed the species delimitation in the crustose lichen-forming fungal genus Diploschistes using multilocus sequence data from specimens representing 16 currently accepted species. Our results indicate the presence of previously undetected, cryptic species-level lineages in the subgenus Limborina. In the subgenus Limborina, samples from different continents currently classified under the same species were shown to be only distantly related. At the same time, in parts of subgen. Diploschistes characterized by short branches, none of the currently accepted species formed monophyletic groups. In spite of the lack of monophyly in phylogenetic reconstructions, a multispecies coalescent method provided support for eight of the nine accepted species in subgen. Diploschistes as distinct lineages. We propose to reduce D. neutrophilus to synonymy with D. diacapsis and point out that additional sampling will be necessary before accepting additional species in subgen. Limborina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following new species of Arthoniales are described, from Santa Catarina state in South Brazil: Herpothallon tricolor, Neosergipea bicolor, and Opegrapha xanthonica. In addition, 92 species are reported new to Santa Catarina state, 15 of which are new to Brazil, mostly species that are widespread in temperate regions on the northern hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lowland area of southern Vietnam contains a high diversity of corticolous, crustose lichens, particularly in the family Graphidaceae. Two species, Acanthothecis verrucosa S. Joshi, Upreti & Hur and Graphis exuta S. Joshi, Upreti & Hur, are described new to science. Acanthothecis verrucosa is characterized by a verrucose, olive green thallus containing irregular to shortly lirellate apothecia, hyaline to brownish proper exciple apically lined by robust periphysoids, muriform ascospores, 30–70 × 15–20 μm, and the presence of psoromic and subpsoromic acids. Graphis exuta is characterized by a smooth, greenish white thallus, simple lirellae lacking thalline margin, entire labia coarsely white pruinose towards slit, muriform ascospores, 20–35×10–13 μm, and norstictic acid in the thallus. A new name, Acanthothecis yokdonensis S. Joshi & Hur, is proposed here for the species Acanthothecis salazinica S. Joshi & Hur, a later homonym of A. salazinica van den Boom & Sipman. In addition, 34 species from Vietnam are newly reported. A world key to the group of Graphis species characterized by short, simple and sessile lirellae lacking or with basal thalline margins (nuda-morph) is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of ongoing studies of the lichen family Graphidaceae in China, the status of all taxa traditionally assigned to the genus Phaeographina reported from China is resolved in the present paper. Five new combinations are proposed: Phaeographis pleiospora (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Platygramme elaeoplaca (Zahlbr.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., Platythecium maximum (Groenh.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., P. pyrrhochroa (Mont. & Bosch) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov., and Sarcographina heterospora (Nyl.) Z.F. Jia & Lücking, comb. nov. Six new synonyms are established: Phaeographina callospora Zahlbr. [= Diorygma hieroglyphicum (Pers.) Staiger & Kalb], P. fukiensis Zahlbr. [= Pallidogramme chrysenteron (Mont.) Staiger, Kalb & Lücking], P. fukiensis var. substriata Zahlbr. [= Pallidogramme chrysenteron (Mont.) Staiger, Kalb & Lücking], P. granulans Zahlbr. [= Platygramme platyloma (Müll. Arg.) M. Nakan. & Kashiw.], P. pluvisilvarum Zahlbr. [= Graphis alpestris (Zahlbr.) Staiger], and P. valida Zahlbr. [= Thecographa prosiliens (Mont. & Bosch) A. Massal.]. Two additional synonyms are reported: Phaeographina subrigida (Nyl.) Zahlbr. is synonymized under Platygramme platyloma (Müll. Arg.) M. Nakan. & Kashiw., and Platythecium dimorphodes (Nyl.) Staiger under Platythecium pyrrhochroum (Mont. & Bosch) Z.F. Jia & Lücking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new corticolous lichen fungus Platythecium seychellense is described from the Seychelles. Morphological characters as well as distribution and resemblance to related species are discussed. The species is characterized by a crustose, grey-green, smooth thallus lacking lichen substances, elongate and slender apothecia having flat, red-brown discs and grey 3-septate ascospores. A world key to all currently known species in the genus is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new species of Graphidaceae are described from Thailand. Molecular evidence and phenotypical characters support their independent status from related and similar species. Glaucotrema thailandicum Naksuwankul, Lücking & Lumbsch is unique within the genus in having submuriform ascospores. Ocellularia klinhomii Naksuwankul, Lücking & Lumbsch is characterized by having a whitish gray, rimose thallus with ascomata in verrucae and surrounded by a black ring and lack of secondary metabolites. Ocellularia phatamensis Naksuwankul, Parnmen & Lumbsch has a grayish, thick and rimose thallus, differing from O. klinhomii in lacking a dark apothecial rim and having ascomata that are not immersed in verrucae. Ocellularia thailandica Naksuwankul, Kraichak & Lumbsch differs from O. albocincta in lacking a columella. Ocellularia rotundifumosa Naksuwankul, Lücking & Lumbsch differs from O. fumosa in having ascospores with rounded ends. An epitype for O. krathingensis is selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presentan nuevos registros de microlíquenes para el norte de Argentina. Se incluyen comentarios de los siguientes taxones: Coniocarpon cinnabarinum (Arthoniaceae); Schistophoron tenue (Graphidaceae); Reimnitzia santensis (Thelotremataceae); Phyllopeltula steppae (Peltulaceae); Dichosporidium nigrocinctum, Enterographa pallidella y Syncesia effusa (Roccellaceae) y Tylophoron crassiusculum (Caliciales, incertae sedis).New records from Northern Argentina are here presented. Comments about the following taxa are included: Coniocarpon cinnabarinum (Arthoniaceae); Schistophoron tenue (Graphidaceae); Reimnitzia santensis (Thelotremataceae); Phyllopeltula steppae (Peltulaceae); Dichosporidium nigrocinctum, Enterographa pallidella y Syncesia effusa (Roccellaceae) y Tylophoron crassiusculum (Caliciales, incertae sedis).

Seven Graphis species are reported as new to Europe from the Serra de Sintra and the Planalto das Cezaredas, two regions of Portugal where graphidoid Graphidaceae are abundant and diverse. The following species were identified: Graphis cincta, G. crebra, G. handelii, G. leptospora, G. lineola, G. plumierae, and G. verminosa. Many of these share two characters: a densely inspersed hymenium and the presence of norstictic acid in the thallus. A key to the Graphis species known from Europe is provided. The possible reasons for the high, previously unknown, diversity of graphidoid Graphidaceae in this region are discussed. Global warming might be a contributory factor. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on a study regarding measurement of the growth, fertility and development of ascomata in two common members of the family Graphidaceae including Graphis (G.) elegans and G. scripta. It mentions the presence of molecular phylogeny in G. scripta, and states the thalline radial as growth rate of ascoma. It also mentions the impact of the age of hymenial tissues on fertility ascomata.

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Fissurina hemithecioides from Vietnam is described for the first time. The new taxon is characterized by prominent ascomata with swollen labia, 2-3-spored asci, rather large, muriform, I- to weakly amyloid ascospores and the presence of the stictic acid chemosyndrome. In addition, records of the genera Carbacanthographis, Chapsa, Graphis, Pallidogramme, Phaeographis and Thecographa are listed, including important diagnostic characteristics of species along with distribution, ecology and illustrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]