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Throughout the long history of Classic Maya hieroglyphs, a logosyllabic writing system used from the late first millennium BCE through the mid‐second millennium CE in southern Mesoamerica, the most commonly recorded phonetic value was the syllable u (/ʔu/). With over a dozen different u hieroglyphs, Classic Maya scribes had more options for recording /ʔu/ than any other syllable or logograph. Cognitive approaches to writing systems typically attribute graphemic variation (i.e., alternation between signs with equivalent linguistic value) to semantic differences like animacy or to non‐linguistic factors like identity. Distribution of Classic Maya u hieroglyphs, however, suggests that morphosyntactic context influenced which grapheme scribes wrote and when. This case suggests that scribal knowledge of Classic Maya hieroglyphs included ideas about writing's relationship to language. It also highlights the cognitive relevance of morphosyntax for a writing system's users as they differentiate among graphic signs with identical linguistic denotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work introduces the English Sublexical Toolkit, a suite of tools that utilizes an experience-dependent learning framework of sublexical knowledge to extract regularities from the English lexicon. The Toolkit quantifies the empirical regularity of sublexical units in both the reading and spelling directions (i.e., grapheme-to-phoneme and phoneme-to-grapheme) and at multiple grain sizes (i.e., phoneme/grapheme and onset/rime unit size). It can extract multiple experience-dependent regularity indices for words or pseudowords, including both frequency indices (e.g., grapheme frequency) and conditional probability indices (e.g., grapheme-to-phoneme probability). These tools provide (1) superior estimates of the regularities that better reflect the complexity of the sublexical system relative to previously published indices and (2) completely novel indices of sublexical units such as phonographeme frequency (i.e., combined units of individual phonemes and graphemes that are independent of processing direction). We demonstrate that measures from the toolkit explain significant amounts of variance in empirical data (naming of real words and lexical decision), and either outperform or are comparable to the best available consistency measures. The flexibility of the toolkit is further demonstrated by its ability to readily index the probability of different pseudowords pronunciations, and we report that the measures account for the majority of variance in these empirically observed probabilities. Overall, this work provides a framework and resources that can be flexibly used to identify optimal corpus-based consistency measures that help explain reading/spelling behaviors for real and pseudowords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article endeavors to elucidate the mechanisms by which vestiges of mythology become embedded in the morphology of Chinese characters. It represents a foundational study aimed at explicating how oral mythological traditions and archaic mythical cognitions manifest themselves through the concrete graphemic structures of Chinese characters. The research focuses on the analysis of the characters "Yi (一)," "Yi (壹)," "Yi (羽 / 能)," and "Yi (鳦)," which are cognates. Through this examination, the study demonstrates that these graphemes are reflective of ancient Chinese veneration of the gourd, as well as bear and bird totemic traditions. To substantiate these claims, the methodology of "Chinese character archaeology" is employed, which integrates etymological analysis of the characters themselves with traditional textual sources, archaeological findings, and anthropological data. This approach can be extended to encompass a diverse array of totems, including plants, dragons, tigers, and horses. The ancient Chinese characters that encapsulate these totemic traditions are of particular significance as they offer insights into primordial modes of thought that predate the genesis of philosophical literature. Furthermore, this research potentially elucidates, through graphemics, the hypothesis that Chinese ancient civilization originated simultaneously in various regions with distinct totemic traditions, gradually converging into a predominant civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor implicit learning was suggested to be associated with poor orthographic knowledge. The current study examined the differences between twenty typical (age 8.68 ±.15), and twenty poor readers (age 8.45 ±.22) in implicit learning of novel graphemes. In the first stage, each participant was passively displayed with 80 pairs of real and artificial words. The artificial words were composed from artificial symbols. After the passive learning stage, each participant was tested with a grapheme matching decision task. The results showed that the accuracy levels which were recorded among the typical readers were significantly higher than those of the poor readers. The accuracy levels which were recorded among the poor readers showed a type of chance level of performance indicating an absence of implicit learning consolidation. However, the results did not show any significant differences in the response times between the two groups. In addition, significant larger individual standard deviations were recorded for the poor group of readers, for both accuracy and the response time of performance, indicating a non-solid type of implicit learning consolidation among this group. The results were discussed considering the association between poor implicit learning capacities and poor orthographic learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research investigates how orthographies, stress, and consonantal manners influence syllabification and acoustic durations of intervocalic consonants by Thai L2 English speakers, who were classified into three CEFR English proficiency levels: A1, A2 and B1 and participated in two tasks. The first task aims to examine syllabification, known as a word-part identification task, wherein the participants were instructed to identify the first part of a word in one question item and the second part of the same word in another. The findings reveal dynamic changes in syllabification preferences as L2 proficiency increases. The initial stages of acquisition display a strong reliance on orthographic forms for syllabification. An increase in proficiency is associated with a growing awareness of the interaction of stress with syllabification but a declining reliance on orthography. The second task aims to investigate the production, referred to as a read-aloud task where the participants were asked to read aloud target words in carrier sentences. The durations of intervocalic consonants were analyzed using Praat software (Boersma & Weenink, 2021) based on waveforms and spectrograms. The results indicate that participants at all levels produced intervocalic consonants orthographically represented as geminates significantly longer in duration than those represented as singletons. The durational ratio of orthographic singletons to geminates is overall greater for intervocalic consonants in pre-stress positions than for those in post-stress positions. This ratio steadily decreases from A1 to native English speakers. The findings from both tasks consistently show that higher English proficiency correlates with native-like syllabification and acoustic duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Novel design of functionally graded graphene nanocomposite structures. This study is concerned with the nonlinear free vibration of a cracked functionally graded porous cylindrical panel reinforced with graphene platelets by introducing a phase-field crack model. Conventional crack modeling by separating the grid nodes lying on the crack line is not only painstaking but also suffers from numerical instability. To overcome this problem, the internal crack is modeled by adopting the phase-field formulation and a virtual geometry rotation. The nonlinear numerical method is developed based on the first-order shear deformation theory incorporated with the von Kármán geometry nonlinearity in the framework of the 2-D extended natural element method, a recently introduced mesh-free method. The crack-induced singular field is represented by adopting the crack-tip singular functions, and the troublesome numerical locking is restrained by combining the MITC3+ shell concept and the shear stabilization factor. The curved shell surface is mapped to a 2-D rectangular NEM grid to avoid difficulty in defining the interpolation functions. The developed numerical method is verified through a comparison with the reference solutions, and the large-amplitude free vibration of porous cracked functionally graded grapheme platelet-reinforced cylindrical panels is profoundly examined by changing the major parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a reflection on the training of the beginner reader, that is, the one who initiates his contact with reading and writing, in the literacy period. In order to do so, it aims to explain theoretical issues hardly explored in the literacy training, as well as point out ways to change the national scenario of low reading rates. The article explores the cognitive aspect of reading, focusing on the stages prior to the grapheme-phonemic correspondence, specifically about the recognition of letters and the necessary process of dissimetrization for reading (neuronal recycling), emphasizes the importance of the phonological path of reading during the literacy process, which presents the different correspondences between graphemes and phonemes present in the Brazilian Portuguese (PB) system, and emphasizes the essential development of phonemic awareness as a way to minimize the problems of literacy that extend throughout the training of the reader in later grades of Basic Education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phonological processing skills, such as phonological awareness, are known predictors of reading acquisition in alphabetic languages with varying degrees of orthographic complexity. However, the role of multi-letter-sound knowledge, an important foundation for early reading development, in supporting reading fluency development remains to be determined. This study examined whether two core foundational skills, phonemic awareness and grapheme sounding, have a predictive role in reading fluency development in an intermediate-depth orthography. The participants were 62 children learning to read in European Portuguese, and they were longitudinally assessed on phonemic awareness, complex grapheme sounding, and reading fluency (decoding, word, and text) from Grade 2 to Grade 3. The results showed that grapheme sounding predicted reading fluency development controlled for nonverbal intelligence and vocabulary, short-term verbal memory, and phonemic awareness. Grapheme sounding plays a prominent role in predicting reading fluency outcomes, whereas phonemic awareness (both accuracy and time per correct item) did not contribute to any of the three types of reading fluency. The fact that grapheme-sounding predicted reading fluency is likely due to complex grapheme-phoneme correspondences being required to achieve proficient reading. These findings provide insights into the cognitive processes underlying reading development in intermediate-depth orthographies and have implications for early literacy instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving students' spelling proficiency can increase their reading performance. Unfortunately, many students with specific learning disabilities in reading struggle with spelling. These students are often served in general education settings and provided with limited support for spelling. Recently, however, teachers have begun to incorporate sound walls—a visual representation of the connection between letter sounds (phonemes) and letters (graphemes)—as a tool to promote spelling and other literacy-related skills. This article provides information on what sound walls are, how they differ from word walls, and guidance on how to incorporate sound walls within a structured approach to literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the time evolution of the symmetry of symbols constituting alphabets rooted in the Phoenician script. A diversity of quantitative measures of symmetry of graphemes appearing in Phoenician, Western Greek, Etruscan from Marsiliana, Archaic Etruscan, Neo-Etruscan, Euclidian Greek, Archaic and Classical Latin and Proto-Hebrew scripts, constituting the Phoenician script family, were calculated. The same measures were established for the Hebrew/Ashurit and English scripts. The Shannon-like measures of symmetry were computed. The Shannon diversity index was calculated. Our findings indicate that the Shannon diversity index increased with time in a monotonic way for the studied scripts. The diversity of symmetry groups inherent for addressed alphabets grows with time. We also introduced the symmetry factor of the alphabet. The symmetry factor quantifies the averaged level of symmetrization of the alphabet and the possible parsimony of graphical information necessary for the drawing of the entire set of graphemes constituting the alphabet. We found that the symmetry factor is decreased with time for the alphabets rooted in the Phoenician script. This means that the average level of symmetrization of the studied alphabet increases with time. The parsimony of graphical information necessary for writing graphemes is consequently increased with time. The values of the symmetry factor calculated for the addressed scripts are close to one another, with the pronounced exception of the Hebrew/Ashurit script. Our study supplies the arguments for the point of view, according to which the modern Hebrew/Ashurit script did not emerge from the Phoenician one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of "silent letters" relates to graphic symbols that are not pronounced or that do not have mapping with a specific linguistic unit. In the context of processing the mapping of sequences of linguistic units to writing, this concept often results in ambiguity. The Balinese script, which refers to a silent letter, appears in a basic shape | | adeg adeg. Scholars of Balinese script define adeg adeg as a process to eliminate characters (Akshara's), resulting in consonants without inherent vowels. This explanation is very metaphorical, ambiguous, and not based on adequate terms to describe graphetic and graphematic features that are related to mappings between graphic unit sequences and linguistic unit sequences. Balinese script |...? | adeg adeg as primary data comes from the 16.162 lemma in the Balinese dictionary - Indonesian with Latin and Balinese script. Adeg adeg is analyzed both graphically and graphematically to identify its characteristics, with the stages of analysis adapted from the Multimodular Model of Writing System proposed by Meletis (2018). Graphetic analysis shows that the adeg adeg is identified as basic shapes |...?| with three salient graphetic features: -recodability, -paired variants, and +additive. Graphematically, adeg-adeg is defined as a grapheme < > with the following features: +lexical distinctiveness, +linguistic value, and +minimality. The clarity of graphetic and graphematic characteristics significantly contributes to a more comprehensive and transparent cognitive-linguistic mechanism depiction, especially in deciphering writing systems based on Akshara's highly complex characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article utilizes the Maya Hieroglyphic Database (Looper and Macri 1991–2022) to study the spellings of three glyphic values based on T713 (Thompson 1962), namely, the logogram K′AB′ 'hand, arm' (n = 88), the logogram K′AL 'to close, wrap, adorn' (n = 484), and the syllabogram mi (n = 68), cataloged as MZ1, MR1, and MR2, respectively, by Looper et al. (2022). The main goal is to study the functions of certain graphemes typically placed atop T713 (T713's "holding site") when it has the value K′AL , and to determine to what extent such signs can be described as lexical determinatives. The article concludes that MZ1 K′AB′ constitutes the unmarked value of T713, while MZ1 K′AL requires contextual or graphemic disambiguation, the latter facilitated by means of phonetic complements (e.g., k′a or la) or lexical determinatives (e.g., T617/1M3). Syntagmatic contextual associations resulting from frequent proximity to other signs was a common factor in the establishment of certain signs as lexical determinatives. The question of MR2 mi , which can be analyzed as either a digraph or a case of a "phonetic determinative" (distinct from "phonetic complement") in the holding site of T713, is left open to future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that phonology influences the visual perception of a word's letters. However, the influence of prosody, including word stress, on grapheme perception in polysyllabic words is poorly investigated. The present study addresses this issue with a letter search task. Participants searched for vowel letters (Experiment 1) and consonant letters (Experiment 2) in stressed and unstressed syllables of bisyllabic words. Results reveal facilitated vowel letter detection in stressed syllables compared with unstressed syllables, indicating that prosodic information affects visual letter perception. Moreover, an analysis of the response time distribution revealed that the effect was present even for the fastest decisions but increased for slower response times. However, no systematic stress effect emerged for consonants. We discuss possible sources and dynamics of the observed pattern and the importance to accommodate feedback processes of prosody on letter perception in models of polysyllabic word reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phonics, as a teaching method, helps the learners to establish a connection between graphemes and phonemes. Moreover, it also improves their reading and pronunciation skills alongside spelling and vocabulary. In this context, the current study attempts to investigate the effectiveness of using technology-enhanced language learning (TELL) tools as a supplementary resource to teach systematic synthetic phonics to a government school's KG-Grade 1 learners. For this purpose, 60 Grade KG-1 primary-level learners were selected through one group pretest-posttest design. After conducting the pretest, learners were taught phonics skills, that is A-Z lettersound correspondence, blending, and segmenting of CVC words through digital tools for 27 weeks. Afterwards, a posttest was administered. The statistical analysis of pretest and posttest revealed a significant improvement in learning all three aspects of phonics instruction as the dependent paired sample t-test affirmed rather significant results, that is, p = 0.000 for all three categories. Furthermore, the analysis of gender, age, and interest variables exhibited the TELL intervention's positive impact on all the participants. Hence, TELL tools are proposed as supplementary materials for phonics instruction in government schools of Pakistan at the primary level to help the learners and teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a theoretical research on the interference of linguistic knowledge, more exactly, those on phonological awareness, in the practices of literacy teachers. The analysis is guided mainly by the theoretical-epistemological contributions of the field of literacy, that is: linguistic knowledge of grapheme and phoneme relations (Cagliari, 1993); Phonetics and phonology in the formation of the literacy teacher (Soares, 2020a, 2020b, 2020c); mediation and teacher intervention (Adams, 2006). The methodology consisted of a bibliographic review that sought to highlight, in addition to the main theorists of the field, master's and doctoral research, among others, that were dedicated to the theme. The results highlight the importance and positive interference of the linguistic knowledge (phonetics, phonology) of the literacy teacher in her teaching practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When discussing proper names, the traditional focus has predominantly centered on their meaning, while the composition of these names has received less attention. Initially, we can identify two perspectives. Firstly, the materiality of a proper name aligns with that of other linguistic forms, all of which can ascend to or descend from the onomastic function through the services of antonomasia. However, in specific contexts, the material aspect of a name can assume unusual significance. This includes considerations of objects: the arrangement of phonemes and sounds, their articulation, and auditory reception; the arrangement of graphemes and visual traits across diverse mediums (such as fabrics, bark, painting canvases, or urban scaffolding), encompassing various stylistic, typographic, and calligraphic executions, influencing both execution and visual perception. Moreover, phenomena encompass the reinterpretation of such data into new graphic, auditory, and linguistic forms, characterized by novel configurations, resemantizations, transformations, and substitutions. This occurs through techniques like interpretatio nominis, anagrammatics, rebussistics, cryptography, and pseudonyms. Centuries-old traditions initially reignited interest in the materiality of names, predating the contexts where this phenomenon gained new relevance. These include the 20th-century advent of branding (names as trademarks) and the significance of chirographic signatures in the digital age. The resurgence of inked materiality within names appears to signal a necessity, even legally, for establishing new connections between text and the body, resembling a sort of biosemiotics of the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In French, the transcription of proper names is sufficiently complex to contribute to the expressiveness of character names. This article ex-amines the axiological uses of the orthographic subtleties of onomastics in realist novels (1830-1950). It analyzes in particular the prestigious coloring of the s and y in the works of Balzac and Proust. Finally, he points out that these grapheme connotations can still be observed in contemporary novels, where they are nevertheless tinged with a touch of irony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Philologist / Filolog: Journal of Language, Literary & Cultural Studies is the property of University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Philology / Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Filoloski Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with a historical example of linguistic-cultural transfer. In 1794, a Czech commented sample collection of letters was published: Dokonalý Jednatel, aneb Zemský Advokát [roughly: “The Perfect Salesman, or the Country Lawyer”]. It is an early contribution to linguistic-stylistic education in the context of the Czech National Revival. This work went through several editions and apparently had some influence on the linguistic education of broader classes. The title page of Dokonalý Jednatel states that it was translated from German into Czech by Josef Tandler. It has not been known, however, which German work had served as a template for this translation up until the present. The German-language template is identified in the article. The linguistic and cultural-historical contexts for Jednatel and its German original are also outlined. In addition, the original work and its translation are contrasted, addressing the following aspects: terminology; syntactical complexity; stylistic change in the Enlightenment period; formal textual design; typography and graphematics; punctuation. It is demonstrated that Tandler retained many features of the original, yet made use of Czech means of expression in an independent and creative way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the inclusion of "Coptic-only" letters in the spelling of Egyptian personal names and toponyms in otherwise Greek documents. A diachronic analysis of eighty documentary texts (4th–8th c. CE), primarily on papyrus, shows an increase of evidence in the sixth century, in line with recent literature on the evolution of documentary Coptic. As opposed to earlier papyri, which were mainly everyday texts with highly problematic Greek and interference from Egyptian, many later documents were of higher legal value, penned by bilingual scribes who were proficient in Greek, who could incorporate Coptic characters into their Greek writing, proving that script-mixing could be unrelated to poor linguistic competence. The phenomenon seems to have arisen from an unconscious cognitive process of ad hoc phoneme-to-grapheme conversion, which offered different spelling variants, and was triggered by the Egyptian origin of names, the special phonemes that certain Coptic graphemes represented, and the lack of inflection amidst the Greek text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the research work on improving speech recognition systems for the morphologically complex Malayalam language using subword tokens for language modeling. The speech recognition system is built using a deep neural network–hidden Markov model (DNN-HMM)-based automatic speech recognition (ASR). We propose a novel method, syllable-byte pair encoding (S-BPE), that combines linguistically informed syllable tokenization with the data-driven tokenization method of byte pair encoding (BPE). The proposed method ensures words are always segmented at valid pronunciation boundaries. On a text corpus that has been divided into tokens using the proposed method, we construct statistical n-gram language models and assess the modeling effectiveness in terms of both information-theoretic and corpus linguistic metrics. A comparative study of the proposed method with other data-driven (BPE, Morfessor, and Unigram), linguistic (Syllable), and baseline (Word) tokenization algorithms is also presented. Pronunciation lexicons of subword tokenized units are built with pronunciation described as graphemes. We develop ASR systems employing the subword tokenized language models and pronunciation lexicons. The resulting ASR models are comprehensively evaluated to answer the research questions regarding the impact of subword tokenization algorithms on language modeling complexity and on ASR performance. Our study highlights the strong performance of the hybrid S-BPE tokens, achieving a notable 10.6% word error rate (WER), which represents a substantial 16.8% improvement over the baseline word-level ASR system. The ablation study has revealed that the performance of S-BPE segmentation, which initially underperformed compared to syllable tokens with lower amounts of textual data for language modeling, exhibited steady improvement with the increase in LM training data. The extensive ablation study indicates that there is a limited advantage in raising the n-gram order of the language model beyond n = 3 . Such an increase results in considerable model size growth without significant improvements in WER. The implementation of the algorithm and all associated experiments are available under an open license, allowing for reproduction, adaptation, and reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents a teaching prompt to instruct readers who seemingly guess at words with no or limited use of grapheme‐phonemic correspondences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most cognate research suggests facilitation effects in picture naming, but how these effects manifest in bilinguals after brain damage remains unclear. Additionally, whether this effect is captured in clinical measures is largely unknown. Using data from the Boston Naming Test, we examined the naming of cognates and noncognates, the extent of cognate facilitation produced, and the individual differences in bilingual language experience associated with naming outcomes in forty Spanish–English bilingual persons with aphasia (BPWA) relative to thirty-one Spanish–English healthy bilinguals (HB). Results suggest that naming performance in L1 and L2 in both groups is modulated by lexical frequency, bilingual language experience, and by language impairment in BPWA. Although the two groups showed similarities, they deviated in benefit drawn from the extent of phoneme/grapheme overlap in cognate items. HB showed an association between cognate facilitation and bilingual language experience, while cognate facilitation in BPWA was only associated with L2 language impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diacritical marks are strongly present and frequently used in many spellings of the world's languages. Their main functions are phonological and prosodic, and can eventually become identity and semiotic markers as well. This study examines the tilde of Spanish grapheme <ñ> in current commodified language use to convey the Pan-Hispanic ideology. The diachronic and diatopic development of Pan-Hispanism in Spanish-speaking communities is analyzed, examining from a semiotic perspective the presence of the tilde in four logomarks of relevant Pan-Hispanic institutions and events. Findings of interviews with the creators of the brand logo and an in-depth study of the sociocultural, political and economic aspects of the organizations represented, indicate that social practices related to Pan-Hispanism could be associated and emblematized by the tilde in visual branding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I propose to examine several poems by Elizabeth Bishop through the prism of the concept of letter delineated in "Lituraterre", where Lacan explores the connection between the literal and the littoral in order to draw a key distinction between signifiers which are the semblances involved in ordinary communication, and the letter as a precipitate resulting from their breakdown. Insofar as the letter causes "writing effects that are structured around moments of vacillation of semblances" (M-H Roche), such effects may be traced in poems where Bishop focuses on how meaning is set adrift by eliding, displacing or transforming graphemes and phonemes. Her observation that "the names of seashore towns run out to sea" points to the littoral/liminal space of the poetic signifier that straddles enjoyment and meaning. I analyze Bishop's painterly treatment of mist through the prism of Lacan's discussion of Japanese calligraphy where the unary brush stroke, which "is the means to clear original Chaos" (E. Laurent), operates as the equivalent of the median void, often represented by fog in Chinese painting, i.e., as an avatar of the littoral that separates knowledge from enjoyment. I conclude with a reading of a poem where the semiosis of mortality hinges on the (dis-)appearance of certain phonemes, inviting us to question the literal/literary destiny of letters when they turn into Joycean litter, and prompting us to revisit Lacan's familiar aphorism that "a letter always reaches its destination". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Middle Ages Arabic graphics had its own structure and writing system for writing common Turkic words. However, in modern studies, it can be noticed that some letters in the texts of medieval written monuments written in Arabic graphics were perceived and transcribed differently. Therefore, in order to make a transcription and translation of any written monument, it is necessary to first conduct a graph-spelling analysis. It is necessary to find a solution to the issues, in particular, which graphic signs to convey Turkic words, which spelling principles guided the authors when writing a particular written heritage. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to analyze the functions of graphic units, spelling principles, historical and spelling norms and phonetic features of the written monument of the Sarai Safe "Gulistan bit-turki", written in the era of the Golden Horde. Descriptive, linguotextological, historical-comparative and linguostatistical methods were used in the study of the processes of development of graphic, spelling and phonetic systems in the monument of the Sarai Safe "Gulistan bit-Turki". The following results are expected in the course of the study: the system of vowel and consonant transmission by means of Arabic graphics is analyzed; the polyfunctionality of some sounds and their influence on writing are determined; spelling principles are revealed; a comparative analysis of graphic, spelling and phonetic features of the monument "Gulistan bit-Turki" with other medieval written monuments is carried out, similarities and differences are revealed, as well as continuity with the modern Kazakh language. As a result of the study, the role of Arabic writing in the history of the Turkic languages of the Middle Ages was determined. The practical significance of the research work consists in clarifying and supplementing the features that have arisen in graphics, spelling and phonetics that are relevant to Turkology and Kazakh linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blending of waste tin tailings with graphene derived from waste rice husks in the production of high-specific capacitance supercapacitors was developed in this work. Alkaline treatment method was used to develop graphene from rice husks. The doping casting method was used to produce 0, 10, 20, and 30 wt% graphene with constant 20 wt% tin tailings. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractogram (XRD) were used to analyze the composite electrode material. The specific capacitance rises with an increase in the dopant graphene of up to 30% with a specific capacitance of 379.58 at a 5 mV/s scanning rate. The high specific capacitances obtained are within the standard for flexible supercapacitors. It was established that waste tin tailings and graphene derived from waste rice husks could be used in the production of low-cost supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article highlights the importance of transliteration in the field of machine translation, correct writing of personal and place names, and information retrieval. It provides an overview of various approaches, models and methods available in the field of transliteration. It shows the types of transliteration methods. The article also highlights the principles taken into account during the process of transliteration. It shows advantages and disadvantages of the proposed transliteration methods for different languages. It explains the accuracy of mentioned transliteration techniques through transliterated words. It is noted that proposed transliteration methods for one language may not be significant for others. Moreover, it may not be enough to apply only one method in the field of direct and backward transliteration of languages with different graphemes and phonemes. Therefore, different transliteration techniques have to be combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the relationship between lexical encoding and production in order to establish whether learners are able to produce a difficult contrast in words that they merged in their mental lexicon. Forty American English learners of Russian were tested on their production and lexical encoding of familiar and highly-frequent words with the plain/palatalized contrast in second language (L2) Russian. Results suggest that the relationship between phonolexical encoding and production is less straightforward than a simple mirror image and is strongly affected by the prosodic position of the target consonants. In word-final position, learners did not lexically encode the difference between plain and palatalized consonants but they strived to produce it, although not very successfully. In intervocalic position, learners' ability to encode and produce words with the plain/palatalized contrast was more accurate than in word-final position, which was attributed to the 'spelling trap' effect. Since Russian orthography employs vowel graphemes to mark the plain/palatalized status of preceding consonants, it appears that learners relied on these assumed vowel differences to articulate complex palatalization gestures. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that L2 learners can produce a contrast that they have not yet lexically encoded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to determine the role of visual speech cues in the process of foreign language learning by hearing school-age children. Our experiments used Cued Speech, a method designed for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. We expected that the principles of the method might also be beneficial for people with normal hearing because they may help distinguish the sounds of foreign speech that are difficult to hear. This study mainly focused on the effects of speech perception. We tested 126 Polish junior high school students (66 girls and 60 boys) with a normal range of phonemic hearing and language aptitude. We envisaged that foreign language learners using visual speech cues would achieve a higher score on a test of foreign language than learners who had studied the language in the traditional manner. We also formulated a hypothesis concerning the interaction of training type and training conditions on the effectiveness of foreign language learning: that the difference in the effects of foreign language learning between participants who received visual or executive training and typical training would be more significant in the presence of auditory distractors than in their absence. We observed interactions between conditions and types of training for speech sound identification. Under conditions of auditory distraction, foreign language learners using Cued Speech scored significantly higher than learners who had traditional training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lenguaje is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In pleremic writing systems, which also include contemporary Chinese, pronunciation and meaning are associated with a single grapheme. Every system however contains exceptions that disrupt its integrity. “Zero-meaning sinograms” are such an existing paradox within their own system. Although they are graphemes that represent a syllable, they do not constitute an independent meaningful unit. This paper aims to shed light on the problematic perception of zero-meaning sinograms. Based on corpus-driven analysis, this paper intends to illustrate distinctive features of zero-meaning sinograms in relation to their ability to derive new lexemes and consequently, to their compatibility with other sinograms. The second purpose of this study is to suggest a classification system that reflects the distribution of zero-meaning sinograms within standard contemporary lexicon, and thus provide a comprehensive view on this widely overlooked topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The German writing system reflects a lot of grammatical structures, such as morphological structures or syllables. Writing shows grammar. This is already true in printed texts, but even more so in handwritten texts, because the potential for variation is greater in those texts. Writers can more easily deviate from the usual shape of a character and use these deviations to mark grammatical patterns. This article presents a suggestion for a methodology for the systematic categorisation of such form deviations in handwritten German texts. Subsequently, it is shown with 〈e〉 and 〈h〉 that form deviations can indeed correlate with linguistic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the accuracy of English-speaking learners of Spanish in storing L2 sounds within cognates and noncognates, specifically in words containing 〈g〉 and 〈h〉, which have differing cross-linguistic phoneme-grapheme correspondences. In the first task, participants heard Spanish words with target-like pronunciations of 〈g〉 and 〈h〉 or inaccurate pronunciations with an English-like phonemic substitution for these graphemes, and they decided whether or not they were words. The second task had participants decide between the two pronunciations of each Spanish word and select the accurate pronunciation. The findings in both tasks showed that for L2 learners, 〈h〉 cognate words had less accurate phonological representations compared to all other conditions, possibly due to the greater consistency in phoneme-grapheme correspondence for 〈h〉 in English. These results show that cognate status and orthographic (in)congruity interact to influence the accuracy of L2 lexical encoding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since Kandinsky's claim for fundamental shape--color associations, several studies have revealed that those tendencies were not generalizable to the entire population and that different associations were more prevalent. Past studies, however, lacked a methodology that allowed participants to freely report their shape--color preferences. Here, we report data from 7,517 Danish individuals, using a free choice full color wheel for five different geometrical shapes.We find significant shape--hue associations for circle-red/yellow, triangle- green/yellow, square-blue, and pentagon/hexagon-magenta. The significant shape--hue associations are also more saturated than non-significant ones for the circle, triangle, and square. At the conceptual level, basic shapes, which show stronger associations, are linked to primary colors, and non-basic shapes to secondary colors. Shape-color associations seem indeed to follow the Berlin- Kay stages of entry into languages. This pattern had previously been described for graphemes and weekday--color associations. The methodology employed in our study can be repeated in diffrent cultural contexts in the future. We also provide another instance of color associations for ordinal concepts that follow the stages of entry into languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hangul is unique compared to other Asian languages because of its simple letter forms that combine to create syllabic shapes. There are 24 basic letters that can be combined to form 27 additional complex letters. This produces 51 graphemes. Hangul optical character recognition has been a research topic for some time; however, handwritten Hangul recognition continues to be challenging owing to the various writing styles, slants, and cursive-like nature of the handwriting. In this study, a dataset containing thousands of samples of 51 Hangul graphemes was gathered from 110 freshmen university students to create a robust dataset with high variance for training an artificial neural network. The collected dataset included 2200 samples for each consonant grapheme and 1100 samples for each vowel grapheme. The dataset was normalized to the MNIST digits dataset, trained in three neural networks, and the obtained results were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BRAC: Barcelona, Research, Art, Creation is the property of BRAC: Barcelona, Research, Art, Creation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Application of psycholinguistic insights initiated a long career researching how children learn to read words. A theory was proposed claiming that spellings of individual words are stored in memory when their graphemes become bonded to phonemes in their pronunciations along with meanings, and this enables readers to read stored words automatically "by sight". Our studies offered support for this theory. In addition, they clarified how children move into reading. Results showed that teaching beginners to decode words using grapheme-phoneme subunits facilitates word reading and spelling much better than teaching children to decode whole syllabic units or to read words by analogy. Findings showed that storing spellings of new words in memory improves vocabulary learning in many types of learners. This research underscores the importance of systematic phonics instruction to establish foundational knowledge – phonemic segmentation, grapheme-phoneme relations, and decoding skill – setting beginners on a path to becoming skilled readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapheme-color synesthesia is a consistent and automatic perception of non-physical color when presented with a grapheme. Many previous studies focused on the synesthetic visual system, but other cognitive functions in grapheme-color synesthetes have remained unclear. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the characteristics of cognitive processing for motor execution and inhibition during Go/No-go paradigms in grapheme-color synesthesia using event-related potentials (ERPs). Six grapheme-color synesthetes and 24 non-synesthetes performed visual, auditory, and somatosensory Go/No-go paradigms. Omission errors were higher in grapheme-color synesthetes than non-synesthetes. Group-trial interactions (i.e., synesthetes–non-synesthetes × Go–No-go) were observed for the latency of the visual N2 component and amplitude of the somatosensory N2 component. Latencies of auditory and somatosensory P3 components were shorter in grapheme-color synesthetes than non-synesthetes. These findings suggest that grapheme-color synesthetes have specific cognitive processing in motor execution and inhibition as well as synesthetic color perception. Our data advance understanding of cognitive processing in grapheme-color synesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to determine the success of reading Braille graphemes and understanding the read text in congenitally blind students. The research included 61 students: 30 congenitally blind students, 31 students who went blind later in life, aged 7-18, both genders who are in education and rehabilitation in the Centre for Blind and Visually Impaired Children and Youth Nedzarici in Sarajevo and in elementary schools in Tuzla Canton and Brcko District. The obtained results showed that there is no statistically significant difference in the ability to read Braille graphemes, and a statistically significant difference was shown in the understanding of the read text in Braille between congenitally blind students and students who went blind later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]