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1. PIGN encephalopathy: Characterizing the epileptology.

Author

Bayat, Allan, de Valles‐Ibáñez, Guillem, Pendziwiat, Manuela, Knaus, Alexej, Alt, Kerstin, Biamino, Elisa, Bley, Annette, Calvert, Sophie, Carney, Patrick, Caro‐Llopis, Alfonso, Ceulemans, Berten, Cousin, Janice, Davis, Suzanne, des Portes, Vincent, Edery, Patrick, England, Eleina, Ferreira, Carlos, Freeman, Jeremy, Gener, Blanca, and Gorce, Magali

Subjects
*EPILEPSY, *BRAIN diseases, *PARTIAL epilepsy, *MOVEMENT disorders, *PEOPLE with epilepsy, *AGE of onset
Abstract

Objective: Epilepsy is common in patients with PIGN diseases due to biallelic variants; however, limited epilepsy phenotyping data have been reported. We describe the epileptology of PIGN encephalopathy. Methods: We recruited patients with epilepsy due to biallelic PIGN variants and obtained clinical data regarding age at seizure onset/offset and semiology, development, medical history, examination, electroencephalogram, neuroimaging, and treatment. Seizure and epilepsy types were classified. Results: Twenty six patients (13 female) from 26 families were identified, with mean age 7 years (range = 1 month to 21 years; three deceased). Abnormal development at seizure onset was present in 25 of 26. Developmental outcome was most frequently profound (14/26) or severe (11/26). Patients presented with focal motor (12/26), unknown onset motor (5/26), focal impaired awareness (1/26), absence (2/26), myoclonic (2/26), myoclonic–atonic (1/26), and generalized tonic–clonic (2/26) seizures. Twenty of 26 were classified as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE): 55% (11/20) focal DEE, 30% (6/20) generalized DEE, and 15% (3/20) combined DEE. Six had intellectual disability and epilepsy (ID+E): two generalized and four focal epilepsy. Mean age at seizure onset was 13 months (birth to 10 years), with a lower mean onset in DEE (7 months) compared with ID+E (33 months). Patients with DEE had drug‐resistant epilepsy, compared to 4/6 ID+E patients, who were seizure‐free. Hyperkinetic movement disorder occurred in 13 of 26 patients. Twenty‐seven of 34 variants were novel. Variants were truncating (n = 7), intronic and predicted to affect splicing (n = 7), and missense or inframe indels (n = 20, of which 11 were predicted to affect splicing). Seven variants were recurrent, including p.Leu311Trp in 10 unrelated patients, nine with generalized seizures, accounting for nine of the 11 patients in this cohort with generalized seizures. Significance: PIGN encephalopathy is a complex autosomal recessive disorder associated with a wide spectrum of epilepsy phenotypes, typically with substantial profound to severe developmental impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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2. PIGN encephalopathy: Characterizing the epileptology

Author

Allan Bayat, Guillem de Valles‐Ibáñez, Manuela Pendziwiat, Alexej Knaus, Kerstin Alt, Elisa Biamino, Annette Bley, Sophie Calvert, Patrick Carney, Alfonso Caro‐Llopis, Berten Ceulemans, Janice Cousin, Suzanne Davis, Vincent des Portes, Patrick Edery, Eleina England, Carlos Ferreira, Jeremy Freeman, Blanca Gener, Magali Gorce, Delphine Heron, Michael S. Hildebrand, Aleksandra Jezela‐Stanek, Pierre‐Simon Jouk, Boris Keren, Katja Kloth, Gerhard Kluger, Marius Kuhn, Johannes R. Lemke, Hong Li, Francisco Martinez, Caroline Maxton, Heather C. Mefford, Giuseppe Merla, Hanna Mierzewska, Alison Muir, Sandra Monfort, Joost Nicolai, Jennifer Norman, Gina O'Grady, Barbara Oleksy, Carmen Orellana, Laura Elena Orec, Charlotte Peinhardt, Ewa Pronicka, Monica Rosello, Fernando Santos‐Simarro, Eva Maria Christina Schwaibold, Alexander P. A. Stegmann, Constance T. Stumpel, Elzbieta Szczepanik, Iwona Terczyńska, Julien Thevenon, Andreas Tzschach, Patrick Van Bogaert, Roberta Vittorini, Sonja Walsh, Sarah Weckhuysen, Barbara Weissman, Lynne Wolfe, Alexandre Reymond, Pasquelena De Nittis, Annapurna Poduri, Heather Olson, Pasquale Striano, Gaetan Lesca, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Rikke S. Møller, Lynette G. Sadleir, RS: MHeNs - R1 - Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Klinische Neurowetenschappen, MUMC+: MA Med Staf Spec Neurologie (9), and MUMC+: DA KG Lab Specialisten (9)

Subjects
Epilepsy/diagnostic imaging, Drug Resistant Epilepsy, PROTEINS, Electroencephalography, Intellectual Disability/diagnostic imaging, HYPOTONIA-SEIZURES SYNDROME, PHENOTYPE, congenital disorder of glycosylation, CONGENITAL-ANOMALIES, Phenotype, Neurology, Seizures, intellectual disability, Humans, epilepsy, Female, Human medicine, Neurology (clinical), developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, PRENATAL-DIAGNOSIS, Seizures/genetics, GPI-anchoring disorder, MUTATION
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Epilepsy is common in patients with PIGN diseases due to biallelic variants; however, limited epilepsy phenotyping data have been reported. We describe the epileptology of PIGN encephalopathy. METHODS: We recruited patients with epilepsy due to biallelic PIGN variants and obtained clinical data regarding age at seizure onset/offset and semiology, development, medical history, examination, electroencephalogram, neuroimaging, and treatment. Seizure and epilepsy types were classified. RESULTS: Twenty six patients (13 female) from 26 families were identified, with mean age 7 years (range = 1 month to 21 years; three deceased). Abnormal development at seizure onset was present in 25 of 26. Developmental outcome was most frequently profound (14/26) or severe (11/26). Patients presented with focal motor (12/26), unknown onset motor (5/26), focal impaired awareness (1/26), absence (2/26), myoclonic (2/26), myoclonic-atonic (1/26), and generalized tonic-clonic (2/26) seizures. Twenty of 26 were classified as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE): 55% (11/20) focal DEE, 30% (6/20) generalized DEE, and 15% (3/20) combined DEE. Six had intellectual disability and epilepsy (ID+E): two generalized and four focal epilepsy. Mean age at seizure onset was 13 months (birth to 10 years), with a lower mean onset in DEE (7 months) compared with ID+E (33 months). Patients with DEE had drug-resistant epilepsy, compared to 4/6 ID+E patients, who were seizure-free. Hyperkinetic movement disorder occurred in 13 of 26 patients. Twenty-seven of 34 variants were novel. Variants were truncating (n = 7), intronic and predicted to affect splicing (n = 7), and missense or inframe indels (n = 20, of which 11 were predicted to affect splicing). Seven variants were recurrent, including p.Leu311Trp in 10 unrelated patients, nine with generalized seizures, accounting for nine of the 11 patients in this cohort with generalized seizures. SIGNIFICANCE: PIGN encephalopathy is a complex autosomal recessive disorder associated with a wide spectrum of epilepsy phenotypes, typically with substantial profound to severe developmental impairment.

Published
2022

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