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The study focuses on the characterization of Aluminum (Al-6061) coated with RF-sputtered Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin film, aiming to understand the complex interactions between microstructure, wettability, cavitation resistance, and corrosion performance. The study involves the use of various analytical techniques such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The cavitation erosion testing has been conducted under various factors namely jet velocity (m/s), impingement angle (°), and stand-off distance (cm), respectively, and that too at various levels. Further, with the use of RSM, the study also contributes to the interplay in between factors and acquiring optimized results. Moreover, the findings of the study provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of the ZnO coating in enhancing corrosion resistance and reducing mass loss due to cavitation erosion. The study's results offer significant implications for the engineering and design of protective coatings for Aluminum surfaces, with the potential to enhance durability and performance in various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a novel insight into slurry erosion behavior of thin layer of carbon fiber–epoxy-based composite adhered on 16Cr5Ni steel (adhesive coating) to evaluate its viability as a feasible candidate for slurry erosion applications. Experiments were conducted on a laboratory-developed slurry erosion test rig under accelerated conditions to study the effect erosion parameters namely slurry concentration, impact angle, and impact velocity. Under all the experimental conditions, adhesive coating showed better slurry erosion resistance in comparison with bare 16Cr5Ni steel specimens. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that in the case of bare 16Cr5Ni steel; ploughing, micro-cutting, crater, plastic deformation, and lip formation were identified as main mechanism responsible for slurry erosion, whereas in the case of adhesive coating; pitting, cracking, fracturing, and shearing-off were found to be mainly responsible for material loss. It implies that adhesive coating showed a brittle mode of failure under slurry erosion conditions, whereas 16Cr5Ni steel exhibited a ductile mode of erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cavitation erosion (CE) poses a significant challenge in the operation and maintenance of hydropower turbines, leading to substantial economic and operational losses. This study addresses this issue by investigating the effectiveness of plasma-sprayed coatings in mitigating CE on SS316 steel. Si3N4+TiC + VC and Cr-Ni based coatings were applied using a plasma spraying process. The research encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the coatings' characteristics, including microhardness, surface roughness, porosity percentage, and coating thickness. Furthermore, CE tests were conducted under various conditions, considering factors such as impingement angle, stand-off distance, and jet velocity. The eroded surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to gain insights into the failure modes. The findings demonstrate that the Si3N4+TiC + VC and Cr-Ni based coatings significantly enhance the resistance of SS316 steel to CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve various issues, encountered in single phase power system, In this paper, Impedance Matching Transformer as a Balance Traction transformer is proposed. The main components of the proposed scheme are Impedance Matching Transformer with a three phase full bridge converter (FBC) as controller. The balance transformer is used to supply to the two single phase electrical railway traction load with 27.5 kV and low level three voltages converter. Hence, there is no need of additional auxiliary transformer to match the voltage of the converter. The method has low cost and less area requirement. The paper elaborates the operating principles of Impedance matching transformer and shows the current transforming relationship, the compensating principle, mathematical model. Simulation results on MATLAB are presented to authenticate the performance of the traction transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to advantages such as being economical, environment friendly and taking less time to reach destination, electrified railway traction system is used widely around the world as a significant means of mass and public transportation. With the development of electrified railway system, the power quality of traction grid becomes more serious. The electric power to railway trains is supplied through the transformer. Traction transformer is one of best solution to improve power quality related to electrical railway traction Power system. For this purpose, different traction transformer like Scott transformer, V-V transformer, YN/VD transformer, YD and Impedance matching transformer are studied, modeled and analyzed using MATLAB Simulink/Software. In this paper, a number of traction transformers are considered in the electrified railway traction power system. Due to the single phase & non-linear load behavior of electrical railways traction system, it has many issues of power quality like reactive power, Grid unbalance currents, harmonics etc. This problem can be solved by implementation a two single phase electrified railway traction system with a suitable traction transformer YD along with full bridge Converter. The full bridge converter (FBC) is used to transfer active power and suppressing the harmonics. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the traction transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To foster sustainable, low-emission development, renewable energy is the best solution for electricity supply, however solar and wind energy are more variable and uncertain than conventional sources. The demand of electricity can be compensated by involving these into power system planning and operations. Grid integration is the efficient ways to deliver variable renewable energy to the grid. Renewable energy is increasing in popularity worldwide. Since renewable energy is intermittent, the integration of renewable energy resources into the power grid infrastructure is a challenging task because the requirements for a power-electronic interface are not just the renewable energy source itself but also its effect on the operation of the power structure, particularly if an intermittent power source is used. This paper discusses the definition, challenges and possible solutions of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) based network incorporation into the energy system. The history of RES with its environmental implications and implementation is also being addressed with a study for primary use of RES and of non-RES in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) method based spray coatings namely Cr3C2-25NiCr and WC-10Co-4Cr have been deposited on AISI304 turbine steels. An attempt has been made to analyze the coatings under accelerated slurry erosion conditions by employing a laboratory-developed slurry erosion testing set-up. The testing has been performed under varied conditions of slurry concentration, impact velocity and impact angle using the Taguchi approach. The microstructure of coating powder, erodent particles and deposited coatings have been studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Erosion tests indicated that HVOF-spray Cr3C2-25NiCr and WC-10Co-4Cr coatings have been deposited on AISI304 steel exhibited significant improvements in the erosion resistance of AISI304 steel. The possible reason for such behaviour could be higher microhardness of HVOF-spray coatings in comparison with AISI304 bare steel. From SEM images of the samples taken prior and post slurry erosion tests, it has been observed that Cr3C2-25NiCr coating exhibited mixed (ductile and brittle) behaviour, though the WC-10Co-4Cr coating mostly demonstrated ductile behavior under conditions for erosion from the slurry. Apart from that, an attempt has been made to develop a functional equation based on the regression approach which could be employed to assess the erosion wear rate under a set of conditions. The predicted erosion wear results under varied conditions are in close relationship to experimental values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]