423 results on '"GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation"'
Search Results
2. Association of nicotine replacement therapy product sales with menthol cigarette sales restriction in Massachusetts.
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Asare, Samuel, Zheng Xue, Bandi, Priti, Lee Westmaas, Johann, Jemal, Ahmedin, and Nargis, Nigar
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,SMOKING cessation products ,SMOKING cessation ,TOBACCO ,RESEARCH funding ,NICOTINE replacement therapy ,FLAVORING essences ,HEALTH policy ,SALES personnel ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,BUSINESS ,LONGITUDINAL method ,ALCOHOLS (Chemical class) ,CONFIDENCE intervals - Published
- 2024
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3. Tobacco industry corporate social responsibility activities and other interference after ratification of a strong tobacco law in Ethiopia.
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Derso Mengesha, Sisay, Brolan, Claire, and Gartner, Coral E.
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MANUFACTURING industries -- Law & legislation ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,SOCIAL media ,WORLD Wide Web ,CONTRACTS ,SANITATION ,TOBACCO ,HEALTH policy ,SOCIAL responsibility ,ADVERTISING ,GOVERNMENT programs ,TOBACCO products ,CORPORATIONS ,COMMUNITY services ,HEALTH promotion ,PUBLIC health ,GOVERNMENT regulation ,COVID-19 - Published
- 2024
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4. What measures are needed to achieve a tobacco endgame target? A Singapore-based simulation study.
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Zitong Zeng, Cook, Alex R., and van der Eijk, Yvette
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SMOKING cessation -- Law & legislation ,SMOKING prevention ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,COMPUTER simulation ,SMOKING cessation products ,TOBACCO ,GOVERNMENT policy ,RESEARCH funding ,SMOKING ,FLAVORING essences ,PROBABILITY theory ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,LONGITUDINAL method ,SURVEYS ,TOBACCO products ,SENSITIVITY & specificity (Statistics) - Published
- 2024
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5. Worldwide news and comment.
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SMOKING prevention ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,TOBACCO ,WOMEN ,SMOKING ,SOCIAL responsibility ,CONFERENCES & conventions ,MARKETING ,SALES personnel ,WORLD health ,PUBLIC health ,REPORT writing ,CHARITIES ,CORPORATIONS ,TOBACCO products ,CONVENIENCE stores ,ADOLESCENCE - Published
- 2024
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6. Spatial Spillover Effects of State-Level Policies Banning Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.
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Chen, Tengjiao, Jiang, Lanxin, and Prakash, Shivaani
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,SMOKING cessation ,GOVERNMENT policy ,TOBACCO ,CONSUMER psychology ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,NICOTINE ,DRUG delivery systems ,HARM reduction ,TAXATION ,SURVEYS ,PUBLIC health ,TOBACCO products - Abstract
After the outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI) strongly linked to vitamin E acetate found in some tetrahydrocannabinol-containing vaping products in 2019, several states passed emergency bans on the sale of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) products. We use a fixed-effect panel regression model with an embedded difference-in-differences design to evaluate the unintended effects of state-level ENDS bans. Besides eliminating ENDS sales, our results indicate that a full ENDS ban is associated with a 94.5 percent increase in volume sales of ENDS refills in neighboring counties compared with the pre-ban average. We find similar but weaker spatial spillover impacts of flavor (non-tobacco) ENDS bans. As these flavor bans did not restrict tobacco-flavored ENDS sales, we observe an overall 55.4 percent decline in sales of ENDS refills but more-than-doubled sales of tobacco-flavored ENDS refills in the states subject to the flavor bans. Relative increases in cigarette sales can be observed when states implemented either full or flavor ENDS bans. This study improves our understanding of the unintended consequences of ENDS bans, as our results suggest significant spillover effects from cross-border purchasing behavior, switching across flavors of ENDS, and substitution between ENDS and cigarettes after states implemented such bans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. Expansion of Smoke-Free Laws in Public Places and Support for Smoke-Free in Malaysia: Findings from the 2020 ITC Malaysia Survey.
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Gan, Shiz Yee, Hairi, Farizah Mohd, Danaee, Mahmoud, Amer Nordin, Amer Siddiq, Quah, Anne C. K., Kaai, Susan C., Yan, Mi, and Fong, Geoffrey T
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PUBLIC spaces laws ,SMOKING laws ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,SMOKING cessation ,CROSS-sectional method ,MALAYSIANS ,HEALTH literacy ,TOBACCO ,GOVERNMENT policy ,RESEARCH funding ,SMOKING ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,PUBLIC opinion ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,AGE distribution ,PUBLIC spaces ,SURVEYS ,MARITAL status ,DATA analysis software ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,PUBLIC health ,PASSIVE smoking - Abstract
Smoke-free laws (SFL) are more effective with public support. This study investigated the smoking prevalence, public perceptions of smoking rules, and support for comprehensive SFL among 1047 people who smoke (PWS) and 206 people who do not smoke (PNS) aged ≥18 in the 2020 International Tobacco Control Malaysia Survey. Smoking prevalence was highest in nighttime entertainment venues (85.7%), non-air-conditioned eateries (49.7%), and indoor workplaces (34.6%). Respondents reported that smoking was banned in most indoor workplaces (81.7% PNS, 69.2% PWS), air-conditioned eateries (84.7% PNS, 75.7% PWS), and non-air-conditioned eateries (81.2% PNS, 78.7% PWS), but much less so in nighttime entertainment venues (30.1% PNS, 24.6% PWS). Support for comprehensive SFL in public venues was highest among PNS (≥84.9%) but still substantial among PWS (≥49.9%). PWS under 40, Malay, married, and aware of smoking rules supported SFL more. Robust SFL enforcement is essential in Malaysia to reduce secondhand smoke exposure in public places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. Taking shared parenting seriously: a comparative study of how family policies accommodate shared physical custody in post-separation households.
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Merla, Laura, Izaguirre, Lorena, and Murru, Sarah
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FAMILIES & psychology , *CUSTODY of children , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *RESEARCH funding , *PARENTING , *HUMAN rights , *DIVORCE , *CHILD rearing , *FAMILY structure , *CO-parents - Abstract
Shared physical custody (SPC) is a care arrangement following parental separation, whereby children alternatively reside with their mother and father. Very little is known about how family policies accommodate SPC, which is all the more unfortunate, as it represents a key opportunity to understand how family policies can efficiently facilitate shared parenting. To address this gap, this article presents a modest attempt at designing a new comparative family policy approach that considers SPC arrangements, by examining the extent to which Belgian, French and Italian family policies accommodate a more equal sharing of parenting post-divorce. In so doing, we encourage studies of defamilialization to take better account of the diversity of contemporary family forms. The theoretical section traces back key feminist debates around defamilialization and proposes to consider SPC arrangements as an 'atypical' family configuration that best illustrates contemporary tensions around defamilialization and gender equality. It also takes stock of the few studies of family policy and SPC to highlight key issues at stake. The analysis section starts with the main characteristics of the family law, welfare regime and family policies of the three countries. Then, we examine a selection of emblematic and national-level family policies from the following areas: (1) Family benefits; (2) Financial support to access to services; and (3) Tax measures. Our comparison focuses on three main criteria: scope; entitlement; and shareability of benefits between parents in the context of SPC. Our analysis reveals the variety of approaches to SPC in family polices across countries and policy areas, and the significant lack of support for a more equitable distribution of parenting within SPC. We conclude by highlighting the usefulness of taking SPC into account in reflecting on and evaluating the implementation of defamilialization policies, and by identifying some of the challenges to be met by future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Centering economic inclusion in policy for realizing disability rights in India.
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Ramanujam, Nandini and Caivano, Nicholas
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HUMAN rights , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *SOCIAL security , *LABOR productivity , *SOCIAL integration , *SUSTAINABLE development , *EMPLOYMENT of people with disabilities , *PEOPLE with disabilities , *POVERTY ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The impact of the coronavirus pandemic on persons with disabilities has laid bare the link between health and economic outcomes. This article reviews the legal and policy framework impacting economic outcomes for persons with disabilities in India against the backdrop of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on poverty, economic growth, and productive employment. It offers a policy framework for realizing the human rights of persons with disabilities by advancing their inclusion in India's economic development. People with disabilities have not benefited as much from India's economic development as non-disabled persons. The UN disability rights treaty may oblige India to ensure that people with disabilities are included in its economic development. Historically, India's laws and public policies addressing people with disabilities have not always supported them as intended. For India to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of global goals for UN member states, it will need to protect the human rights of people with disabilities by creating policies to address their intersectional needs. Policy creating economic participation opportunities, recourse from unfairness and discrimination, and effective safety nets may improve outcomes for people with disabilities in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Culturally Diverse Female-Identified Students Discuss Sexual Assault Policies: Dialectics of Safety/Danger.
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Malinen, KelleyA., Kennedy, Karen, MacLeod, Emily, VanTassel, Brooke, and O'Rourke, Kristin
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *SEX crimes , *SOCIAL workers , *MENTAL health , *VIOLENCE , *RESEARCH funding , *UNIVERSITIES & colleges , *CULTURAL competence , *THEMATIC analysis , *INTERSECTIONALITY , *EXPERIENCE , *STUDENTS , *RACE , *CULTURAL prejudices , *STUDENT attitudes , *PSYCHOLOGY of college students , *GROUNDED theory , *CULTURAL pluralism , *GENDER-based violence , *ABUSED women , *LAW , *LEGISLATION - Abstract
This article presents dialectical themes that emerged from the grounded theory analysis of 42 focus groups about university sexual assault policies held at four universities in Nova Scotia, Canada. Fourteen cultural communities were represented. Data from female-identified focus groups representing five cultures is deployed to exemplify dialectical themes. When it comes to university sexual assault policies and services, students navigate conflicting needs for disclosure and privacy, justice, and protection. These tensions are intersectionally shaped by gender and culture. Our analysis and recommendations can inform practitioners, including social workers, as they support survivors/victims, particularly of campus sexual violence, in navigating the complexities of decisions about seeking support and/or justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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11. Potential impacts of spatial restrictions on tobacco retail availability in China: a simulation study in Shanghai.
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Chunyu Zheng, Pearce, Jamie, and Zhiqiang Feng
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,EFFECT sizes (Statistics) ,TOBACCO ,GOVERNMENT policy ,KRUSKAL-Wallis Test ,EQUALITY ,LEGAL status of sales personnel ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,SIMULATION methods in education ,METROPOLITAN areas ,TOBACCO products - Published
- 2024
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12. A Review of US State and Federal Policies Related to Campus Sexual Misconduct Surveys.
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McMahon, Sarah, Thomas, Sara M., Cusano, Julia, Maxwell, Julia Anne, Brachmann, Allison, and Connor, Rachel
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FEDERAL government ,VIOLENCE prevention ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,STATE governments -- Law & legislation ,SCHOOL environment ,SEX crimes ,UNIVERSITIES & colleges ,HEALTH policy ,STUDENT cheating ,SURVEYS ,COLLEGE students ,LAW ,LEGISLATION - Abstract
The administration of campus climate surveys has proliferated across the United States at institutions of higher education to help respond to sexual misconduct. This study reviews existing state legislation related to campus climate surveys and compares it to the recent federal mandate outlined in the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2022. Just under one-third of all states in the US have state laws mandating the use of campus climate surveys to assess sexual misconduct, with wide variability in laws' scope, comprehensiveness and clarity and potential gaps in aligning with federal requirements. This has significant implications for what surveys IHE select regarding the type of research design, frequency, reporting, and cost. Keywords (3-10) campus climate, sexual misconduct, legislative mandates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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13. Crowding-out effect of tobacco consumption in Indonesia.
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Arya Swarnata, Fariza Zahra Kamilah, I. Dewa Gede Karma Wisana, Yurdhina Meilissa, and Gita Kusnadi
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,MIDDLE-income countries ,SMOKING cessation ,TOBACCO ,GOVERNMENT policy ,RESEARCH funding ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,FAMILIES ,FOOD ,ECONOMICS ,SURVEYS ,SIMULATION methods in education ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,TOBACCO products ,BUDGET ,LOW-income countries ,SOCIAL classes ,REGRESSION analysis - Published
- 2024
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14. Update on Campbell's Countering Violent Extremism programme.
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Neyroud, Peter, Aziz, Ajmal, and Kubicek, Brett
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COUNTERTERRORISM ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,EVALUATION of human services programs ,MENTAL illness ,VIOLENCE in the community ,FAMILIES ,CRIMINAL psychology ,CRIMINAL justice system ,PRACTICAL politics ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,STAKEHOLDER analysis ,COMMUNITY-based social services - Published
- 2024
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15. Systematic Review: Pengendalian Tembakau dan Penyakit Arteri Koroner.
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Santoso, Audia Fijratullah, Farida, Bunga, Ninda, Gina Fitri, Hibatullah, Faiz Nur, Sari, Nur Mufida Wulan, Saleem, Haitam Thaleb, Martini, Santi, and Mahmudiono, Trias
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,LABELS ,SMOKING cessation ,SMOKING cessation products ,GOVERNMENT policy ,TOBACCO ,HEALTH policy ,NON-communicable diseases ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,MEDLINE ,ADVERTISING ,TAXATION ,TOBACCO products ,CORONARY artery disease ,ONLINE information services ,HEALTH promotion ,DISEASE risk factors - Published
- 2024
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16. Health Care Headlines.
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HEALTH insurance reimbursement laws , *LABOR laws , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *SERIAL publications , *HEALTH services accessibility , *HOME care services , *PHYSICAL therapy , *EXECUTIVES , *INFORMATION resources , *EVALUATION of medical care , *DISCRIMINATION (Sociology) ,PATIENT Protection & Affordable Care Act - Abstract
The article presents news briefs on issues concerning the physical therapy profession as of July 2024. Topics include the decision of the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to require Medicare Advantage (MA) plans to analyze the impact of prior authorization, the decision of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to ban employee noncompete restrictions across nearly all employment types, and a study which compared MA home health patients and those with traditional Medicare.
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- 2024
17. Demographics, Tobacco Use, and Tobacco Control Measures of California Cities With Flavored Tobacco Sales Restrictions.
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Dove, Melanie S., Zheng, Shichen, Pakdaman, Sheila, and Chen-Sankey, Julia
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COMMERCIAL law , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *TOBACCO , *GOVERNMENT policy , *T-test (Statistics) , *RESEARCH funding , *FLAVORING essences , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *LEGAL status of sales personnel , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *SURVEYS , *ODDS ratio , *METROPOLITAN areas , *SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors , *TOBACCO products , *COMPARATIVE studies , *DATA analysis software , *CONFIDENCE intervals - Abstract
In 2020, California passed a flavored tobacco sales restriction (FTSR), but the tobacco companies filed a referendum, and the ban will not be implemented unless approved by voters in November 2022. This study examined the percentage of the California population covered by a city FTSR and identified groups more likely to be covered. Mean demographics as well as tobacco use and control measures were compared for California cities with (n = 93) and without (n = 389) a FTSR, and t tests were used to examine the differences. We calculated adjusted odds ratios using logistic regression models. City FTSR policies covered 20.7% of the California population. Adjusted predictors of having a FTSR included the American Lung Association tobacco control score (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.17, 1.38]), voting democratic (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: [1.02, 1.10]). and having a lower adult smoking prevalence (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: [0.72, 0.99]). A state-level policy would cover all populations in California. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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18. How does the e-cigarette industry respond to tax adjustments? Evidence from China.
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Rong Zheng, Lingyun Meng, Shidong Su, and Goodchild, Mark
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TAX laws , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *POLICY sciences , *TOBACCO , *ELECTRONIC cigarettes , *SMOKING , *COST analysis , *MARKETING , *SALES personnel , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *FINANCIAL stress , *FINANCIAL management , *PUBLIC administration , *STAKEHOLDER analysis , *TOBACCO products , *PUBLIC health , *COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
INTRODUCTION China enacted an excise tax on e-cigarettes in November 2022, which offers a distinctive opportunity to examine the industry's reactions to this fiscal adjustment. This study delves into the industry's pricing strategies following the introduction of the excise tax, facilitating a thorough assessment of the subsequent impact on market dynamics and the government's revenue streams. METHODS We developed a TaXSiM model specifically tailored for e-cigarettes in China by integrating the country's e-cigarette tax framework. Our approach involved leveraging market data obtained from a representative product, the RELX Phantom Series, to ensure the model's effectiveness and relevance. RESULTS The excise implementation of 2022 significantly heightened the tax burden on e-cigarettes, marking an increase of approximately 150 RMB per device and 19 RMB per cartridge. Despite these financial pressures, electronic cigarette firms exemplified by RELX, strategically endeavored to sustain competitiveness. Their approach involved initially implementing a 'Razor blade model' and eventually a 'comprehensive under-shifting' strategy, which mitigated the health impact of the tax hike, resulting in a relatively minor decline in sales while amplifying the impact on tax revenue. However, this strategic pricing maneuver came at a cost, as it led to a substantial decrease in profits, and therefore expedited a reshuffling of the industry by compelling smaller brands to leave the market rapidly. CONCLUSIONS To effectively curb the use of e-cigarettes through tax policies, it is advisable to relocate the imposition of excise taxes on electronic cigarettes to the retail stage. This shift aims to narrow the scope for industry-level pricing strategies. Furthermore, this approach should be coupled with the introduction of an additional specific tax, strategically crafted to accentuate the health-related benefits associated with the excise taxation on electronic cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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19. Impact of the European Union's menthol cigarette ban on smoking cessation outcomes: longitudinal findings from the 2020--2021 ITC Netherlands Surveys.
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Kyriakos, Christina N., Driezen, Pete, Fong, Geoffrey, Hall, Janet Chung, Hyland, Andrew, Willemsen, Cloé Geboers Anne C. K. Quah Marc C., and Filippidis, Filippos T.
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SMOKING cessation -- Law & legislation ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,SMOKING cessation ,TOBACCO ,MINTS (Plants) ,RESEARCH funding ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,STRUCTURAL equation modeling ,LONGITUDINAL method ,PRE-tests & post-tests ,ODDS ratio ,TOBACCO products ,HEALTH outcome assessment ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,COMPARATIVE studies - Published
- 2024
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20. Advancing progress on tobacco control in low- income and middle- income countries through economic analysis.
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Small, Roy, Nugent, Rachel, Webb, Douglas, Hutchinson, Brian, Spencer, Garrison, Ngongo, Carrie, Chestnov, Roman, and Tarlton, Dudley
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SMOKING prevention ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,MIDDLE-income countries ,GOVERNMENT policy ,TOBACCO ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,SMOKING ,HEALTH policy ,COST benefit analysis ,POPULATION geography ,TOBACCO products ,LOW-income countries - Published
- 2024
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21. Non- compliant packaging and illicit smokeless tobacco in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: findings of a pack analysis.
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Abdullah, Huque, Rumana, Siddiq, Kamran, Kanaan, Mona, Huque, Samina, Ullah, Safat, Garg, Suneela, Singh, Mongjam Meghachandra, Deshmukh, Chetana, Borle, Amod L., Iqbal, Romaina, Mazhar, Laraib, Parascandola, Mark, Mehrotra, Ravi, Croucher, Ray, and Khan, Zohaib
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,HEALTH services administration ,LABELS ,PRODUCT safety ,RESEARCH funding ,TOBACCO ,HEALTH ,INFORMATION resources ,SALES personnel ,PACKAGING ,MANUFACTURING industries ,REGULATORY approval ,SMOKELESS tobacco ,GOVERNMENT regulation - Published
- 2024
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22. Popular Votes on Tobacco Tax Increases, 2012–2022.
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Ferraiolo, Kathleen
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MANUFACTURING industries -- Law & legislation , *TAX laws , *SMOKING prevention , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *PRACTICAL politics , *MANUFACTURING industries , *STAKEHOLDER analysis , *VOTING , *INTERVIEWING , *PUBLIC health , *PUBLIC administration , *RESPONSIBILITY , *RESEARCH funding , *GOVERNMENT policy , *NEWSPAPERS , *CONSUMER activism , *INTERPROFESSIONAL relations , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *TOBACCO products , *THEMATIC analysis , *PUBLIC opinion , *TOBACCO , *ARCHIVES , *PAMPHLETS , *WORLD Wide Web , *TRUST - Abstract
Context: Researchers have examined the campaign strategies, messaging, and outcomes of popular votes on tobacco tax increases from 1998 to 2008, but no study has investigated measures that have appeared since 2008. Methods: The author uses state newspaper archives, voter pamphlets, academic reports, advocacy websites, and personal interviews to obtain information about the 11 tobacco tax increase ballot measures that appeared from 2012 to 2022. Findings: The three measures that succeeded during 2012–2022 featured sufficient financial resources, collaboration with influential stakeholders, and early public support. Two of the three successful measures offered significant concessions to the tobacco industry, and both were designed as legislatively referred statutes. Elsewhere, proponents sought unsuccessfully to enact citizen-led initiatives that would allocate revenue to progressive policy priorities. In contrast to previous eras, tobacco industry arguments often centered around antitax and antigovernment rhetoric, which was viewed as especially compelling in conservative states. The industry's success rate was higher than in the past, and it continued to outspend its opponents, sometimes by staggering margins. Conclusions: Campaign spending and early support remain critical to the success of tobacco tax ballot measures. Big Tobacco can extract significant concessions even in defeat, and direct democracy is an effective but imperfect ally to tobacco control advocates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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23. Battling Environmental Racism in Cancer Alley: A Legislative Approach.
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Garofalo, Megan Resener
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PREVENTION of racism , *SOCIAL change -- History , *CIVIL rights , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *RISK assessment , *ECOLOGY , *POPULATION geography , *COMMUNITIES , *COURTS , *RACE , *ENVIRONMENTAL justice , *POLITICAL participation - Abstract
This Paper argues that to protect at-risk communities — and all Americans — from the deadly effects of environmental racism, Congress must pass the Environmental Justice for All Act. The Act is intended to "restore, reaffirm, and reconcile environmental justice and civil rights." It does so by restoring an individual's right to sue in federal court for discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or national origin regardless of intent under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, strengthening the National Environmental Policy Act, and providing economic incentives focused on environmental justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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24. Ireland's approach to health and social care policy and practice for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
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Fennelly, Aoife, Tully, Michael, Henderson, Karen, Rojack, Éilis, Jones, Tracey, and Jackman, Catherine
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *HEALTH services accessibility , *POLICY sciences , *HEALTH systems agencies , *HEALTH services administration , *PATIENTS' rights , *MEDICAL quality control , *HEALTH policy , *SOCIAL services , *MEDICAL care , *DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities , *HEALTH equity , *PUBLIC health , *QUALITY assurance , *PEOPLE with disabilities - Abstract
Irish health and social care policy has undergone a significant evolution in recent years to address inequalities, improve standards and update models of care to incorporate a rights‐based approach. The following account describes the Irish health and social care system, as delivered in the Republic of Ireland, and details how it operates for those with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The paper is informed by government policy, legislation, reviews, national plans, parliamentary reports, and population data. Clear progress has been made in shifting from a service‐led to a rights‐based, service‐user led model of care; however, resourcing this fundamental transition in approach to service provision poses challenges for the Irish State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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25. How much to pay for a track and trace system: a simulation model for South Africa.
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van der Zee, Kirsten, van Walbeek, Corné, and Ross, Hana
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,TOBACCO ,GOVERNMENT policy ,RESEARCH funding ,HUMAN services programs ,CRIME ,SMOKING ,SIMULATION methods in education ,RADIO frequency identification systems ,INDUSTRIES ,BUSINESS ,TOBACCO products ,PUBLIC administration - Published
- 2024
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26. Authority in tobacco control in Pacific Small Island Developing States: a qualitative study of multisectoral tobacco governance in Fiji and Vanuatu.
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Patay, Dori, Schram, Ashley, Collin, Jeff, Sell, Susan, and Friel, Sharon
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,POLICY sciences ,TOBACCO ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,QUALITATIVE research ,HUMAN services programs ,RESEARCH funding ,INTERVIEWING ,DISCOURSE analysis ,RESEARCH ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,DEVELOPING countries ,AUTHORITY ,PSYCHOLOGICAL vulnerability - Published
- 2024
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27. The Effect of Mandatory Fitness Requirements on Cardiovascular Events: A State-by-State Analysis Using a National Database.
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Dzikowicz, Dillon J., Saoji, Sankalp Babarao, Tam, Wai Cheong, Brunner, Wendy M., and Carey, Mary G.
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CARDIOVASCULAR disease related mortality ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,CARDIOPULMONARY fitness ,MANDATORY medical testing ,NURSES ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors ,POPULATION geography ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,PHYSICAL fitness ,ONE-way analysis of variance ,JOB stress ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,HEALTH promotion ,INDUSTRIAL hygiene ,INDUSTRIAL safety - Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular events are known to be the leading cause of death among on-duty firefighters. Implementing fitness standards may help reduce the incidence of cardiovascular deaths; however, standards vary between firefighter type and states. We aimed to investigate the rate of cardiovascular events among firefighters across states. Methods: Using publicly available data from the United States Fire Administration, we explored the rates of cardiovascular deaths between firefighter type (e.g., career, volunteer, and wildland) and state. Specifically, we examined rates of cardiovascular deaths between California and Tennessee, which have fitness standards for all firefighters, and New York, which does not have fitness standards for volunteer firefighters. We used descriptive statistics and trend analysis to examine the data. Findings: Most cardiovascular events occur among volunteer firefighters (60.6%, n = 877). Volunteer firefighters had 7.5 (95% CI = [4.8, 11.7], p <.001) greater odds of cardiovascular events compared to wildland firefighters, who had the lowest incidence of cardiovascular events (1.7%, n = 24). New York reported the most cardiovascular events (n = 161), primarily among volunteer firefighters (73.9%, n = 119). After the passage of legislation mandating fitness standards in California, a downtrend in the number of volunteer firefighter fatalities is observed. However, a null effect was observed in Tennessee after the passage of similar fitness standards as in California. Conclusions/Applications to Practice: Volunteer firefighters are significantly more likely to die of a cardiovascular event than career and wildland firefighters, both of which have stricter fitness standards. However, the effect of legislation mandating stricter fitness standards among volunteers did not produce a clear benefit for preventing fatalities. Nurses need to promote cardiovascular health among volunteer firefighters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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28. E-cigarettes and harm reduction: a view from sub-Saharan Africa.
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Egbe, Catherine O., Khan, Arshima, Scheibe, Andrew, and Ayo-Yusuf, Olalekan A.
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,SMOKING cessation products ,RISK assessment ,SMOKING cessation ,TOBACCO ,SMOKING ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,HARM reduction ,PUBLIC health ,DRUGS of abuse ,DRUG abstinence - Published
- 2024
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29. Addressing tobacco industry influence in tobacco-growing countries.
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Lencucha, Raphael A., Vichit-Vadakan, Nuntavarn, Patanavanich, Roengrudee, and Ralston, Rob
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *INDUSTRIES , *PUBLIC administration , *BUSINESS , *SEEDS , *LEAVES , *GOVERNMENT policy , *TOBACCO products , *SMOKING , *POLICY sciences , *TOBACCO , *SOCIAL responsibility , *HEALTH promotion - Abstract
Protecting policy-making from tobacco industry influence is central to effective tobacco control governance. The inclusion of industry actors as stakeholders in policy processes remains a crucial avenue to corporate influence. This influence is reinforced by the idea that the tobacco industry is a legitimate partner to government in regulatory governance. Addressing the influence of the tobacco industry demands a focus on the government institutions that formalize relationships between industry and policy-makers. Industry involvement in government institutions is particularly relevant in tobacco-growing countries, where sectors of government actively support tobacco as an economic commodity. In this paper, we discuss how controlling tobacco industry influence requires unique consideration in tobaccogrowing countries. In these countries, there is a diverse array of companies that support tobacco production, including suppliers of seeds, equipment and chemicals, as well as transportation, leaf buying and processing, and manufacturing companies. The range of companies that operate in these contexts is particular and so is their engagement within political institutions. For governments wanting to support alternatives to tobacco growing (Article 17 of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control), we illustrate how implementing Article 5.3, aimed at protecting tobacco control policies from tobacco industry interference, is fundamental in these countries. Integrating Article 5.3 with Article 17 will (i) strengthen policy coherence, ensuring that alternative livelihood policies are not undermined by tobacco industry interference; (ii) foster cross-sector collaboration addressing both tobacco industry interference and livelihood development; and (iii) enhance accountability and transparency in tobacco control efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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30. Tobacco 21 Laws and Youth Tobacco Use: The Role of Policy Attributes.
- Author
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Friedman, Abigail S and Pesko, Michael F
- Subjects
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *ELECTRONIC cigarettes , *NICOTINE , *HEALTH behavior , *TOBACCO products , *SMOKING , *POLICY sciences , *ADOLESCENCE - Abstract
Objectives. To estimate Tobacco-21 policies' relationships to 18- to 20 year-old youth cigarette, cigar, and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use, and to test for effect modification by policy attributes. Methods. In fall 2022, we used Tobacco 21 Population Coverage Database data to calculate the percentage of state residents covered by state or local Tobacco 21 (T21) laws monthly through June 2020. Matching T21 coverage to Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, we used 2-way fixed effect analyses to assess the relationship between T21 laws and 18- to 20-year-old youth cigarette, cigar, and ENDS use, and tested for differences by policy attributes: possession, use, or purchase (PUP) penalties, retailer noncompliance penalties, and compliance check requirements. Results. Increased T21 exposure yielded significant reductions in cigarette and cigar use, as well as in ENDS use, when accounting for policy attributes. These effects were dampened in T21 laws with PUP penalties relative to those without. Conclusions. Tobacco-21 laws yield reductions in 18- to 20-year-old youth cigarette, cigar, and ENDS use, with dampened effects when policies include PUP penalties. Public Health Implications. State policymakers should consider implementing T21 laws without PUP penalties to reduce underage nicotine and tobacco use. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(1):90–97. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307447) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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31. State-of-the-Science Data and Methods Need to Guide Place-Based Efforts to Reduce Air Pollution Inequity.
- Author
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Gohlke, Julia M., Harris, Maria H., Roy, Ananya, Thompson, Tammy M., DePaola, Mindi, Alvarez, Ramón A., Anenberg, Susan C., Apte, Joshua S., Demetillo, Mary Angelique G., Dressel, Isabella M., Kerr, Gaige H., Marshall, Julian D., Nowlan, Aileen E., Patterson, Regan F., Pusede, Sally E., Southerland, Veronica A., and Vogel, Sarah A.
- Subjects
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AIR pollution prevention , *AIR pollution laws , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *AIR pollution , *ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring , *PUBLIC health infrastructure , *ENVIRONMENTAL health , *ECOSYSTEMS , *DATA analysis , *HEALTH equity , *ENVIRONMENTAL justice , *POLICY sciences , *ENVIRONMENTAL exposure , *CLIMATE change - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recently enacted environmental justice policies in the United States at the state and federal level emphasize addressing place-based inequities, including persistent disparities in air pollution exposure and associated health impacts. Advances in air quality measurement, models, and analytic methods have demonstrated the importance of finer-scale data and analysis in accurately quantifying the extent of inequity in intraurban pollution exposure, although the necessary degree of spatial resolution remains a complex and context-dependent question. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this commentary were to a) discuss ways to maximize and evaluate the effectiveness of efforts to reduce air pollution disparities, and b) argue that environmental regulators must employ improved methods to project, measure, and track the distributional impacts of new policies at finer geographic and temporal scales. DISCUSSION: The historic federal investments from the Inflation Reduction Act, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and the Biden Administration's commitment to Justice40 present an unprecedented opportunity to advance climate and energy policies that deliver real reductions in pollution-related health inequities. In our opinion, scientists, advocates, policymakers, and implementing agencies must work together to harness critical advances in air quality measurements, models, and analytic methods to ensure success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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32. Taking stock of individual power resources in European Union law: The blurry lines between adaptable and malleable social rights.
- Author
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Aranguiz, Ane
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HUMAN rights , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *SOCIAL services , *CITIZENSHIP , *SOCIAL skills , *CONCEPTUAL structures , *POLICE , *PRACTICAL politics - Abstract
The highly fragmented, layered and complex regulatory policy framework of the European Union hides a wealth of resources for social Europe. This article aims at exploring the social opportunities offered in this intricate legal framework on the basis of the resource-based understanding identified in the first contribution of this Special Issue by Corti, Ferrera and Keune. Accordingly, it pinpoints and discusses several guaranteed subjective powers to obtain certain social benefits or services in each of the pre-identified tripod of power resources: normative, instrumental and enforcement power resources. The analysis contradicts, to some extent, the negligible role attributed to EU law in terms of social rights. Overall, it finds that there exist abundant power resources at the EU level. Whereas these certainly add to the plethora of resources available to reach a certain standard of living, this abundancy is paired with a heightened complexity. Consequently, it is not always clear how the power resources interact among each other. Moreover, there is a disproportionate use of the tripod. Binding normative resources are used rather marginally in comparison to instrumental and enforcement resources, which is not necessarily a consequence of the lack of competence at the EU level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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33. Protecting minors from tobacco products: public interest litigation enables enforcement in China.
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Yuxian Cui, Sihui Peng, Lauren Czaplicki, and Tingzhong Yang
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LABELING laws ,SMOKING prevention ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,ADVERTISING laws ,GOVERNMENT policy ,TOBACCO ,SCHOOLS ,LEGAL status of sales personnel ,POPULATION geography ,TOBACCO products ,CHILDREN - Published
- 2024
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34. Critical analysis of tobacco taxation policies in Pakistan after two decades of FCTC: Policy gaps and lessons for low- and middle-income countries.
- Author
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Masud, Haleema, Sekalala, Sharifah, Gill, Paramjit, and Oyebode, Oyinlola
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- *
SMOKING prevention , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *TAXATION , *PACKAGING , *MIDDLE-income countries , *QUALITATIVE research , *LABELS , *GOVERNMENT policy , *LOW-income countries , *TOBACCO products , *TOBACCO , *SECONDARY analysis - Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco taxation remains a poorly used intervention to control tobacco use in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) including Pakistan even after two decades of FCTC adoption. This study identifies gaps and implementation challenges in the current Tobacco Taxation and Pricing Policies (TTPP) in Pakistan, and highlights key policy implications and lessons for LMICs to strengthen tobacco control measures. METHODS We used qualitative document analysis to examine the policy documents to assess the TTPP against the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) guidelines for the implementation of Article 6 of the FCTC. In addition, we used secondary data on tobacco tax and prices to assess the impact of TTPP on tobacco affordability in the country. RESULTS Although Pakistan taxes raw tobacco, cigarettes and other tobacco products (cigarillos, cigars, cheroots), the existing TTPP falls below the WHO FCTC requirements of: uniform tax level, simple tax structure and 70% share of excise tax in the price of a product's pack; among others. There are also multiple issues in tobacco tax administration such as lack of monitoring. This is leading to the availability of highly affordable tobacco products in the country. CONCLUSIONS Pakistan does not have a clear strategy on using tobacco taxation and prices as a public health tool in the country. Existing TTPP face dual issues of flawed structure and poor administration translating into highly affordable tobacco products and low revenues in the country. There is a need to introduce multisectoral tobacco control policies in countries like Pakistan in the context of the tobacco sector political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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35. Imperatives of health or happiness: Narrative constructions of long-term smoking after undergoing lung screening.
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Olson, Rebecca E, Wen, Ek, Xuan, Staines, Zoe, Goh, Felicia, and Marshall, Henry M
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *SMOKING cessation , *RESEARCH methodology , *EARLY detection of cancer , *LUNG tumors , *PUBLIC health , *INTERVIEWING , *SOCIAL stigma , *QUALITATIVE research , *RESEARCH funding , *HEALTH behavior , *SMOKING , *LITERATURE reviews , *THEMATIC analysis , *EMOTIONS , *TOBACCO - Abstract
Tobacco control policies reinforce a health imperative that positions citizens as duty-bound to manage their health by abstaining from or quitting smoking. Limited attention is paid to the repercussions – especially for lung screening – of anti-smoking rhetoric emphasising individual responsibility. Drawing on interviews with 27 long-term smokers involved in an international lung screening trial, this study analysed Australian smokers' narratives of smoking. By attending to stigma and the use of public health rhetoric within personal narratives, we show how narratives underscoring individual responsibility for quitting were layered with conflicting explanations of biological responsibility and normative expectations. Ironically, narratives of individual responsibility potentially undermine smoking cessation. In positioning smokers as responsible for their own healthy choices, such rhetoric also positions smokers as responsible for managing their emotional health, which some did through smoking. Thus, anti-smoking campaigns pit the neoliberal imperative of health against the happiness imperative. These findings have implications for the design and delivery of lung screening campaigns. They also support calls to move beyond health messaging emphasising individual choice, towards acknowledging the moral power of structures and public health campaigns to discipline citizens in unintended ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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36. Government Relations and Interventional Radiology.
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Englander, Meridith J.
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *INSTITUTIONAL cooperation , *COMMITTEES , *GOVERNMENT regulation , *PRACTICAL politics , *INTERVENTIONAL radiology , *HEALTH care reform , *DECISION making , *CONSUMER activism , *POLICY sciences , *FEDERAL government , *LOBBYING , *MEDICARE - Abstract
Health care policy in the United States is made by nonphysician lawmakers and government employees. Through advocacy and lobbying, physicians have an opportunity to be involved in the process. Interventional radiologists (IRs) are the experts on issues related to IR. Government relation offers IRs the opportunity to engage with members of Congress, officials in Federal and State agencies, and State legislators to inform and influence their decision making. The Society of Interventional Radiology PAC (SIRPAC) is the only PAC to represent the interests of interventional radiology. Increased contributions to SIRPAC are essential to be sure that the voice of IR is heard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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37. Scanned information exposure and support for tobacco regulations among US youth and young adult tobacco product users and non-users.
- Author
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Kim, Kwanho
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,MEDICINE information services ,SOCIAL support ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,CROSS-sectional method ,HEALTH information services ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,TOBACCO products ,SMOKING ,DATA analysis software ,TOBACCO ,SECONDARY analysis - Abstract
The influences of information exposure on youth and young adults' (YYA) support for smoking/vaping regulations have been understudied. This study examines (i) the relationships between routine exposure to (i.e. scanning) anti-smoking/pro-vaping information and YYA support for anti-smoking/vaping regulations and (ii) whether these relationships differ across YYA users and non-users of tobacco products. We analyzed the data from a nationally representative two-wave rolling cross-sectional survey of YYA in the United States, collected from 2014 to 2017 (baseline n = 10 642; follow-up n = 4001). Less than 5% of the participants ever scanned pro-smoking and anti-vaping information. Scanning anti-smoking information had significant positive relationships with support for all anti-smoking policies cross-sectionally, and this pattern was longitudinally significant in two anti-smoking policy contexts. Scanning pro-vaping information had significant negative associations with support for anti-vaping policies cross-sectionally, but not longitudinally. The lagged positive relationships between scanning anti-smoking information and support for anti-smoking regulations were stronger among YYA smokers than among YYA non-smokers, whereas evidence from adult data suggested the opposite pattern. The findings suggest that scanning information can affect YYA support for tobacco regulations. Future efforts are required to investigate mechanisms underlying the influences of scanned information on YYA support for tobacco regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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38. Assessment of Knowledge Gap on Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) among Tobacco Vendors in Puducherry: A Mixed-Method Study.
- Author
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Chellamuthu, Lalithambigai, J., Jenifer Florence Mary, and Subhaashini T. D.
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *RESEARCH methodology , *LEGAL status of sales personnel , *EXIT interviewing , *INTERVIEWING , *HEALTH literacy , *HUMAN services programs , *TEST validity , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *TOBACCO products , *STATISTICAL sampling , *DATA analysis software , *JUDGMENT sampling , *CONTENT analysis , *TOBACCO - Abstract
Background: Tobacco usage has been identified as a leading preventable cause of mortality and is responsible for six million fatalities per year globally. India had enacted COTPA in 2003. Tobacco vendors are one of the key stakeholders for Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) implementation. Objective: To assess the knowledge gap on COTPA and to explore the perceived factors influencing implementation of COTPA among tobacco vendors in Puducherry. Materials and Methods: A mixed-method study was conducted among tobacco vendors from Point of Sale (PoS) around 230 educational institutions (schools and degree colleges) in Puducherry for three months. Simple random sampling was applied to select educational institutions and the tobacco vendors from PoS located around these institutions were included. Data capture was done using a pretested, face-validated questionnaire incorporated in Epicollect software 5 and data analysis by SPSSv24. Purposive sampling was employed to conduct in-depth interviews among tobacco vendors till the point of saturation and manual content analysis performed. Written informed consents were sought. Institutional Ethical Committee approval was obtained. Results: Majority (95.7%) reported that they were aware of tobacco control legislation, but only one person had heard of COTPA. Awareness about the display of signage boards at PoS was observed in 75.7% vendors. Around 41.7% reported that they should not advertise any kind of tobacco products. Three major themes were identified: facilitators, barriers, and suggested measures for COTPA implementation. Conclusion: Tobacco vendors in Puducherry were aware of tobacco control legislations but not familiar with the COTPA and its provisions. It is necessary to put forth efforts to educate these important stakeholders to be more cognizant of COTPA and to effectively include them in anti-tobacco programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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39. A content review of state tobacco pre-emption laws in the US.
- Author
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Azagba, S., Ebling, T., Jensen, J.K., and Hall, M.
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STATE governments -- Law & legislation , *SMOKING prevention , *SMOKING laws , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *DATABASES , *HEALTH policy , *GOVERNMENT regulation , *PUBLIC health , *COMPARATIVE studies , *TOBACCO products , *TOBACCO , *MEDICAL coding - Abstract
State ceiling pre-emption laws effectively limit the authority of local governments to regulate numerous public health issues, including tobacco. While general trends in the number of state tobacco pre-emption laws have been well-documented, less is known about the specific content of these laws. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the content of current state tobacco pre-emption laws and captures the salient features of these laws. This was a comparative analysis of tobacco pre-emption laws in the United States. The study team collected data about tobacco pre-emption laws from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation System. Trained legal researchers further verified and reviewed each law's content using the Westlaw database. A coding scheme was developed to capture and analyse these laws' most salient features. State tobacco pre-emption laws use various terms to indicate the pre-emption of a local authority, including supersede, pre-empt, uniform, exclusive, and consistent. State laws cover numerous general topics and vary widely in explicit terminology of authorities and fields pre-empted. Several state laws included grandfathering exceptions and a few allowed exceptions for particular local jurisdictions. State laws that undermine local tobacco control efforts from implementing more stringent laws pose a threat to public health. These laws vary widely in their scope across the U.S., and local jurisdictions should be empowered to enact and maintain tobacco control measures that protect their communities from the harms of tobacco use and exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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40. The 50th Anniversary of the Implementation of PL 92-603: A Major Change in the Care of Patients with End Stage Kidney Disease.
- Author
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Ulrich, Beth, Oates, Betty Preston, Moore, Geraldine Biddle, and Counts, Caroline
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC health laws , *TREATMENT of chronic kidney failure , *MEDICARE laws , *NURSING laws , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *HEALTH policy , *CHRONIC kidney failure , *GOVERNMENT regulation , *MEDICAL care costs , *NEPHROLOGY , *SPECIAL days , *INFORMATION resources , *PATIENT care - Abstract
Fifty years ago, in July 1973, providing care to patients with end stage kidney disease changed dramatically with the implementation of legislation (PL 92-603) that deemed chronic renal disease to be a disability and provided coverage under Medicare for the treatment of the disease. In this article, we discuss the impact of the implementation of PL 92-603. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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41. New tobacco and nicotine products in Latin America and the Caribbean: assessing the market and regulatory environment.
- Author
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Crosbie, Eric, Severini, Gianella, Beem, Alexandra, Tran, Brian, and Sebrie, Ernesto Marcelo
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,NICOTINE ,ECOLOGY ,POLICY sciences ,TOBACCO products ,TOBACCO - Published
- 2023
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42. Support for pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packages in the United States among adults who currently smoke or quit smoking: Findings from the ITC US Smoking and Vaping Surveys.
- Author
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Gravely, Shannon, Meng, Gang, Hammond, David, Driezen, Pete, Thrasher, James F., Fong, Geoffrey T., Craig, Lorraine V., Chung-Hall, Janet, Quah, Anne C. K., Ouimet, Janine, Bansal-Travers, Maansi, and Cummings, K. Michael
- Subjects
- *
GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *SOCIAL support , *SMOKING cessation , *ELECTRONIC cigarettes , *LABELS , *SURVEYS , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *RESEARCH funding , *TOBACCO products , *SMOKING , *DATA analysis software , *HEALTH promotion , *TOBACCO - Abstract
INTRODUCTION In March 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) finalized new pictorial health warnings (PHWs), covering 50% of the front and back of the pack; however, legal challenges from cigarette manufacturers have prevented the new warnings from being implemented. About 70% of adults in the general US population support PHWs. This study assessed support for PHWs in 2016, 2018 and 2020 among US adults (aged ≥18 years) who currently smoke or formerly smoked cigarettes. We also assessed factors related to support. METHODS Respondents included adults who currently or formerly smoked cigarettes and participated in at least one wave of the US ITC Smoking and Vaping Surveys: Wave 1 (2016, n=2557); Wave 2 (2018, n=2685); and Wave 3 (2020, n=1112). We assessed changes in support for PHWs between 2016 and 2020, and assessed factors related to support (support vs oppose/don't know). Analyses were conducted on weighted data. RESULTS Overall, 38.0% of respondents supported PHWs in 2016, with a significant increase to 44.7% in 2018 (p<0.001), and leveling off to 45.0% in 2020 (2018 vs 2020, p=0.91). Support was highest among former smokers and lowest among daily smokers in all three survey years. Support for PHWs at all survey years was significantly higher among those who formerly smoked, were younger (aged 18-39 vs ≥40 years), those who identified as Black (vs White), and planned to quit smoking (vs not planning to quit). There were no differences by income level, education level, or sex. CONCLUSIONS Nearly half of US adults who smoke cigarettes or quit smoking supported PHWs in 2020, with support being higher among younger adults, ethnic minorities, and those who formerly smoked. Support increased between 2016 and 2018, but not between 2018 and 2020. Similar to other studies, fewer current and former smokers supported PHWs compared to the US adult general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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43. De volgende stap voor een Rookvrije Generatie: Een multidisciplinair onderzoek naar kansen voor uitbreiding rookvrije omgevingen in Nederland.
- Author
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Mölenberg, Famke J. M., Boderie, Nienke W., Breunis, Leonieke J., Bruijn, L. Michelle, Lutkenhaus, Roel, Radó, Márta K., Tsampi, Aikaterini, Westenberg, Lauren E. H., Toebes, Brigit, Bouman, Martine P. A., and Been, Jasper V.
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL exposure prevention ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,AUTOMOBILES ,PRACTICAL politics ,STAKEHOLDER analysis ,PUBLIC health ,INTERVIEWING ,GOVERNMENT policy ,CHILDREN'S health ,PASSIVE smoking ,TOBACCO ,HEALTH promotion ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Copyright of TSG: Tijdschrift Voor Gezondheidswetenschappen is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
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44. The Analysis of the Content of Tobacco Control Policymaking and Legislation in Iran and Providing Policy Solutions.
- Author
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Mouseli, Ali, Khodayari-Zarnaq, Rahim, Arabloo, Jalal, Ghasemyani, Shabnam, Mastaneh, Zahra, and Alizadeh, Gisoo
- Subjects
PACKAGING laws ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,HEALTH policy ,TAXATION ,SMOKING cessation ,GOVERNMENT regulation ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,ADVERTISING ,TOBACCO products ,POLICY sciences ,CONTENT analysis ,DATA analysis software ,PASSIVE smoking ,GOVERNMENT aid ,TOBACCO ,HEALTH promotion - Abstract
Background. Tobacco use is the fifth risk factor for non-communicable diseases in Iran. This study aimed to analyze the policies and measures of tobacco control in Iran in the last four decades (1983-2021). Methods. The present study is a retrospective policy analysis that used a case study plan based on the Walt and Gilson triangle policy analysis framework to examine the content of tobacco control policies in Iran. Data were collected using tobacco use policies and legal documents and analyzed using documentary analysis. MAXQDA 11 software was used to categorize and analyze the findings. Results. The policies include setting prices and taxes on tobacco to reduce demand; protecting the public from second-hand smoke; controlling the composition of tobacco products; setting regulations on the disclosure of information about tobacco packaging and labeling; educating the public about the dangers of tobacco use; advertising, promotion, and financial support of tobacco; setting measures to encourage smoking cessation and reduce the demand and dependence on tobacco; banning illegal tobacco product trading; banning youngsters from tobacco trading; financially supporting the practical alternatives such as economic activities and research; setting monitoring and evaluation systems; and enhancing the exchange of information. Conclusion. Strengthening the government's tobacco control capacity and formulating a clear and coherent national tobacco control strategy and roadmap, including a mechanism for practical cross-sectoral cooperation between different actors, can reduce conflicts of interest between the actors involved and determine the country's current and future tobacco control policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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45. Understanding successful policy innovation: The case of Portuguese drug policy.
- Author
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Moury, Catherine and Escada, Mafalda
- Subjects
- *
DRUG laws , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *HEALTH policy , *PRACTICAL politics , *INTERVIEWING , *HARM reduction , *CONCEPTUAL structures , *DECISION making , *POLICY sciences , *CAUSALITY (Physics) , *DIFFUSION of innovations - Abstract
Introduction: In 2000, the Portuguese minority socialist government decriminalized the possession and consumption of drugs. This law made Portugal unique in having a formal system that directs the person using drugs to a panel under the purview of the Ministry of Health, as opposed to the Ministry of Justice, and hence constitutes an 'original innovation'. In this article, we ask under which conditions such kinds of reforms are introduced and successfully implemented. Aims and design: After discussing the limitations of the existing literature, we present a new theoretical framework: the 'six‐stars' framework. We argue that successful policy innovation in democracies will only occur and persist when six institutional and individual 'stars' are aligned: attention, motivation to innovate, a new solution, political strategies, quality and legitimacy of the decision‐making process and guarantees for full implementation. We then apply this framework to the Portuguese Drug Policy Case through theory‐testing/process‐tracing. Relying upon a qualitative analysis of three different types of data—primary and secondary sources, official documents emitted by key actors and interviews—we identify the presence of the six aligned 'stars'. Conclusions: The proposed 'six‐stars' framework of successful drug policy innovation shows the importance of electoral mandates, communication, inclusion, transparency, deliberation and evaluation when designing innovative drug policies. It also illustrates the importance of ensuring the support of implementing agents and quickly creating visible, positive policy feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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46. Are Perceptions of Government Intervention Related to Support for Prevention? An Australian Survey Study.
- Author
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Grunseit, Anne Carolyn, Howse, Eloise, Williams, Julie, and Bauman, Adrian Ernest
- Subjects
GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,NON-communicable diseases ,HEALTH policy ,CROSS-sectional method ,EFFECT sizes (Statistics) ,REGRESSION analysis ,DIET ,RISK assessment ,SURVEYS ,CRONBACH'S alpha ,HEALTH attitudes ,HEALTH behavior ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,PUBLIC opinion ,TOBACCO - Abstract
Background: In Australia, despite the success of tobacco control policy interventions, policymakers remain resistant to policy-based approaches to diet, alcohol, physical inactivity and obesity, concerned about community perceptions of such interventions as "nanny-statist". We examined how people's general positions on government intervention related to their positions on different preventive policy options. Methods: Data were from a 2018 nationally representative cross-sectional telephone survey of 2601 Australian adults. Survey questions related to endorsement of different conceptualisations of government intervention (nanny state, paternalistic, shared responsibility and communitarian) and support for specific health interventions, using forced-choice questions about preferences for individual/treatment measures versus population/preventive health measures. We analysed associations between scores on different conceptualisations of government intervention and support of different policy options for tobacco and diet, and preferences for prevention over treatment. Results: The Nanny State Scale showed an inverse relationship with support for tobacco- and diet-related interventions, and alternative conceptualisations (paternalistic, shared responsibility and communitarian) showed a positive relationship. Effect sizes in all cases were small. Those aged 55+ demonstrated greater support for policy action on tobacco and diet, and greater preference for systemic rather than individual-level interventions. Conclusion: General disposition towards government intervention, although correlated with support for specific policy actions, is not deterministic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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47. News.
- Subjects
TOBACCO laws ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,DENTAL plaque ,ORAL hygiene ,HEALTH services accessibility ,ORAL health ,DENTAL care ,PERIODONTAL disease ,CHILDREN'S dental care ,HEALTH ,INFORMATION resources ,GINGIVAL hyperplasia ,ARRHYTHMIA ,DENTAL pathology ,DISEASE risk factors ,DISEASE complications - Abstract
The article presents the discussion on world news briefs. Topics include Periodontitis being associated with a long-standing inflammation and inflammation playing a key role in atrial fibrosis progression and atrial fibrillation pathogenesis; and publishing an ambitious new tobacco control plan for England with the measures needed to end smoking.
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- 2023
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48. Worldwide news and comment.
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,TAXATION ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,WAR ,PUBLIC health ,ADVERTISING ,INFORMATION resources ,GOVERNMENT policy ,TOBACCO products ,SMOKING ,HEALTH promotion ,TOBACCO ,DISPOSABLE medical devices - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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49. SEVEN DAYS IN MEDICINE.
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GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,NATIONAL health services ,POST-traumatic stress disorder ,TOBACCO ,FAMILY medicine ,HEALTH ,INFORMATION resources ,WAGES ,DRUG delivery systems ,FOOD relief ,ESCHERICHIA coli diseases ,AWARDS ,PUBLIC health ,INFLUENZA A virus ,POVERTY ,SEXUAL health ,COMMITTEES - Published
- 2024
50. The role of principled engagement in public health policymaking: the case of Zambia's prolonged efforts to develop a comprehensive tobacco control policy.
- Author
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Silumbwe, Adam, San Sebastian, Miguel, Zulu, Joseph Mumba, Michelo, Charles, and Johansson, Klara
- Subjects
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SMOKING prevention , *GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation , *HEALTH policy , *STRATEGIC planning , *STAKEHOLDER analysis , *LEADERSHIP , *PUBLIC health , *INTERVIEWING , *CONCEPTUAL structures , *QUALITATIVE research , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *INTERPROFESSIONAL relations , *GOVERNMENT agencies , *COMMUNICATION , *CASE studies , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *DECISION making , *RESEARCH funding , *POLICY sciences , *TOBACCO products , *THEMATIC analysis , *JUDGMENT sampling , *STATISTICAL sampling , *DATA analysis software , *TOBACCO , *EMPLOYEE participation in management - Abstract
The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) requires countries to develop and implement multi-sectoral tobacco control strategies, including policies and legislation. Zambia, potentially faced by a rising problem of tobacco smoking, signed the FCTC in 2008 but has been unable to enact a tobacco policy for over a decade. This study explores the role of 'principled engagement', a key element of the theoretical framework for collaborative governance, in Zambia's delayed success to develop a comprehensive tobacco control policy. This was a qualitative case study of key stakeholders in the collaborative process of trying to develop a tobacco policy in Zambia. Participan-ts were sampled from across various sectors, including government departments and civil society, comprising anti-tobacco activists and researchers. A total of 27 key informant interviews were undertaken. We supplemented the interview data with a document review of relevant policies and legislation. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Several factors hindered efforts to attain principled engagement, including the adverse legal and socioeconomic environment in which the collaborative regime evolves; poor planning of meetings and frequent changes in tobacco focal point persons; lack of active and meaningful participation; and communication challenges among the key stakeholders. These collaborative dynamics, coupled with the opposition to tobacco control efforts from within some government departments, revealed the inadequacy of the current collaborative governance regime to facilitate enactment of a comprehensive tobacco control policy in Zambia. Efforts to develop a comprehensive tobacco control policy in Zambia will require addressing challenges such as disagreements, communication, and leadership at engagement level across interested sectors. We further argue that principled engagement has a greater role to play in unlocking these efforts and should therefore be embraced by those entrusted to lead the process to develop tobacco policy in Zambia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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