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El derecho a proteger los animales en Colombia ha generado gran impacto en la sociedad, lo cual ha llevado a que desde el gobierno nacional se tomen las medidas necesarias para salvaguardar la vida de estos, velando por sus derechos, partiendo de que son seres sintientes que hacen parte activa en una sociedad y que cualquier tipo de acto que atente contra la integridad de estos será sancionado teniendo en cuenta lo establecido legalmente. Es por lo anterior que, se efectúa la búsqueda y análisis de la normatividad vigente a nivel nacional que brinda un amplio rango de posibilidades que se tienen al momento de defender cualquier especie; de igual manera se genera contacto con la alcaldía del municipio de Fómeque Cundinamarca, con el fin de conocer los programas planteados y ejecutados en cuanto a bienestar y protección animal. Tabla 1. Recursos Invertidos de las Actividades en los tres últimos años………………16 Tabla 2. Censo de Animales Domésticos en los tres últimos años………………………17 Tabla 3. Proyección Plan de Desarrollo Territorial Programa Sanidad Agropecuaria e Inocuidad Agroalimentaria………………………………………………………………22 Tabla 4. Ejecución Presupuestal Programa de Desarrollo Agropecuario de los últimos tres años………………………………………………………………………………………25 The right to protect animals in Colombia has generated a great impact on society, which has led the national government to take the necessary measures to safeguard their lives, ensuring their rights, based on the fact that they are sentient beings that they are an active part in a society and that any type of act that threatens their integrity will be sanctioned taking into account what is legally established. It is for the above that the search and analysis of the current regulations at the national level is carried out, which offers us a wide range of possibilities that are available at the time of defending any species; In the same way, contact is generated with the mayor's office of the municipality of Fómeque Cundinamarca, in order to know the programs proposed and executed in terms of animal welfare and protection. Especialización

El escenario de los movimientos migratorios entre Colombia y Venezuela tienen largo historial, sin embargo, Colombia cuenta con poca experiencia en inmigración, lo cual gesta un ordenamiento jurídico en la materia con elementos conflictivos y en algunas ocasiones de inconstitucionalidad. En este contexto, la frontera se constituye como el escenario primario y central de la migración, en donde se hace tangible la necesidad de protección y atención de derechos humanos. Los niños y niñas migrantes son una población sumamente vulnerable y de especial protección sobre sus derechos humanos. En este contexto, esta investigación se propone analizar los documentos de orden departamental y municipal que involucren a esta población desde ambas partes de la institucionalidad, es decir, desde entidades gubernamentales y Organizaciones No Gubernamentales que georeferencen su actuar en los departamentos que se encuentran en la frontera colombo-venezolana, a saber, Guajira, Cesar, Norte de Santander y Arauca, ello a partir de la revisión documental de planes y programas de dichas instituciones que propendan por la protección de derechos de la niñez migrante, y entrevistas semiestructuradas a representantes de estas entidades, esta información se analizará a partir del Análisis Crítico del Discurso, utilizando el software de análisis cualitativo MAXQDA. The scenario of migratory movements between Colombia and Venezuela has a long history, however, Colombia has little experience in immigration, which creates a legal system in the matter with conflicting elements and on some occasions of unconstitutionality. In this context, the border is constituted as the primary and central stage of migration, where the need for protection and attention to human rights becomes tangible. Migrant children are an extremely vulnerable population and their human rights are specially protected. In this context, this research aims to analyze the departmental and municipal documents that involve this population from both parts of the institutional framework, that is, from government entities and Non-Governmental Organizations that georeference their actions in the departments that are in the region. Colombian-Venezuelan border, namely, Guajira, Cesar, Norte de Santander and Arauca, based on the documentary review of plans and programs of said institutions that promote the protection of the rights of migrant children, and semi-structured interviews with representatives of these entities, this information will be analyzed from the Critical Discourse Analysis, using the MAXQDA qualitative analysis software. Sociólogo Pregrado

Family farming is an important economic sector and in order to ensure the development of this sector, the Brazilian government has developed supportive public policies. This segment has faced different barriers, such as the reduced adherence of the farmers to government programs, with failures in the communication process being a possible obstacle to overcome. In this regard, this article aims to investigate how has been the communication process between family farmers and government entities. It was decided to make an integrative literature review, searching the database of “Periódicos CAPES” for articles that deal with the theme, 24 articles were selected. As a result, three main means of communication were found: Information and Communication Technologies – ICT, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension – ATER and cooperation networks. It was noticed that the communication failures result from variables such as economic and technical difficulties in using ICT, the low number of human resources in ATER agencies and the heterogeneity of family farming, which is not always considered. Most of the articles analyzed have as research area the south and southeast regions, a fact that does not demonstrate the diversity of family farming, therefore, it is proposed that further research in the other regions of the country be carried out. La agricultura familiar ha sido un sector importante de la economía y para asegurar el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de este sector, el gobierno brasileño ha desarrollado políticas públicas de apoyo. El segmento ha enfrentado diferentes obstáculos, como la reducida adhesión de gran parte de los agricultores a los programas gubernamentales, y las fallas en el proceso de comunicación son un posible obstáculo a superar. En este sentido, este artículo tiene como objetivo indagar cómo ha sido el proceso de comunicación entre los agricultores familiares y las entidades gubernamentales. Para ello, se decidió realizar una revisión integradora de la literatura, buscando en la base de datos de “Periódicos CAPES” artículos relacionados con el tema, se seleccionaron 24 artículos. Como resultado, se encontraron tres principales vías de comunicación: Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones – TIC, Asistencia Técnica y Extensión Rural - ATER y redes de cooperación. También se advirtió que tales fallas de comunicación son el resultado de variables como las dificultades económicas y técnicas en el uso de las TIC, la escasez de recursos humanos en las agencias ATER y la heterogeneidad de la agricultura familiar, que no siempre se considera. La mayoría de los artículos analizados tienen como área de investigación las regiones sur y sureste, hecho que no demuestra la diversidad de la agricultura familiar, por lo que se propone realizar más investigaciones en las regiones norte y noroeste del país. A agricultura familiar é um importante setor da economia e no intuito de garantir seu desenvolvimento o governo brasileiro tem desenvolvido políticas públicas de apoio. O segmento tem enfrentado diferentes entraves, como a reduzida adesão dos agricultores aos programas governamentais, sendo as falhas no processo de comunicação um possível entrave a ser superado. Nesse sentido, este artigo se propõe a investigar como tem sido o processo de comunicação entre agricultores familiares e entes governamentais. Optou-se por realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura, buscando na base de dados do “Periódicos CAPES” artigos que tratam da temática. 24 artigos foram selecionados. Encontrou-se como resultado três principais meios de comunicação: as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação – TIC, a Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural – ATER e as redes de cooperação. Percebeu-se que tais falhas de comunicação decorrem de variáveis como dificuldades econômicas e técnicas para utilização das TIC, poucos recursos humanos nas agências de ATER e a heterogeneidade da agricultura familiar, que nem sempre é considerada. A maioria dos artigos analisados tem como área de pesquisa as regiões sul e sudeste, fato que não demonstra a diversidade da agricultura familiar, portanto, propõe-se que novas pesquisas nas demais regiões do país sejam realizadas.

As a result of the implementation of bidding documents in public procurement, it is intended to establish, from a legal point of view, what is the legal nature of the bidding documents, as well as their strengths, weakness and create proposals for the solutions of the latter. With this purpose, the following research question is proposed: what have been the strengths and weaknesses of the bidding documents in the public bidding selection process from framework of the works contract?For this reason, it is considered that, despite the deficiencies of this administrative act, due to corruption in public procurement, bidding documents are an essential element. For the purpose of the foregoing, the preparation of bidding documents should not be headed by and at the discretion of the contracting entity; on the contrary, there should be an institution in charge of preparing them, together with the inspection and surveillance by a control entity, who ensures transparency, the correct application of the rules and principles governing public procurement, in order to eradicate the political, personal and clientelistic interests that monopolize the contracting and that the interests of the state prevail. The content of the article is the result of a qualitative research methodology, since it was carried out with the purpose of interpreting, identifying and developing the research problem; in addition, it is of a dogmatic nature, taking into account that we studied the legal system of the bidding documents, in order to transmit, use, improve and complement the knowledge. Como consecuencia de la implementación de los pliegos de condiciones en la contratación estatal, se pretende establecer, desde un punto de vista legal, cuál es la naturaleza jurídica de los pliegos, así como sus fortalezas, deficiencias, y crear propuestas de solución frente a estas últimas. Con este propósito, se propone la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿cuáles han sido las fortalezas y deficiencias del pliego de condiciones en el proceso de selección de licitación pública desde el marco del contrato de obra? Por esta razón, se considera que, pese a las deficiencias de este acto administrativo, debido a la corrupción en la contratación estatal, el pliego de condiciones es un elemento esencial. A efectos de lo anterior, la elaboración de los pliegos de condiciones no debe estar en cabeza y a discrecionalidad de la entidad contratante; por el contrario, debería existir una institución encargada de realizarlos, aunada a la inspección y vigilancia por parte de un ente de control, que garantice la transparencia, la debida aplicación de las normas y principios que rigen la contratación pública, con el fin de erradicar los intereses políticos, personales, clientelistas, que monopolizan la contratación y que prevalezcan los intereses del Estado. El contenido del artículo es producto de una metodología de investigación cualitativa, en razón a que fue adelantado con el fin de interpretar, identificar y desarrollar el problema de investigación; además, es de carácter dogmático, teniendo en cuenta que estudiamos el ordenamiento jurídico del pliego de condiciones, para transmitir, utilizar, mejorar y complementar el conocimiento. Como consequência da implementação dos cadernos de encargos na contratação estatal, pretende-se estabelecer, do ponto de vista legal, qual a natureza jurídica dos cadernos bem como suas fortalezas e deficiências, e criar propostas de solução ante estas últimas. Com esse objetivo, é proposta a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: quais tem sido as fortalezas e as deficiências do caderno de encargos no processo de seleção de licitação pública a partir do contexto do contrato de obra? Por essa razão, é considerado que, apesar das deficiências desse ato administrativo, devido à corrupção na contratação estatal, o caderno de encargos é um elemento essencial. Como efeito disso, a elaboração dos cadernos de encargos não deve ser liderada pela entidade contratante e à sua discricionariedade; ao contrário, deveria existir uma instituição encarregada de realizá-los, unida à inspeção e à vigilância por parte de um ente de controle, que garanta a transparência, a devida aplicação das normas e dos princípios que regem a contratação pública, a fim de erradicar os interesses políticos, pessoais, clientelistas, que monopolizam a contratação e que prevaleçam os interesses do Estado. O conteúdo do artigo é produto de uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa, portanto foi realizado com o objetivo de interpretar, identificar e desenvolver o problema de pesquisa; além disso, é de caráter dogmático, considerando que estudamos o ordenamento jurídico do caderno de encargos para transmitir, utilizar, melhorar e complementar o conhecimento.

En el 2018, las Entidades de Gobierno, se vieron obligadas a realizar un proceso de transición al nuevo marco normativo de regulación contable, sujeto a la resolución 533 de 2015 y sus anexos, por lo cual, debían realizar nuevos procedimientos de reconocimiento, medición inicial, medición posterior y revelaciones, lo cual implicada desarrollar una serie de nuevos cálculos que demandaba el Instructivo 002 de Transición del 08 de octubre de 2015, el cual, daba instrucciones claras sobre el proceso transición y como utilizar la cuenta 3145 Impactos por Transición para obtener los saldos iniciales, lo cual, debía estar acompañado de un trabajo mancomunado y exhaustivo de depuración y saneamiento contable que debía desarrollar cada entidad, así mismo, se realizó un análisis sobre los resultados de este proceso, mediante las cifras presentadas por la Contaduría General de la Nación, en el informe de Estado de Situación Financiera del 2018, develando la urgencia manifiesta para el estado colombiano de implementar un Sistema Integrado de Información Nacional, para todas las entidades que administren recursos públicos, que deben convertirse en calidad de vida para la población colombiana, pero no, sin antes elaborar una serie de estrategias y metodologías de carácter ético, que le permitan entender al colombiano la importancia del cuidado del patrimonio público que posee el país. Introducción 1 Pregunta problema 2 Objetivo general 2 Objetivos específicos 2 Marco teórico 3 Conclusiones 22 Bibliografía 24 Anexos 26 In 2018, the Government Entities were forced to carry out a process of transition to the new regulatory framework, subject to resolution 533 and its annexes, therefore, they had to carry out new procedures for recognition, initial, subsequent measurement and disclosures in accounting matter, which involved developing a series of new calculations required by Transition Instructions 002 of October 08, 2015, which gave clear instructions on the transition process and how to use account 3145 Transition Impacts to obtain the initial balances Under a new framework, which should be accompanied by a joint and exhaustive work of accounting cleaning and cleaning that each entity should carry out, likewise, an analysis of the results of this process was carried out, using the figures presented by the General Accounting Office of the Nation, in the 2018 Statement of Financial Position report, where the results of this process, revealing the manifest urgency of the Colombian state to implement an Integrated National Information System for all entities that administer public resources, which must become a quality of life for the Colombian population, but not without first preparing a series of strategies and Ethical methodologies that allow the Colombian to understand the importance of caring for the country's public heritage. Especialización

The purpose of this study is to determine the determinants of knowledge management strategies towards organizational performance in Abu Dhabi government entities. After proposing a testable conceptual framework, this study initiated to propose the research framework by an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), where the items of the further research can have some light to move forward. The sample size was 331 for this study and simple random sampling was employed. For this research, the findings show that, Knowledge Management Structure, Knowledge Management Practice, Knowledge and Management Strategy are the important aspects of Organizational Performance in Abu Dhabi government entities. This research has contributed to the existing knowledge by proposing an empirically validated research model which could be an important execution tool for the success of government entities performance.

El objetivo del proyecto fue establecer sí existe relación entre los estilos de liderazgo y la implementación del Sistema de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, en un grupo de empresas del sector público en Colombia. Para el desarrollo del estudio se analizaron datos reportados por la Federación de Aseguradores Colombianos y la Dirección de Riesgos Laborales del Ministerio de Trabajo, y se determinaron los indicadores de la siniestralidad laboral del sector económico administración pública. Posteriormente, se aplicó el Cuestionario de Liderazgo Multifactor a los encargados de seguridad y salud en el trabajo en las empresas estudiadas y a sus colaboradores; se aplicó el cuestionario establecido en la Resolución 1111 de 2017, que valida el cumplimiento de los estándares mínimos del Sistema de Gestión de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo y se corroboró la información con una entrevista estructurada. Este estudio se realizó en 4 empresas pertenecientes a la administración pública, consideradas de gran importancia para el desarrollo económico, político y social del país. Se concluyó que los estilos de liderazgo transformacional y transaccional se relacionan positivamente con la administración óptima de un Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, mientras que el estilo correctivo/evitador o laissez faire no se encuentra relacionado. Sin embargo, desde la perspectiva del líder, tiene una mayor correlación el estilo de liderazgo transaccional, mientras que el seguidor considera que el liderazgo transformacional tiene una influencia más alta en la implementación del sistema. The main objective of this Project was to establish if a relation between leadership styles and Occupational Health and Safety Management System implementation, in a group of companies of public sector in Colombia. For this purpose, leadership styles, occupational accidents characteristics, and Occupational Health and Safety Management System implementation level were described and identified (period 2014 – 2017). For the development of this study data reported by Federation of Colombian Insurers and Direction of Labor Risk of the Ministry of Labor was collected and analyzed, and indicators of occupational accidents in the economic sector of government management were determinated. After this, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), and the established questionnaire in Resolution 1111 of 2017, which validates compliance of minimum standards of Occupational Health and Safety Management System for Colombian companies, were applied to responsibles for occupational safety and health in the studied companies and their support staff. This information was corroborated with a semi-structured interview for each one of the responsible. This study was focused in four companies of government industry, considered important in economic, politic, and social country development. As a result, it was concluded that transformational and transactional leadership styles are positively related with optimal management in an occupational health and safety management system, while corrective / avoiding or laissez faire styles are not related with optimal implementation of this system. However, from leader´s perspective, transactional leadership has higher correlation style, while followers consider that transformational leadership has a higher influence in the implementation of the system.

En Colombia, la Contaduría General de la Nación CGN emprendió el proyecto de la convergencia hacia las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público NICSP en las Entidades de Gobierno a partir del año 2018, como parte de una estrategia de fortalecimiento de la competitividad, de la gobernanza, del desarrollo empresarial y el crecimiento económico, con la aplicación de estos estándares internacionales que ya se están efectuando en todo el mundo. Por lo tanto, estas organizaciones públicas están en la obligación de cumplir con el nuevo Marco Normativo y deben estructurar un proyecto por medio del cual se planee el proceso que les permita cumplir con la meta. A la vez es necesario identificar los impactos operativos a nivel de todas las áreas para evitar dificultades durante la implementación y de esta manera buscar alternativas de mitigación de riesgos y asignación de los recursos necesarios para llevar a cabo las actividades y tomar las decisiones fundamentales en esta transición. In Colombia, the General Accounting Office of the Nation undertook the project of convergence towards International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in Government Entities from 2018 as part of a strategy to strengthen competitiveness, governance, business development and economic growth, with the application of these international standards that are already taking place around the world. Therefore, these public organizations are obliged to comply with the new regulations and must structure a project through which they can plan the process that allows them to meet the goal. At the same time, it is necessary to identify the operational impacts in all areas to avoid difficulties during implementation and in this way to seek alternatives for risk mitigation and allocation of the necessary resources to carry out the activities and make the fundamental decisions in this transition.

The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is an international standard to promote open and accountable management of natural resources. By encouraging governments, extractive companies, civil society and the public to engage in discourse around transparency of the extractive sector, it aims to facilitate the management of a country’s natural resource wealth to benefit all its citizens. The objective of this report is to present, in a structured form, data categories and their reporting formats, that can be used to standardize information generated under each EITI Requirement. The review conducted for this study included a sample of recent EITI Country Reports, as well as other initiatives and industry standards. ‘Good’ refers to reporting standards that meet the minimum data to be provided under each EITI Requirement. ‘Better’ typically refers to reporting standards that are enhancements of data covered under the good category. ‘Best’ refers to standard formats for reporting data that represent the highest international benchmarks and are considered to provide comprehensive information, beyond the minimum data requirements. The research team recommends a step by step approach to this, starting with a specific set of Requirements, across a number of countries. This would allow the EITI International Secretariat to develop a set of comparable statistics for various reporting entities, as well as start constructing guidelines for EITI implementers.

In face of growing concern related to climate change, green technology entrepreneurs are critically needed to develop the businesses and ideas behind climate mitigation in developing countries - but they frequently collide with challenges endemic to such environments. The purpose of this study is to shed light on the role that connections can play in helping green technology entrepreneurs innovate and scale up in developing countries, so as to inform the design of new public sector programs. Green technology entrepreneurs in developing countries need connection platforms for people, ideas, business models, transactions, as well as membership of expert communities. This study shows how cheaper, quicker, and more efficient connections can be created among stakeholders of green technology innovation in developing countries. This is done through drawing insights from a variety of public and private programs that seek to promote connections between entrepreneurs in green technology and other sectors. The report is based on 14 case studies of different programs spanning more than 80 countries. The general findings are presented in part one and insights from the individual case studies can be found in part two.

Somalis face a daunting development challenge to overcome the legacy of two decades of sustained conflict and fragility, but substantial progress is now being made. Since 1991 and the collapse of the Siad Barre regime, Somalia has experienced cycles of conflict and fragility that fragmented the country, undermined legitimate institutions, and created widespread vulnerability. The new government that emerged following the Transitional Federal Government and the Roadmap to End the Transition in 2012 inherited a dysfunctional economy facing high levels of poverty and inequality, a youth bulge, high unemployment, and large infrastructure gaps. Against a backdrop of political progress marked by the emergence of new Federal Member States (FMSs) within the new constitutional framework and continued insecurity, the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) has embarked on a process of structural, legislative, and institutional reform. The economy is starting to respond: Somalis are returning from abroad to invest, shops are opening, and the property market is booming. This is the first economic update for Somalia since the 2005 World Bank country economic memorandum for Somalia. The long conflict made monitoring of economic and social data nearly impossible since the late 1980s. With the relative stability of the past few years, new data have become available. The update is divided into two parts. Part one presents information on the social, economic, and governance status of Somalia. Part two focuses on intergovernmental fiscal relations.

This Technical Note evaluates state bank corporate governance practices in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The analysis was completed during October 27-November 18, 2014. This TN is not a formal assessment against the Basel Committee’s Principles for Enhancing Governance; rather, it assesses key issues and provides a set of recommendations to the authorities with the view to strengthen state bank governance and the State’s ownership structures in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The governments of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Republic of Srpska (RS) are involved in their domestic banking systems through equity stakes and subordinated debt investments in certain banking institutions. Banks’ supervisory boards are not performing their intended leadership role.

In 2011, the World Bank Group commenced a multiyear program designed to support countries in systematically examining and strengthening the performance of their education systems. By leveraging this global knowledge, the systems approach for better education results (SABER) tools fill a gap in the availability of data and evidence on what matters most to improve the quality of education and achievement of better results. This report discusses the results of applying the SABER - education management information systems (EMIS) tool in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The objectives of this report are to examine the system according to key policy areas, identify successes and challenges in the system, and provide recommendations to support the continued advancement of EMIS in PNG. A successful EMIS is credible and operational in planning and policy dialogue as well as teaching and learning.

The main objective of the report is to analyze the current greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory process in Romania, and provide recommendations for improving the system in order to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of inventory development in compliance with United Nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) and European Union (EU) requirements, including emissions forecasting provisions. This report describes the GHG inventory process and its history, analyzes the legal framework, documents and information provisions, and flows related to making the inventory together with identifying the potential adjustments for improvement, assess reporting entities and correlation mechanisms to economic dynamics, in terms of completeness, coherence, response time constant to changes in the number of companies' impact on data reporting, and provides recommendations on the possibility to improve the inventory-making process in order to meet the requirements of emission projections. The report is organized into seven sections as follows: section one provides a general introduction to GHG inventories. Section two examines the processes and procedures used in the present GHG inventory system in Romania and the alignment of this system with international frameworks including the framework for the development of environmental statistics (FDES) and the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) schematic framework. Section three elaborates the challenges with the existing greenhouse inventory process including data gaps and weaknesses in the statistical infrastructure. Section four looks at the international and national legal requirements for greenhouse gas inventories. Section five provides analysis on the flow of information and the specific verification points to ensure data consistency and coherence. Section six provides a number of recommendations and concludes in section seven with a summary of key recommendations.

У статті здійснюється аналіз норм Кодексу адміністративного судочинства України, які регулюють відносини представництва прав та законних інтересів посадових осіб органів виконавчої влади. На підставі одержаних результатів наводиться висновок про існування прогалин в нормативному регулюванні вказаного інституту. Автором пропонуються відповідні зміни до КАСУ. В статье проводится анализ норм Кодекса административного судопроизводства Украины, которые регулируют отношения представительства прав и законных интересов должностных лиц органов исполнительной власти. На основании полученных результатов приводится вывод о существовании пробелов в нормативном регулировании указанного института. Автором предлагаются соответствующие изменения в КАСУ. The article analyzes the rules of the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, which regulate the relations of representation of the rights and legitimate interests of the officials of the executive branch. Based on these results we established the existence of gaps in the normative regulation of this institute. The author offers corresponding changes in the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine.

This study analyzes the governance framework of the business portfolio of Mauritanian institutions and government agencies and offers avenues for reform. The report begins with an overview of the scope of work and performance of the portfolio mentioned using the term Para-Statal sector and identifies the main challenges represented by this sector. It then analyzes the governance framework of Para-statal sector of Mauritania through comparative references from the guidelines of the OECD. The diagnosis includes an analysis of the legal framework, the supervisory function, risk monitoring budget and performance in terms of delivery of services, advice to administration, transparency and dissemination of information. The report closes with a detailed and sequenced action plan compiled from observations in the diagnosis and offers a series of suggestions for appropriate reforms to the institutional context of Mauritania. The action plan focuses primarily on strengthening the monitoring of risk of the budget and proposes ways of sequenced reforms taking into account both international examples and the Mauritanian context.

Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into Africa is on the rise and Ethiopia is at the forefront of this trend. On request of the Government, the World Bank surveyed 69 Chinese enterprises doing business in Ethiopia with a 95-question survey in May/June 2012. The survey covered various aspects of the foreign direct investment climate in Ethiopia, including infrastructure, sales and supplies, land, crime, competition, finance, human resources, and questions about general opportunities and constraints for doing business in Ethiopia. This report summarizes the results of survey and provides policy suggestions in light of the analysis; the report also provides some broader background of the expected benefits of FDI into Ethiopia as well as current policies and approaches to promote incoming investment. Addressing identified obstacles could help Ethiopia to take better advantage of foreign investors in order to accelerate the shift from a predominantly low-productivity agriculture-based economy towards a higher-productivity manufacturing and export-based economy. Experiences in successful countries around the world, and especially East Asia show that foreign investment is instrumental to facilitate such a structural transformation and to maintain sustained and broad-based economic development. This study recommends five main areas for policy adjustments to facilitate foreign investors coming into Ethiopia: adjust customs clearance procedures and trade regulations; facilitate currency convertibility and increase transparency of the exchange rate policy; improve tax administration consistency and efficacy; execute impartial labor regulation; and increase the supply and quality of skilled workers.

This case study summarizes the findings of desk reviews and a field visit carried out in January 2011 as part of IEG's evaluation of the 2007 Governance and Anticorruption (GAC) strategy. The case study sought to evaluate the relevance and effectiveness of Bank support for GAC efforts over the FY2004-10 period, to assess the contributions of 2007 strategy implementation, and to identify early outcomes and lessons. This Background Paper is based on findings of the mission that visited Liberia in January 2011. The team is particularly grateful for informative meetings with officials from the Government of Liberia, Bank staff, and members of civil society. The evaluation aims to help enhance the Bank's approach to governance and anticorruption and to improve its effectiveness in helping countries develop capable and accountable states that create opportunities for the poor. Pursuant to this objective, the evaluation assessed the relevance of the 2007 GAC strategy and implementation plan, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of implementation efforts in making Bank engagement with countries and other development partners more responsive to GAC concerns. It also sought to identify early lessons about what works and what does not in helping to promote good governance and reduce corruption. The Liberia case study is based on an extensive desk review as well as a field visit to Monrovia from January 17-22, 2011. It evaluates the relevance and effectiveness of Bank support for governance and anticorruption efforts since the launch of the Bank's GAC strategy in 2007. It elaborates on a desk review of the GAC responsiveness of the Bank's Liberia program and reviews the following GAC entry points: core public sector reform (public financial management and decentralization); demand for good governance (including social accountability issues); GAC in the road sector; and the investment climate. The case study also examines the extent to which the Bank's GAC Strategy has made a difference in staff attitudes toward addressing GAC issues in their operational work. The mission interviewed government, Bank, donor, and nongovernmental organization (NGO) staff based in Washington and in Monrovia.

This presentation proposes that BPO and other ICT development have a potential to be a major catalysts for economic growth and socio-economic transformation. It claims that IT-BPO sectors development represents major promises that potentially can transform the Philippine economy and also foster inclusive growth. The presentation postulates that the importance of IT-BPO industry development goes beyond the debate of picking industry winners. It argues that the BPO industry is poised to have a substantive impact on the country and that especially so if there simultaneously is major growth in other ICT sectors and the scale and scope local usage of ICTs. It claims that expanded scale and scope of BPO industry in conjunction with further development of IT services, Telecom and other ICTs industries coupled with the advancement in education, science & technology can be principal factors that can transform the Philippine economy and its interface with the rest of the world.

The report is organized as follows: the executive summary (I) pulls together all major conclusions and recommendations of the report. The following five sections then focus on key requirements of any successful regulatory reform program: (II) business regulation policy, (III) measurements and Targets, (IV) organization and procedures, (V) incentives for reform, and (VI) communication of results. Sections I-VI focuses on regulatory reform impacting directly on the private sector. The final section (VII) broadens the discussion and highlights potential benefits of further consolidating and integrating other regulatory reform efforts into a broader and coherent policy for regulatory quality and reform. Two annexes provide more details on two aspects of particular importance for the Danish regulatory reform program after 2010: measuring broader impacts of existing regulation, and regulatory advisory bodies.

During the past two decades Colombia has been developing and improving its National Results-Based Management and Evaluation System (SINERGIA). The development of this system has been a focal point in Colombia's state reform towards performance-based management, particularly at the central administration. After 15 years of progress, overcoming the effects of institutional, political, and fiscal obstacles, SINERGIA has achieved one of the highest levels of development and customization, and it is held up as an example of best practices by multilateral organizations, donor agencies, and other governments. The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system that Colombia adopted sought to promote a results focus on both planning and budgeting processes, simultaneously. However, during implementation the results-based planning model superseded the budgeting model, owing principally to the architecture of Colombia's central administration and to the institutional placement of SINERGIA within the Department of National Planning. Compared with similar experiences in other countries, the process by which SINERGIA advanced institutionalization is notable for the way it combined high-ranking, wide ranging, and formal mechanisms with the development of informal practices in key areas of the public sector. Many lessons for other countries are identified in this paper. Some of the key factors in Colombia's success are as follows: 1) the importance of having a central governmental department act as a champion supporter, and using an opportunistic approach to include the M&E system as a key pillar on public sector reform agendas; 2) the kind of regulatory and incentives framework on which the M&E system is based, and the sustained effort in promoting 'cultural' change and developing evaluation capacities; 3) the political role of the President in the system's institutionalization process; 4) the powerful part that technically defined methodologies and dissemination mechanisms have played in the system's institutionalization strategy; 5) the collaborative approach used to strengthen evaluation practices and to enhance the community of evaluators; and 6) the demand-driven approach for introducing M&E at the regional level.

Contents of the report are: introduction; by Penelope J. Brook, and Sabine Hertveldt; how to reform in 3 months. Azerbaijan registers businesses faster by setting-up a one-stop shop; by Svetlana Bagaudinova, Dahlia Khalifa, and Givi Petriashvili; one-stop shopping in Portugal; by Camille Ramos; competitiveness from innovation, not inheritance; by Karim Ouled Belayachi, and Jamal Ibrahim Haidar; harnessing the internet to streamline procedures; by K. Latha; creating a new profession from scratch; by Carolin Geginat, and Jana Malinska; how to raise revenues by lowering fees; by Jamal Ibrahim Haidar; when enough is enough; by Cemile Hacibeyoglu; slashing the time to register property from 18 months to 15 days; by Roger Coma-Cunill, and Marie Delion; bringing more credit to the private sector; by Valerie Marechal, and Rachel (Raha) Shahid-Saless; protecting minority shareholders to boost investment; by Jean Michel Lobet; giving a facelift to the Turkish tax system; by Caroline Otonglo, and Tea Trumbic; a public-private partnership brings order to Aqaba's port; by Doina Cebotari, and Allen Dennis; fighting entrenched interests to enforce judgments faster; by Lior Ziv; pragmatism leads the way in setting up specialized commercial courts; by Sabine Hertveldt; enforcing contracts quickly, with help from the neighbors; by Anthony Ford, and Oliver Lorenz; and repaying creditors without imprisoning debtors; by Mema Beye, and Joanna Nasr.

Mediante la Ley 100 de 1993, el Estado otorga a las Entidades promotoras de salud la función de recaudar recursos de sus afiliados, con el fin de ser compensados ante el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS) para poder reconocerles la unidad de pago por capitación y demás recursos a que tienen derecho las EPS y demás EOC para financiar la prestación de servicios de salud a todos los afiliados al régimen contributivo con sujeción a los contenidos del Plan Obligatorio de Salud y las prestaciones económicas a que hubiere lugar, de acuerdo con lo dispuesto en la citada Ley. Los recursos recaudados son del Estado con destino especifico, por tanto su utilización es precedida por un proceso de compensación que se realiza frente a una cuenta del Estado que es CONSORCIO FIDUFOSYGA. By means of Law 100 of 1993, the State grants the Health Promoting Entities the function of collecting resources from their affiliates, in order to be compensated before the General Health Insurance System. collect resources from their affiliates, in order to be compensated before the General System of Social Security in Health Health Social Security System (SGSSS) in order to recognize the capitation payment unit and other resources to which the EPSs and other Health Promoting Entities are entitled. EPSs and other EOCs are entitled to in order to finance the provision of health services to all affiliates of the contributory to the contributory regime, subject to the contents of the Mandatory Health Plan and the economic benefits to which economic benefits, in accordance with the provisions of the aforementioned Law. The resources collected are of the State for a specific purpose, and therefore their use is preceded by a compensation process that is carried out against a State account which is CONSORCIO FIDUFOSYGA. FIDUFOSYGA. http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co Pregrado

This paper tracks the process through which FIAS, the investment climate advisory service of the World Bank Group advised the government of Latvia from 1998 to 2004 on ways to improve the business environment, achieve higher rates of economic growth, and thereby alleviate poverty. This case study shows that it is reasonable to describe how assistance by FIAS led to an improved business environment. The role that FIAS advice played may be discerned at the level of benefits accruing to the target population (i.e., the amount of resources freed up by lower costs associated with administrative procedures). Whether these benefits accruing to the business community translated into higher rates of investment and productivity, and thus to higher economic growth and reduced poverty, is a function of the entire political, social, and economic structure in Latvia. It is evident that there are many links in the chain of causation, and that the direct attribution FIAS can claim diminishes at every step downstream from its activities. Credit for success must be shared with the Government of Latvia and its immediate stakeholders (i.e., the businesses and their associations), the European Union accession process, the input of many other complementary projects, market forces, and fortuitous timing.

The objective of this paper is to share the experiences and good practices of early business registry reformers who implemented web-enabled and automated electronic business registries (e-BRs). These lessons are hoped to be of help to EU New Member countries as they embark on delivering EU-conformant e-BRs. At the same time, policymakers in other developing countries may also find these lessons of use. This paper cites examples of good practices rather than best practices. As elsewhere in the development agenda, solutions that have worked well in some countries may not work in other local circumstances. In the case of e-BRs, success depends on a broader set of reforms; as will be discussed in a subsequent chapter, e-BRs require a supportive legal and regulatory infrastructure, such as electronic signature laws and document authentication. A needs assessment and analysis of the options in the local country context need to be conducted in order to find the most relevant best practice options for a specific country. Nevertheless, a number of practical good practices can be identified and are presented in this paper for consideration.

El presente trabajo, desde una visión crítica, examina la historia de la gestión presupuestal del ICBF desde su fundación en 1968 hasta 1994.Sus logros, dificultades y paradojas presentes en los diferentes periodos de su evolución histórica apoyan el diagnóstico de su situación administrativa y organizativa más reciente; éste, integrado a los resultados arrojados por indicadores cuantitativos de eficiencia, eficacia y equidad, permiten establecer un balance histórico que ofrece elementos sobre las posibilidades y retos futuros del Instituto. La historia y la situación actual del Instituto muestran un rezago persistente e insostenible en el contexto de las actuales demandas sociales de modernización del Estado; pero, en su concepción y desarrollo de sus programas, se destacan algunos aspectos que en la política social se presentan rezagados.