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Microstructure arrays are the basis for micro-optical systems. This paper presents a roll-to-plate (R2P) hot embossing method and process equipment that are developed for precision manufacturing of glass microstructures. The surface crack generation and deformation mechanism of glass in R2P hot embossing process are analyzed. A temperature control method and an elastic clamping fixture are developed to avoid warping and cracking of the glass workpiece. Surface microstructures are successfully replicated to glass through R2P hot embossing. Experimental results show high fidelity and good uniformity between the microstructure patterned plate mould and the workpiece. The forming ability increases with increasing embossing temperature and loading displacements, and decreasing mould feed rate. The results demonstrate that the R2P hot embossing process is effective for the precision manufacturing of large-area micro-structured surfaces on glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computational model of ternary ion exchange (IOX) for strengthening glass is proposed to predict the cation concentration and residual stress distributions in glass after ternary IOX. The comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental results indicated the validates the model. Additionally, it provides a method to determine ion diffusivity and volume expansion through ternary IOX experiments. Simulations of K–Na–Li ternary IOX were conducted using the parameters calibrated based on experimental results from a thick silicate glass. Then the process parameters were changed to clarify their influences. Key findings reveal that for thick glass (where lateral expansion is negligible), the optimum ratio of K+ and Na+ concentrations in a molten salt is 2:1. We further consolidate the effects of process parameters by training a neural network (NN) and demonstrate that the NN can be a surrogate model to replace the time‐consuming simulations, which could be more adaptable by the glass industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate the compositions of commercial soda–lime–silica glasses currently present in the UK market, as there is a lack of recent research on the subject, with the most recent studies now being over 20 years old. This study involved sampling and analyzing the compositions of over 30 commercial soda–lime–silica container and float glass samples, primarily from the UK market, in 2022 to 2023. Based on the results, the characteristics of these commercial glasses has been evaluated using multiple property models and analysis methods. In the first part, we illustrated the opportunities for glass manufacturers to modify or adjust their glass compositions to enable lower melting temperatures, thereby reducing energy demand and fuel carbon emissions. This can help the glass industry meet its net zero carbon emissions targets. It de‐risks compositional modifications for a glass manufacturer by highlighting that other manufacturers have already successfully commercially implemented such changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glass industry is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions due to its energy consumption profile and the use of fossil fuels in the manufacturing process. Most of the energy to produce glass is consumed in the process of treating raw materials to elevated temperatures, usually above 1500°C. Glass manufacturing also generates significant environmental impacts, such as greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, water consumption, and waste generation. Therefore, improving the sustainability of glass manufacturing is a significant challenge for the industry and society. There are ways to reduce the energy consumption and emissions of glass melting, such as recycling glass, using oxy‐fuel burners, improving furnace insulation and design, and adopting electric melting technologies. These methods can help save energy, lower costs, and enhance the sustainability and environmental footprint of the glass industry. However, the industry faces challenges and barriers, such as technical feasibility, economic viability, capital investment, and market acceptance. More research and development must be invested to improve the energy efficiency and environmental performance of glass melting. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the growth glass industry has made over the past 30 years and the remaining challenges for sustainable glass manufacturing with a focus on the fiberglass segment. Sharing of procedural methods, technical approaches, and results can help enable the global glass industry in our future sustainability challenges. The fiberglass segment included a broad technical view including glass chemistry development, product development, new industry codes and standards, melting development, computational fluid dynamic modeling, life cycle assessments, and sustainability goals linked to capital planning. The net result delivered a significant reduction in environmental emissions at the global enterprise scale. The implemented changes have taken decades, significant investments, and resources to plan and develop. Practices reviewed and implemented can help drive collaboration and commonality within the glass industry to achieve sustainability goals. Action is needed now if the glass industry is to meet global government demands of reducing carbon emissions by 55% by 2030 and zero carbon emissions by 2050 in alignment with the Paris Agreement on decarbonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CdS, CdTe, Hg0.1Cd0.9Te, CdTe, and Ag films were progressively electrodeposited on ITO-coated soda–lime glass to manufacture a short- and mid-wavelength infrared photodetector. A distinctive feature of the applied electrodeposition method is the use of a non-aqueous solution containing ethylene glycol (EG) as the electrolyte in a traditional three-electrode configuration for every film deposition. Using EG as a supplementary electrolyte and using the same deposition conditions with a potential below 0.75 V for all film coatings reduces their environmental incompatibility and offers a low-cost and low-energy route for fabricating the reported photodetector. The produced photodetector has a sensitivity of up to ≈957 nm with a detectivity (D*) of 2.86 × 1012 cm Hz1/2 W−1 and a dark current density (Jdark) of 10−6 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the manufactured photodiode exhibits self-powered performance because Voc and Jsc are self-generated, unlike previously reported photodiodes. The presented all-layer electrodeposition assembly approach can easily be adapted to fabricate sensing devices for different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights The current study used the vacuum‐assisted hand lay‐up method (VAHLM) to manufacture glass fiber‐reinforced polymer (GFRP), carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP), and glass/carbon fiber‐reinforced hybrid composites to examine the influences of fiber materials and hybridization on the repeated low‐velocity impact (LVI) responses. In this regard, the manufactured composites were exposed to repeated LVI loading at 3 m/s under 25.2 J impact energy, and thus dynamic characteristics such as total impulse, contact/bending stiffness, interaction time, peak force/displacement, and absorbed‐rebounded energies depending on the impact number were acquired. LVI tests were continued until penetration was observed in the composites, at which point the penetration threshold numbers for each composite type were acquired. Furthermore, the macro‐scale damage analyses depending on the impact number were gradually examined, and the impacts of hybridization and fiber material on the damage mechanisms were determined. The study found that GFRP, hybrid and CFRP composites had the highest impact resistance, respectively, and that glass fiber‐reinforcement is well‐suited for applications that require higher impact resistance. When the average penetration threshold numbers for the composites were examined, it was observed that GFRP composites had approximately five times higher penetration threshold numbers than CFRP composites and that hybrid specimens exhibited similar properties to CFRP composites in terms of impact resistance. This scenario was linked to the various deformation capabilities of glass and carbon fibers, and it was concluded that the high‐deformation capability of the fibers improved the penetration threshold numbers. Effects of hybridization and fiber material on LVI responses were examined. Fiber material has a significant influence on impact resistance. Penetration threshold number can be associated with the fibers' strain capability. The adhesion factor plays an active role in the damage of hybrid specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the present research work is demonstrated a cross-scale manufacturing approach for the production of multifunctional glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite tubes with a purposely redesigned filament winding process. Up until now, limited studies have been reported towards the multiscale reinforcement direction of continuous fibers for the manufacturing of hierarchical composites at the industrial level. This study involved the development of two different multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) aqueous-based inks, which were employed for the modification of commercial glass fiber (GF) reinforcing tows via a bath coating unit in a pilot production line. The obtained multifunctional GFRP tubes presented a variety of characteristics in relation to their final mechanical, hydrothermal aging, electrical, thermal and thermoelectric properties. Results revealed that the two individual systems exhibited pronounced differences both in crushing behavior and durability performance. Interestingly, for lateral compression the MWCNT coatings comprising a polymeric dispersant minorly affected the mechanical response of the produced tubes. The crashworthiness indicators of the multifunctional tubes displayed a slight 5% variation to the respective reference values, combined with a more ductile behavior. Moreover, regarding the bulk electrical and thermal conductivity values, as well as the Seebeck coefficient factor, the corresponding tubes displayed a variance of 233% and 19% and an opposite semi-conducting sign denoting a p- and n-type character, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass is one of the most ubiquitous materials in the world. Due to the extremely high temperatures required in the melting process, the glass industry is considered a hard-to-abate sector and poses major challenges to meet the net-zero target in the next decades. Since the highest share of emissions from glass production stems from the combustion of natural gas, its replacement with hydrogen is considered a promising solution to reduce the sector's environmental impact. This is the aim of the H2GLASS project, launched by the European Union at the beginning of 2023. In this context, addressing hydrogen-safety-related aspects is a top priority. In fact, due to hydrogen's peculiar flammability properties (e.g., wide flammability range, low ignition energy), its utilisation in furnaces may pose significant risks. In this study, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model is developed in Ansys Fluent to investigate hydrogen diffusion in enclosures following an accidental release. A grid and time-step sensitivity analyses are carried out to identify the best setup. The model is then validated against experimental data. The results of this work can be used as the starting point to build a CFD model suitable for studying hydrogen releases in large domains, such as glass manufacturing facilities, where obstacles and mechanical ventilation systems are present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the integration of activity-based costing (ABC) and the theory of constraints (TOC) with carbon tax policies to drive decarbonization in the Taiwanese glass industry. Employing a mathematical programming approach, four distinct models are developed to assess the impact of different carbon tax structures, carbon trading mechanisms, and recycled material utilization on corporate profitability and carbon emissions. The findings reveal that strategically applying ABC and the TOC with well-designed carbon tax policies can effectively incentivize emission reduction while maintaining industrial competitiveness. The models incorporating carbon trading and tax allowances demonstrate the potential for creating win–win situations, where companies can increase profitability by investing in cleaner technologies and processes. This study contributes to the literature on sustainable manufacturing and provides actionable insights for policymakers and industry leaders seeking to implement effective carbon pricing mechanisms that drive economic growth and environmental sustainability in tandem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The crisis has highlighted the need to revise the industrial policy. In ecosystem integration of industry, science, education and business it is necessary to have a balance of vertical and horizontal links, as the sustainability of the territory's development is determined by such factors as: the level of links between functional ecosystems and actors within the ecosystem. In ecosystem integration of industry, science, education and business, it is necessary to ensure a balance of vertical and horizontal links for the effective distribution of economic resources, accessibility of innovation infrastructure, knowledge and technology. The aim of the study is to develop the theory and methodology of regional integration management in the context of sustainable development of industrial territories. Materials and methods. The methodological approach proposed in the article can be used as a comprehensive toolkit for improving the sustainability of industrial territories and ecosystems. The author's approach is based on the theory of complex synergetic systems and entropy as a measure of the system state level (stationary equilibrium, nonstationary non-equilibrium and their combinations). Results. It is proved that only with the balance of all types of capitals the sustainable development of territories is possible. Sustainability assessment of industrial-territorial ecosystem of Vladimir region based on entropic approach is carried out. The primary attention is paid to the enterprises uniting around glass production. The implementation of the obtained results in the practice of territorial management will ensure the intensification of economic activity of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which will eventually affect the growth of macroeconomic indicators and the improvement of social indicators of regional development. Conclusions. Sustainable development of the territory should be considered as a process of development of the territory's potential through the formation of aggregate capital. The development of strategies of industrial territories should be carried out since collaborative relations with suppliers, customers, distributors and dealers, research centers, universities, public and governmental organizations.

In glass industry, the evolved gases and fumes from burning the gas fuel absorbed in calcium hydroxide to minimize the pollution of environment. After a period of time, the calcium hydroxide fouled with sulphate and carbonate as action of the absorbed SO3 and CO2 gases. Based on our interest to treatment the solid waste materials, this study intended to convert the obtained waste of calcium hydroxide fouled with gases to valuable products. Firstly, this waste was treated with water, caustic soda and acids. The results confirmed the conversion of waste to pure calcium sulfate by treatment with 6 v/v% sulfuric acid. Secondly, the obtained calcium sulfate was reacted with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate solution for preparation of calcium hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles. The produced HAp sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and N2 adsorption measurements. The obtained findings confirmed that the HAp can be produced after calcination at 700 °C, nanorods-like of sizes ranged from 11 to 15 nm and with main surface functional groups of hydroxyapatite. TGA and DTA data indicated that HAp is thermally stable up to 700 °C. Also, the obtained HAp has Ca/P molar ratio of 1.60 and exhibited high total surface area of 146 m2/g with mesoporous structure which make this material can be used in medical and water purification applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roadmapping is a widely known methodology to aid technological planning within organizations, and its use has been extended to inter-organizational collaborative contexts. During the pandemic, teams were compelled to work remotely and adapt to this new reality. This article brings a case study of a collaborative digital roadmap developed for the Brazilian glass industry, including workshops and tools. As a result, it was possible to investigate the digital roadmapping process and how it affects collaborative applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glass manufacturing industry produces hazardous effluent that is difficult to manage and causes numerous environmental problems when disposed of in the open. In this study, an attempt was made to study the phytoremediation feasibility of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.), a free-floating aquatic macrophyte, for the removal of six heavy metals from glass industry effluent (GIE) at varying concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). After a 40-day experiment, the results showed that 25% GIE dilution showed maximum removal of heavy metals i.e., Cu (91.74%), Cr (95.29%), Fe (86.47%), Mn (92.95%), Pb (87.10%), and Zn (91.34%), respectively. The bioaccumulation, translocation, and Pearson correlation studies showed that the amount of heavy metals absorbed by vegetative parts of P. stratiotes was significantly correlated with concentrations. The highest biomass production, chlorophyll content, relative growth rate, and biomass productivity were also noted in the 25% GIE treatment. Moreover, the multiple linear regression models developed for the prediction of heavy metal uptake by P. stratiotes also showed good performance in determining the impact of GIE properties. The models showed a high coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.99), low mean average normalizing error (MANE = 0.01), and high model efficiency (ME > 0.99) supporting the robustness of the developed equations. This study outlined an efficient method for the biological treatment of GIE using P. stratiotes to reduce risks associated with its unsafe disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Firozabad—a city in North India which specialises in glass production and is famous for being the centre of manufacturing for the billions of glass bangles worn by South Asian women—the Sheeshgarh caste used to master the most valuable skills. The transmission of these skills to other castes was a central stake, which highlights the relations between labour and capital, between dominants castes, between Muslims and Hindus. Therefore, this paper proposes the notion of trade consciousness to analyse the processes which shaped caste, gender and class relations around the common consciousness to be part of the same activity, the same community of practices. The paper then argues that understanding the way skills are introduced, transmitted and reproduced through master/apprentice relations, the everyday conviviality in the shopfloor, or in the mohallā, constitutes a crucial thread to understand the social transformation in Firozabad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the present geopolitical scenario and global energy crisis, there is a growing demand to cut energy use, particularly in industry. The glass package manufacturing business has been severely hit by the rise in energy prices in recent years, and most likely this trend will continue. There is a lack of instruments for effiectively anticipating furnace usage when it comes to managing the infrastructure's energy expenditure in the glass industry, which is the case of the BA Glass Avintes company. Because the furnaces are the key energy expenditure source in the plant, getting a thorough understanding of their energy consumption is an important step towards making educated decisions. The purpose of this study is to undertake a detailed analysis of gas and electricity usage for the three furnaces at the BA Glass Avintes facility using data obtained from PowerStudio SCADA. It was investigated which regression model produced the best accurate results when precisely adjusted to the BA Glass Avintes shop-floor setting. The findings indicate that linear regression models may not be appropriate for this application, however tree-based methods, notably the decision tree model, provide promising outcomes. Furthermore, for increased model performance, the study emphasises the necessity of a bigger training dataset and a shorter prediction interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a new technique for thermoplastic bending of glass. The technique makes it possible to produce cylindrical surfaces with a guide in the form of a parabola, ellipse, etc. for mirrors in the hard X-ray wavelength range (λ ~ 0.1 nm). Three samples of the surface of an elliptical cylinder were prepared using this technique. The production time for each sample was two days. The deviation of the guide and its local angle from the calculated values for all samples does not exceed Δy = 0.5 μm and Δα = 7 × 10–5 rad, respectively. It is shown that when such surfaces are etched for two hours, their accuracy can be improved by more than two orders of magnitude (Δy = 2 nm, Δα = 5 × 10–7 rad). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate is changing rapidly due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Glass is a significant contributor to these emissions, with 95 million tons of CO2 being emitted due to glass manufacturing in recent years. Furthermore, glass recycling remains poor in the United States, and most glass is left to landfill after a single use. The lack of recycling and the carbon footprint of manufacturing have made glass an environmentally damaging material despite its theoretical infinite recyclability. Additionally, glass has the potential to enable next‐generation energy materials, enabling the necessary technology for a green economy. In this review, we briefly cover the challenges of glass manufacturing and how to make glass the benchmark material for a carbon‐neutral economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartness journey involves increasing knowledge availability and maturity in technological, organizational, managerial, and human dimensions for the transformation of an enterprise. This article implements a systematic methodology and multi-dimensional maturity assessment tool to measure the maturity in the mentioned dimensions by offering a Turkish case study. Contrary to frequent mention of sectors such as automotive in relation to smartness concept, this study offers a real-life application in an adverse sector: glass balcony manufacturing. The methodology calculates weighted maturity index, determines the maturity levels for each dimension, and aggregates them into an overall enterprise maturity assessment. While applying the methodology, ratings are obtained via case company interview, and weight set utilized are determined via academic experts having practical sectoral expertise. Based on the findings, specific suggestions are provided to the case company for smart manufacturing implementation in multiple dimensions for their smartness journey. The study is original in comprehensively handling all maturity dimensions; demonstrating how smartness maturity can be practically measured in a case company by a flexible and weighted approach; obtaining simple, easy-to-interpret measurements; and authenticity of the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the oxidation of wastewater generated during the production of glass fiber manufacturing material, which contains high organic carbon (18.32 g/L) and has a pH of 8.8, by chemical coagulation, electrocoagulation and electroadvanced oxidation techniques. It was determined that the total organic content (TOC) of wastewater was reduced by 53% using the chemical coagulation method. After electrocoagulation with Al/Al electrode pair for 300 minutes at 500 mA, 73% TOC removal was achieved at pH 8.8. While 50% TOC removal was completed in 2 h at 400 mA in electrocoagulation with Fe/Fe electrode pair, 71% TOC removal was obtained in the combined electrocoagulation/electro-Fenton process by adding hydrogen peroxide to the medium under the same conditions. In addition, it was also observed that the success of the anodic oxidation methods alone was lower. The electro-Fenton application after electrocoagulation was effective and provided 78% TOC but required work at pH 3 and a longer treatment time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]