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Dynamic heterogeneity is a fundamental characteristic of glasses and undercooled liquids. The heterogeneous nature causes some of the key features of systems' dynamics such as the temperature dependence of nonexponentiality and spatial enthalpy fluctuations. Commonly used phenomenological models such as Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan (TNM) and Kovacs–Aklonis–Hutchinson–Ramos fail to fully capture this phenomenon. Here we propose a model that can predict the temperature-dependent nonexponential behavior observed in glass-forming liquids and glasses by fitting standard differential scanning calorimetry curves. This model extends the TNM framework of structural relaxation by introducing a distribution of equilibrium fictive temperature ( T f e ) that accounts for heterogeneity in the undercooled liquid. This distribution is then frozen at the glass transition to account for the heterogeneous nature of the glass dynamics. The nonexponentiality parameter βKWW is obtained as a function of temperature by fitting the Kohlrauch-Williams-Watts (KWW) equation to the calculated relaxation function for various organic and inorganic undercooled liquids and glasses. The calculated temperature dependent βKWW shows good agreement with the experimental ones. We successfully model the relaxation dynamics far from equilibrium for two silicate systems that the TNM model fails to describe, confirming that temperature dependent nonexponentiality is necessary to fully describe these dynamics. The model also simulates the fluctuation of fictive temperature δTf during isothermal annealing with good qualitative agreement with the evolution of enthalpy fluctuation reported in the literature. We find that the evolution of enthalpy fluctuation during isothermal annealing heavily depends on the cooling rate, a dependence that was not previously emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular anisotropy plays an important role in the glass transition of a liquid. Recently, a novel bulk glass state has been discovered by optical microscopy experiments on suspensions of ellipsoidal colloids. "Liquid glass" is a disordered analog of a nematic liquid crystal, in which rotation motion is hindered but particles diffuse freely. Global nematic order is suppressed as clusters of aligned particles intertwine. We perform Brownian dynamics simulations to test the structure and dynamics of a dense system of soft ellipsoidal particles. As seen in the experiments and in accordance with predictions from the mode coupling theory, on the time scale of our simulations, rotation motion is frozen but translation motion persists in liquid glass. Analyses of the dynamic structure functions for translation and rotation corroborates the presence of two separate glass transitions for rotation and translation, respectively. Even though the equilibrium state should be nematic, aligned structures remain small and orientational order rapidly decays with increasing size. Long-wavelength fluctuations are remnants of the isotropic-nematic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glassy state of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) has shown great potential for energy-related applications, including solid electrolytes. However, their thermal conductivity (κ), an essential parameter influencing thermal dissipation, remains largely unexplored. In this work, using a combination of experiments, atomistic simulations, and lattice dynamics calculations, we investigate κ and the underlying heat conduction mechanism in ZIF glasses with varying ratios of imidazolate (Im) to benzimidazolate (bIm) linkers. The substitution of bIm for Im tunes the node–linker couplings but exhibits only a minor impact on the average diffusivity of low-frequency lattice modes. On the other hand, the linker substitution induces significant volume expansion, which, in turn, suppresses the contributions from lattice vibrations to κ, leading to decreased total heat conduction. Furthermore, spatial localization of internal high-frequency linker vibrations is promoted upon substitution, reducing their mode diffusivities. This is ascribed to structural deformations of the bIm units in the glasses. Our work unveils the detailed influences of linker substitution on the dual heat conduction characteristics of ZIF glasses and guides the κ regulation of related hybrid materials in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, low-cost laser marker ablation of vanadium-coated glass was adopted to prepare self-cleaning, anti-reflective, and anti-fog micro-nano structures on its surface. The surface had a hierarchical micro-nano structure composed of a quasi-periodic microstructure and ∼100 nm-sized worm-like clusters interspersed with dispersed nanoparticles. The solar spectrum (AM 1.5) weighted average transmission of treated glass was enhanced by 3.87% over control glass in the wavelength range of 400–1100 nm. Importantly, the water contact angle of the laser-treated samples achieved and maintained 0° for a duration of 25 days, and the laser-treated samples achieved and maintained excellent anti-fog performance for 150 days. The antifog performance degraded substantially afterward, though was still noticeable compared to the reference even after 428 days of storage in the laboratory. Furthermore, co-achievement of exceptional self-cleaning anti-fog performance and broadband transmission enhancement through laser treatment of glass has rarely been previously reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under decompression, disordered solids undergo an unjamming transition where they become under-coordinated and lose their structural rigidity. The mechanical and vibrational properties of these materials have been an object of theoretical, numerical, and experimental research for decades. In the study of low-coordination solids, understanding the behavior and physical interpretation of observables that diverge near the transition is of particular importance. Several such quantities are length scales (ξ or l) that characterize the size of excitations, the decay of spatial correlations, the response to perturbations, or the effect of physical constraints in the boundary or bulk of the material. Additionally, the spatial and sample-to-sample fluctuations of macroscopic observables such as contact statistics or elastic moduli diverge approaching unjamming. Here, we discuss important connections between all of these quantities and present numerical results that characterize the scaling properties of sample-to-sample contact and shear modulus fluctuations in ensembles of low-coordination disordered sphere packings and spring networks. Overall, we highlight three distinct scaling regimes and two crossovers in the disorder quantifiers χz and χμ as functions of system size N and proximity to unjamming δz. As we discuss, χX relates to the standard deviation σX of the sample-to-sample distribution of the quantity X (e.g., excess coordination δz or shear modulus μ) for an ensemble of systems. Importantly, χμ has been linked to experimentally accessible quantities that pertain to sound attenuation and the density of vibrational states in glasses. We investigate similarities and differences in the behaviors of χz and χμ near the transition and discuss the implications of our findings on current literature, unifying findings in previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To elucidate the atomistic origin of volume relaxation in soda-lime silicate glass annealed below the glass transition temperature (Tg), the experimental and calculated Raman spectra were compared. By decomposing the calculated Raman spectra into specific groups of atoms, the Raman peaks at 800, 950, 1050, 1100, and 1150 cm−1 were attributed to oxygen and silicon in Si–O–Si, non-bridging oxygen in the Q2 unit, bridging oxygen in low-angle Si–O–Si, non-bridging oxygen in the Q4 unit, and bridging oxygen in high-angle Si–O–Si, respectively. Based on these attributions, we found that by decreasing the fictive temperature by annealing below Tg − 70 K, a homogenization reaction Q2 + Q4 → 2Q3 and an increase in average Si–O–Si angle occurred simultaneously. By molecular dynamics simulation, we clarified how the experimentally demonstrated increase in average Si–O–Si angle contributes to volume shrinkage; increasing Si–O–Si angles can expand the space inside the rings, and Na can be inserted into the ring center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovonic threshold switching (OTS) selectors play a critical role in suppressing the sneak-path current of three-dimensional crossbar integration circuits. Compared to conventional nonmetal-telluride OTS selectors, selectors based on AlxTey glass are found to have both satisfactory on-state current and selectivity. However, it is unclear why the Al-rich AlxTey glass-based OTS selectors have robust insulation properties for reducing the off-state current. This work reveals the structure–property correlations of amorphous AlxTey at the atomic scale by first-principles calculations. It is found that the stoichiometric Al2Te3 glass tends to have a clean bandgap owing to the covalent and dative bonds formed by non-equivalent sp3-hybridized Al orbitals and the lone-pair electrons of Te. Unexpectedly, for Al-rich AlxTey glass (Al2.21Te2.79), the Al–Al bonds formed by redundant Al-atoms have an integrated crystal orbital bond index (ICOBI) of 0.8–0.9, which is much larger than that of Al–Al bonds in pure metals (0.227), indicating they are covalent. It is the covalent Al–Al bonds that ensure the robust insulation characteristics of Al-rich AlxTey glass, while the Te–Te interaction in the Al-poor AlxTey glass (Al1.79Te3.21) produces midgap states, thereby reducing the insulativity. The presented atomic and electronic pictures here will provide useful theoretical insights for designing OTS selectors with improved performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A validated method based on Haidinger fringes has been proposed to measure the optical constants for thin-walled glass cells. The method can significantly enhance measurement accuracy by utilizing the reflected spectrum to determine the optical constants of the sample. The reflected light off the inner and the outer surfaces of the cell combined together and formed the interferential pattern (Haidinger fringes) detected by the photodiodes. Taking into account that the sample in our experiment is a sealed cell, we deliberately set the incident angle to a non-zero value. First, the measurement principle has been analyzed, and subsequently, the relevant experimental platform has been established. To reduce random errors, we recalibrated the relationship between the frequency of the laser and the operating temperature. Furthermore, the incident angle has been accurately estimated using the method of non-linear least squares. Finally, the weighted average, considering correlated uncertainties for all measurements, is 1.873 ± 0.005 016 mm, which showcases clear advantages over conventional mechanical methods that risk potential damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of wire frame particles in concentrated suspension are studied by means of a 2D model and compared to those of rod-like particles. The wire frames have bent or branched structures constructed from infinitely thin, rigid rods. In the model, a particle is surrounded by diffusing points that it cannot cross. We derive a formal expression for the mean squared displacement (MSD) and, by using a self-consistent approximation, we find markedly different dynamics for wire frames and rods. For wire frames, there exists a critical concentration of points above which they become frozen with the long time MSD reaching a plateau. Rods, on the other hand, always diffuse by reptation. We also study the rheology through the elastic stress, and more striking differences are found: the initial magnitude of the stress for wire frames is much larger than for rods, scaling such as the square of the point concentration, and above the critical concentration, the stress for wire frames appears to persist indefinitely while for rods it always decays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using electric fields to initiate the process of physical aging has facilitated measurements of structural recovery dynamics on the time scale of milliseconds. This, however, complicates the interesting comparison with aging processes due to a temperature jump, as these are significantly slower. This study takes a step toward comparing the results of field and temperature perturbations by providing data on field-induced structural recovery of vinyl ethylene carbonate at two different time scales: 1.0 ms at 181 K and 33 s at 169 K, i.e., 4.5 decades apart. It is found that structural recovery is a factor of two slower than structural relaxation in equilibrium, with the latter determined via dielectric relaxation in the limit of linear response. The relation between recovery and relaxation dynamics remains temperature invariant across the present experimental range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hallmark of structural glasses and other disordered solids is the emergence of excess low-frequency vibrations on top of the Debye spectrum DDebye(ω) of phonons (ω denotes the vibrational frequency), which exist in any solid whose Hamiltonian is translationally invariant. These excess vibrations—a signature of which is a THz peak in the reduced density of states D(ω)/DDebye(ω), known as the boson peak—have resisted a complete theoretical understanding for decades. Here, we provide direct numerical evidence that vibrations near the boson peak consist of hybridizations of phonons with many quasilocalized excitations; the latter have recently been shown to generically populate the low-frequency tail of the vibrational spectra of structural glasses quenched from a melt and of disordered crystals. Our results suggest that quasilocalized excitations exist up to and in the vicinity of the boson-peak frequency and, hence, constitute the fundamental building blocks of the excess vibrational modes in glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shock experiments give a unique insight into the behavior of matter subjected to extremely high pressures and temperatures. Understanding the behavior of materials under such extreme conditions is key to modeling material failure and deformation dynamics under impact. While studies on pure silica are extensive, the shock behavior of other commercial silicates that contain additional oxides has not been systematically investigated. To better understand the role of composition in the dynamic behavior of silicates, we performed laser-driven dynamic compression experiments on soda-lime glass (SLG) up to 315 GPa. Using the accurate pulse shaping offered by the long pulse laser system at the Matter in Extreme Conditions end-station at the Linac Coherent Light Source, SLG was shock compressed along the Hugoniot to multiple pressure-temperature points. Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector was used to measure the velocity and determine the pressure inside the SLG. The U s –u p relationship obtained agrees well with the previous parallel plate impact studies. Within the error bars, no transformation to the crystalline phase was observed up to 70 GPa, which is in contrast to the behavior of pure silica under shock compression. Our studies show that the glass composition strongly influences the shock compression behavior of the silicate glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When heated rapidly, glasses often devitrify heterogeneously, i.e., by a softening front that originates at the surface of an amorphous film. Yet the fundamentals of this devitrification regime are not completely understood; depending on experimental conditions, the reported front propagation distances differ by an order of magnitude. Using a high-resolution fast scanning calorimetry technique, we have investigated the softening of glassy methylbenzene films with thicknesses between 30 and 1400 nm. We confirm first that, in all films, the devitrification process begins with the formation of a softening front that propagates through the films over distances of ∼50 nm and that the front propagation kinetics at this stage follow an Arrhenius law. However, we also show that, in films with thicknesses above 165 nm, the front propagation does not terminate with the onset of bulk softening. Specifically, increasing the films' thicknesses above 165 nm yields sharp, clearly discernible endotherms that precede the bulk softening endotherms and that are consistent with a two-fold increase in the enthalpic barrier to front propagation at a well-defined critical temperature. We term this phenomenon "Arrhenius discontinuity" and use reaction rate and continuum front dynamics theories to explain its origins and the physical nature of the resulting distinct heterogeneous devitrification processes. Finally, we discuss the findings in the context of recent theoretical, computational, and experimental studies of heterogeneous devitrification by other research groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study proposes a model to consider quality degradation in glass recycling. • The model is based on technical quality substitutability and market applicability. • The model was applied to a case study on glass waste treatment. • Accounting for quality degradation, only 83% of cullet can replaces raw materials. • The decrease of recycling benefits was of 13–23% for the examined impact categories. The sustainability assessment of waste management systems requires tools capable of evaluating material quality degradation during recycling. Existing research has predominantly focused on the development of substitutability models for plastics, leaving a gap in addressing other materials like glass. Glass is commonly regarded as endlessly recyclable, even though its actual recyclability depends on several crucial factors, such as colour and pollutant contamination. Many Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies in this field assume a one-to-one substitution coefficient, neglecting material deterioration and inaccurately representing real-world scenarios. This study proposes and assesses a substitutability model for glass, aiming to measure the replacement extent between virgin materials and recycled crushed glass (cullet). The methodology is based on two key factors: technical quality substitutability, considering impurities and colour contaminations in cullet, and market applicability, accounting for market demand. Once formulated, the model was applied to a European case study on glass waste treatment. Two scenarios were considered: one assuming complete substitution between cullet and raw materials, the other incorporating quality degradation. Findings indicate that, accounting for quality degradation, only 83% of cullet effectively replaces raw materials, resulting in a decrease of the benefit associated with recycling of 13–23% for the different examined impact categories, compared to complete replacement assumption. This underscores the importance of considering quality deterioration in glass recycling impact assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the incorporation of Terbium(III) oxide as a rare earth metal modifier in sodium borate glasses containing PbO/Bi 2 O 3 , aiming to enhance the efficiency of optoelectronic devices. The synthesis and characterization of these glasses are detailed, highlighting the unique properties introduced by Terbium(III) oxide. The study investigates the regularities in the characteristics such as physical, XRD, UV, FTIR, and optical properties of 70B 2 O 3 –15Na 2 O – 15PbO – (5-x)Bi 2 O 3 – xTb 2 O 3 , where x = 0; 1; 2; 3; 5 mol% prepared glassy samples, considering varying concentrations of bismuth and the modifier (e.g. Tb 2 O 3), and examines their mutual impact on the borate glass matrix involved. It is found that there are sharp peaks on the diffraction pattern, which increase in width and intensity with increasing Terbium concentration from 3 to 5 mol% in the glass matrices, e.g. two-phase structures, amorphous and crystalline, are observed. Moreover, a wide excitation band in the glass matrix is also observed in the region of 200–320 nm. The study delves into the potential applications of these modified glasses in highly efficient optoelectronic devices, contributing valuable insights to the advancement of materials for technological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of the electronic display industry, aluminosilicate glass has emerged as a replacement for traditional soda lime silica glass as the cover plate of various display devices because of its excellent physical and chemical properties. High transmittance and low reflectivity are the inevitable requirements of its application. However, few studies have been reported about the antireflection of aluminosilicate glass. In this study, a two-step etching method was employed to treat both sides of the alkali-aluminosilicate glass to obtain surface antireflection. Analytical methods such as EPMA, AFM, and UV spectrophotometry were utilized to evaluate the effect of the etching process and resultant surface microstructure on the optical properties of the glass. Furthermore, comparative research was conducted to distinguish the etching reaction differences between alkali-aluminosilicate glass and other glass compositions like soda-lime glass and high-boron-silicon glass. The results demonstrated that the controlled two-step etching process created a micro-porous surface structure, with a gradient refractive index. Subsequent to the secondary etching, the glass exhibits an impressive average transmittance of 98.88% within the visible light spectrum (380–780 nm). Moreover, identical etchant across different composition glasses leads to discernible differences in transmittance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-infrared (NIR) glass-converted light-emitting diodes (gc-LEDs) are newly emergent broadband light sources for miniaturizing optical systems like spectrometers. While lots of effort has been spent on materials doped with rare-earth and transition-metal ions, the achievement of these materials with broadband NIR emission and desired wavelength region remains a long-standing challenge, especially operating in the spectral region between 700 and 1100 nm. Herein, a broadband NIR LEDs based on Te cluster-doped silicate glass is developed. Through adjustment of melting atmosphere and network topology of the glass matrix, active NIR Te cluster centers can be generated and stabilized in silicate glass and show a broad emission at 980 nm with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 300 nm under blue light excitation. The photoluminescence of the glass matches well with the absorption of several primary chemical bonds in food and biological tissue. In demonstration experiments, the NIR absorption of different biological tissue by NIR light from our glass is measured, suggesting that the super-broad NIR luminescence of Te-doped silicate glass has potential applications as light sources for nondestructive analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Imogolite nanotubes (INTs) are unique anisometric particles with monodisperse nanometric diameters. Aluminogermanate double-walled INTs (Ge-DWINTs) are obtained with variable aspect ratios by controlling the synthesis conditions. It thus appears as an interesting model system to investigate how aspect ratio and ionic valence influence the colloidal behavior of highly anisometric rods. The nanotubes were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment for 5 or 20 days to modify the aspect ratio while the electrostatic interactions were investigated by comparing the colloidal stability in symmetric and asymmetric electrolytes. The phase behavior and their related microstructure were determined by optical observations and small-angle X-ray scattering measurements, coupled with interparticle distance modelling. We revealed that colloidal suspensions of Ge-DWINTs prepared in NaCl are guided by repulsive double layer forces, undergoing different liquid crystal phase transitions before stiffen into a glass-like state. We found that the microstructure can be rationalized by taking into account the anisometric nature of the particles. By contrast, dispersions prepared with asymmetric electrolytes are governed by strong attractive forces and thus form space-filling gels containing large nanotubes aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is growing interest in Ag 2 O doping in oxide glasses through optimal selection of excitation wavelengths to achieve efficient luminescence via either up or down-conversion processes. In this present work, we report the influence of Ag nanoparticles/aggregates on the structural and spectroscopic characteristics of melt-quenched Ag 2 O - co-doped (19.5-x)Li 2 O+70B 2 O 3 +10CaO+0.5Nd 2 O 3 +xAg 2 O glasses. Systematic studies were conducted using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, HR-TEM, MAS-NMR, UV–Visible–NIR, Photoluminescence, and decay kinetics techniques. The XRD analysis conclusively indicates the absence of crystalline peaks. However, HR-TEM analysis showed a reduction in the size of AgNPs from 14 nm to 11 nm with an increase of Ag 2 O concentration from 0.25 mol% to 0.5 mol%, respectively. The RAMAN and MAS-NMR (11B and 7Li) revealed the modification in the local structure induced by the Ag 2 O as revealed by the predominant borate structural units, and silver (Ag) acted as a modifier in the glass matrix. The absorption spectra of all samples exhibit a characteristic peak of Nd3+ ions. Interestingly, the LCBNd0.5Ag0.5 glass sample exhibits the SPR peak at 416 nm, indicating that the lower limit of Ag 2 O in LCBNd0.5 is <0.5 mol%. Luminescence studies at different excitation wavelengths (350, 525, and 584 nm) reveal the predominant emission at 877 nm and 1058 nm, whose emission intensity increased with Ag 2 O concentration. Samples with Ag 2 O-doped LCBNd glasses exhibit identical lifetime values, indicating the absence of luminescence-quenching and the presence of Ag aggregates leading to the SPR effect. Based on our findings, the LCBNd0.5Ag0.5 sample demonstrated superior performance to other samples, with the highest emission under an excitation of 350 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large size (4 cm × 4 cm × 1 cm) Ce3+-doped high gadolinium oxyfluoride glass with density of 5.83 g/cm³ was prepared by the melt quench method at 1220 °C. The glass is colorless and transparent over the visible range. The prolonged decay time under 275 nm UV light demonstrates the energy transfer from Gd3+ ions to Ce3+ ions. The X-ray excited luminescence spectra (XEL) show the emission peak corresponds to the 5d→4f transitions of Ce3+ ion. The integral emission intensity of glass was compared with that of bismuth germanate oxide (BGO) crystals. The scintillation property of glass was studied under the γ -ray from 137Cs source and a clear energy peak was observed with light yield (LY) over 1100 ph/MeV. The scintillation decay time comprises fast and slow components. All results presented in this work indicate the appropriate potential to be high-energy rays detecting material for CEPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work,60TeO 2 -(35-x)ZnO-xNb 2 O 5 –5SrF 2 -0.5Dy 2 O 3 glasses was prepared to use a high-temperature melting method, where x represents the Nb 2 O 5 content (x = 0,5,7.5,10).Raman spectra studies revealed that increasing the concentration ratio of Nb 2 O 5 to TeO 2 resulted in the gradual transformation of [TeO 3 ] and [TeO 3+1 ] units in the glass network to [TeO 4 ] units. This transformation also enhanced the stability of the network structure. The emission peaks of the samples were observed at 481 nm (blue), 576 nm (yellow), and 663 nm (red), which is crucial for white light materials. The luminescent intensity increased with the increase of Nb 2 O 5 concentration, reaching its maximum at 7.5% mol. The CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates fell within the range of white light, with corresponding color temperatures ranging from 5063 K to 5877 K. All the results show that the fluorescent materials used in high-brightness illumination can be obtained by adding an appropriate amount of Nb 2 O 5 to Dy3+-doped tellurate glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphase groundmasses (micro‐scale minerals with or without glass) are generated from silicate liquids during the cooling of natural lavas often alongside larger minerals formed long before eruption. Many researchers have posited that compositions gleaned from the analysis of groundmasses closely approximate the compositions of the melts they were derived from, and these have been used frequently to model pre‐eruptive magma conditions. However, it is difficult to confidently identify and sample these groundmasses once they are formed. Using a sample of lava that exhibits a wide degree of textural variation (ranging from holocrystalline to hypohyaline) we show that compositions of groundmasses sampled using defocused electron beams are significantly different from glass compositions in terms of mean composition and covariance. Despite this, several groundmass compositions qualify as 'in equilibrium' with matrix/rim olivine. When processed using available thermometers, however, modelled equilibrium temperatures are significantly higher than those produced using glass data, on average. Because of this, we prescribe caution in using polyphase groundmass data generated using defocused beam analysis even as a rudimentary approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the incorrect speciation of iron during thermometry modelling, Coulthard et al. (2024) produced an incorrect olivine‐liquid equilibrium diagram, which failed to identify multiple potential equilibrium olivine‐melt pairs. With the new pairs identified here, the temperatures inferred from olivine‐groundmass pairs move closer in temperature space to those inferred from olivine‐glass pairs. Additionally, it is recognised that the most significant difference between these thermometry data is due to differences in inferred melt water mass fraction. If a mean value of water is used for all thermometry, the mean temperatures calculated for olivine‐glass and olivine‐groundmass pairs converge to within 10 °C of one another. This indicates that groundmass compositions inferred via the defocused beam analysis of a polyphase groundmass may reproduce enough information to confidently perform olivine‐melt thermometry despite the glass and groundmass data representing significantly different compositions in multivariate space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two series of samarium doped lead-tellurite glass embedded with titanium nanoparticles (Ti NPs) of different compositions (60 − x)TeO2-30PbO-10ZnO-xSm2O3 (x = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 mol%) and (58.5 − x)TeO2-30PbO-10ZnO-1.5Sm2O3-xTiO2 (x = 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 mol%) were prepared using conventional melt quenching technique. The existence of a broad hump XRD pattern verifies the amorphous nature of glasses. The homogeneous distribution and growth of spherical and non-spherical TiO2 NPs (average diameter ~ 11.11 ± 0.13 nm) in the glassy matrix are evidenced from the TEM analyses. The HRTEM confirmed the presence of TiO2 NPs by measuring the lattice spacing of TiO2 NPs, which is found to be 0.211 nm. The UV–Vis-NIR absorption spectra reveal nine bands corresponding to the transition from ground state 6H5/2 to excited states 4I13/2, 4I11/2, 6F11/2, 6F9/2, 6F7/2, 6F5/2, 6F3/2, 6H15/2, and 6F1/2; the most intense hypersensitive bands are F9/2,6F7/2,6F5/2, and 6F3/2. The down-conversion corresponding to Sm3+ ions transitions under 404-nm excitation reveals four emission bands centered at 548 nm, 583 nm, 628 nm, and 692 nm related to the transitions 4G5/2 → 6H5/2, 4G5/2 → 6H7/2, 4G5/2 → 6H9/2, and 4G5/2 → 6H11/2, respectively. The highest transition band relative intensity to the other transition bands is 4G5/2 → 6H7/2, and the intensity of 4G5/2 → 6H11/2 is the lowest. Additionally, the glass sample TPZST3 with 0.9 mol% of TiO2 NPs possesses the greatest WCA of 105.24° which means that the TPZST3 has a hydrophobic nature; this suggests that TPZST3 can be a good candidate for developing self-cleaning glasses applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Important estimates were made of the cohesive zone mode (CZM) characteristics used to predict the fracture of Elium composites processed at various temperatures in this study. First, tests for the end notched flexure (ENF) and double cantilever beam (DCB) on composites processed at different temperatures (24°C, 50°C, and 80°C) were performed. Based on the experimental results, the numerical models of damage evolution were developed. And six pairs of cohesive parameters (cohesive strength and cohesive stiffness) to the specified fracture energy release rates were obtained. Then, a Tsai approach was developed to predict the cohesive strength of the Elium composite with various process temperatures based on the obtained parameters. In order to predict the delamination behavior of the Elium composite, the obtained cohesive parameters were then used to a numerical model of short beam shear (SBS). The peak force of the simulations was discovered to be consistent with the outcomes of the tests. The findings served as a reference for damage assessments of Elium composites processed at various temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro‐X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) screening of 244 glass sherds from Ribe, Denmark, identified 23 wood ash glasses. The closely dated finds pinpoint the arrival of the earliest wood ash glass produced in Western Europe in this important North Sea trading hub. This glass type was absent among glass from 700 to 790 CE but feature strongly from 790 to 810 CE. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) analysis of 24 glasses show the presence of four types. We show the strengths of classifying wood ash glass based on the glass‐producing sands and conclude that the earliest production took place on a considerable scale and had a major impact on glass circulation in Northern Europe in the ninth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machining of silica glass is a challenging task due to its physical properties like brittleness, electrically insulated, etc. Although with the use of electrochemical discharge, it is possible to make holes and channels in silica glass, but the generation of spark discharge and removal of materials is a complex phenomenon in the electrochemical discharge process. Several research works were carried out previously to control the spark discharge as well as machining accuracy using rotational tool, the addition of ultrasonic vibration, including a magnetic field, and the use of different electrolytes, etc. A novel tool feeding technique i.e. using a horizontal tool and vertically upward tool feeding technique was used during milling on glass. The effects of voltage, the tool feed rate (TFR) and the concentration of electrolyte on the material removal rate and machining quality were studied in this work. The machined channel was examined under an optical measuring microscope as well as scanning electron microscope. The machining surface was also observed using a coherence correlation interferometry image to analyze in-depth surface topography of machined channels. Material removal rate and Ra value of the bottom layer were measured. The material removal rate of 6.097 µg/min was noticed at 25 wt% of electrolyte concentration, 40 µm/s of TFR and 45 V of applied voltage. The bottom layer's surface roughness (Ra) was found as low as 0.222 µm (Ra) at parametric conditions of 40 V, 40 µm/s TFR, and 15 wt% electrolyte concentration by employing the developed novel tool feeding technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of the Bi 2 O 3 /BaO ratio on the microstructure, optical, ligand field, and radiation shielding features of BSrFeBaBi glass matrix. The Bi 2 O 3 content of the BSrFeBaBi glasses was increased from 0 to 20 mol%. The density increased from 3.77 g / cm 3 to 5.00 g / cm 3 and the molar volume increased from 24.74 cm 3 / mol to 31.17 cm 3 / mol with increasing Bi 2 O 3 /BaO ratio. The optical analysis confirmed that the transparency of BSrFeBaBi glasses in the visible region is high. Moreover, the presence of Fe cations in the octahedral coordination (FeO 6 units) was confirmed. Furthermore, the fundamental absorption edge of BSrFeBaBi glasses shifts towards lower energies with additional Bi 2 O 3 /BaO concentrations, confirming the reduced behavior of the optical band gap. Also, ligand field splitting values decreased while Racah parameters increased. The obtained results demonstrate a tendency of the bonds between the Fe ions and their surroundings towards higher degree of ionic nature. Furthermore, the Bi 2 O 3 /BaO ratio demonstrated an enhanced radiation shielding behavior. Finally, BSrFeBaBi glasses exhibit favorable attributes for use in the radiation shielding domain due to their efficient radiation shielding features and transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica-aluminum borates (SiO 2 -R 2 O 3 -R 2 O-RO-ZrO 2 system) with La 2 O 3 replacing BaO were preparing using the conventional melt quenching process. The impact of substituting BaO with La 2 O 3 on the glass structure was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman. The density, thermal properties, alkali resistance and dielectric properties of the glasses were measured and compared using Archimedes, Differential Scanning Circuit (DSC), Thermal Expansion Calorimetry (TEC), Weight Reduction and Impedance Spectroscopy. The viscosity of the glass system was calculated from the thermal properties and discussed in comparison with the wetting angle at 1000 °C. The results showed that the glass does not undergo precipitation. With the increase of La 2 O 3 to BaO substitution, the Q4 in the glass network structure transforms to Q0+Q1 and Q2, causing depolymeriation of the glass structure. This results in an increase in the density of the glass, as well as an increase and subsequent decrease in the thermal expansion coefficient. Additionally, the glass transition temperature and glass softening temperature decrease and then increase, which was due to the high field strength of La3+. When substituting 5 wt% of BaO with La 2 O 3 , The glass displayed the lowest dielectric constant and dielectric loss, along with the best alkali resistance. Viscosity calculations showed that the viscosity gradually increases at 1000 °C with the increase of La 2 O 3 substitution, which was consistent with the wettability results. The glass components in the 0-5 wt% weight range all satisfy the iron-sealed glass wetting angle requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, glass samples were obtained by melt-quenching in the binary system (100-x)KPO 3 -xNb 2 O 5 with x = 20, 30, 40, and 50 mol%. Thermal properties investigated by DSC together with structural investigations by Raman spectroscopy allowed to understand the structural effect of Nb 2 O 5 incorporation in the potassium phosphate glass network. A transparent glass-ceramic has also been produced by heat treatment of the 50KPO 3 –50Nb 2 O 5 glass sample. Density, molar volume, atomic packing, and refractive index were determined and increased with Nb 2 O 5 content. Chemical resistance in several corrosive aqueous solutions was found to increase with Nb 2 O 5 content and crystallization. Vickers hardness as well as elastic modulus and hardness obtained from nanoindentation experiments also strongly increased with higher niobium contents, indicating that not only optical properties but also chemical and mechanical properties are improved with niobium incorporation in the phosphate glass network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromic luminescent glass-ceramics attract lots of attention as an optical storage medium owing to their large storage capacity, reversible luminescence modulation, simple operation, etc. Herein, a kind of phosphosilicate glass containing AgBr nanoparticles was designed and prepared, which can realize the color reversible transformation between light yellowish-green and brown by alternating 365 nm light illumination and thermal treatment at 300 °C. The mechanism of photochromism and bleaching of the glass is related to the generation and decomposition of Ag0 clusters. Relying on the re-absorption effect, the emission intensity of Eu3+ ions could be reversibly regulated, showing the maximum luminescence contrast of 74 %. A good fatigue resistance and reproducibility of transmittance and luminescence modulation could be observed in cycle measurements, demonstrating its potential in the optical memory field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, glass with composition (75- x)B 2 O 3 - x TeO 2 -11Bi 2 O 3 –10Li 2 O-1Ho 2 O 3 -3Yb 2 O 3 (x = 10–60 mol%) were synthesized using the melt quenching technique to investigate the effect of mixed glass former between TeO 2 and B 2 O 3 on the spectroscopic properties of glass. The Raman Spectroscopy has revealed a structural depolymerization undergone by the glasses with a sudden increment at x = 30 mol% that might arise from structural competition between TeO 2 and B 2 O 3. Optical absorption spectra have revealed 9 absorption peaks corresponding to Ho3+ ion transitions while one peak belongs to Yb3+ ion transition. The bonding parameter signifies the glasses are ionic in nature. The oscillator strength and Judd-Ofelt parameter Ω 2 , 4 , 6 have reduced against increment of TeO 2 concentration indicated a low asymmetry and low rigidity except for x = 30 mol% that may be due to strong interaction between TeO 2 and B 2 O 3. The radiative properties such as spontaneous emission probability, branching ratio, radiative lifetime and stimulated emission cross-section have showcased the glass potential for laser application. The luminescence spectra of studied glasses upon 450 nm excitation have disclosed two main emission bands which are 530 nm and 642 nm that corresponding to 5F 4 –5I 8 and 5F 5 –5I 8, of Ho3+ respectively whilst an extra emission recorded at 738 nm was ascribed to 5F 4 –5I 7 of Ho3+ due to energy transfer process from Yb3+ to Ho3+. The emission intensity of the samples has enhanced with the TeO 2 addition due to reduction of phonon energy. CIE 1931 diagram has shown a greener emission colour of glass samples over TeO 2 addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, ion‐exchanged or chemically strengthened glass is ubiquitously used all over the world, typically for scratch‐free display cover of personal mobile phones. It has been known that the strengthening is due to developments of high compressive stress in the surface layer by its internally constrained dilation. We investigated micro‐scale mechanical properties of the surface layer itself of a Na+‐to‐K+ ion‐exchanged soda lime silicate glass, revealing that the strength of the layer increased nearly 40% by the ion‐exchange with little compression effect from the interior. The fracture toughness, however, was comparable before and after the ion‐exchange, indicating that the ion‐exchange reduces the crack size of the fracture origin. Theoretical estimates of fracture surface energies verified the measured fracture toughness. It was presumed that the observed crack‐size reduction is due to crack healing effects enhanced by the ion‐exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doping of bismuth (Bi) ions in borosilicate glasses has gained attention for its potential applications in LED light sources and imaging displays. Here, gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) was introduced into the glass matrix in varying concentrations using a high‐temperature melting method to investigate its impact on the luminescence properties of Bi ions. The resulting glass exhibited bimodal emission peaks at 465 and 750 nm when excited with 325 nm light. The luminescence intensity and fluorescence half width at half height initially increased, followed by a subsequent decrease as the Gd2O3 content in the glass increased from 10 to 43 mol%. Additionally, the color of the luminescence transformed from purple–red to green under white light irradiation. The composition and excitation wavelength of the glass can be adjusted to achieve selective tuning of the luminescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative composition‐structure‐property (C–S–P) relationship analysis is a promising approach to correlate structural features with properties of glasses that have complex structures and lack long‐range order. In this study, the structure and spectroscopic properties of two typical P2O5‐MO‐K2O‐Al2O3 (M = Mg, Ba) quaternary phosphate laser glasses doped with Nd3+ ions are calculated and predicted. By using the nearest‐neighboring congruently melting compounds in the phase diagram as "component and structural motifs", correlations with properties and insights on glass behaviors can be obtained. Two key physical properties and five spectroscopic properties are predicted and verified with an error of less than 5% and 10%, respectively. Furthermore, two C–S–P databases with more than 1000 glass compositions are established for designing and optimizing new laser glasses. The results show that this approach not only gets rid of the traditional qualitative research method which relies on empirical formulas, but also promotes the quantitative calculation and predictable design of glass research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the ever‐increasing demand for transmission capacity in optical fiber communication systems, there is a growing focus on developing active fibers and devices with an optical response across a wider spectrum. Bismuth (Bi)‐doped photonic glasses have attracted significant interest for their exceptional ultra‐broadband optical response, particularly within telecommunication bands. However, developing advanced Bi‐activated materials with robust optical response, high compatibility with commercial transmission systems, and low processing temperature remains a huge challenge. Herein, an anion hybridization strategy is proposed to overcome the aforementioned limitations. The anion hybridization significantly enhances the broadband optical response (≈10 times) of the Bi center following the introduction of fluorine ions, and reduces the transition temperature of the photonic glass (≈200 °C). Moreover, the near‐infrared optical response bandwidth experiences significant broadening, a result attributed to the larger inhomogeneous broadening. Furthermore, successful fabrication of the anion‐hybridized Bi‐activated glass fiber is achieved, demonstrating excellent compatibility with commercial transmission fibers. Additionally, the fabricated fiber exhibits an amplified spontaneous emission and on‐off gain across a broad waveband, further validating its efficacy. These results indicate that anion hybridization offers an effective strategy to optimize the optical and thermal properties of photonic materials to develop novel advanced photonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of density measurement, differential scanning calorimetry, refractometry, and Raman and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is employed to characterize the evolution of the structure and physical properties of lithium disilicate (Li2Si2O5) and lead metasilicate (PbSiO3) glasses during physical aging. Both glasses display marked increase in density, enthalpy recovery, and refractive index following a temperature down‐jump near their glass transition regions. The collective analysis of Raman and NMR spectra reveals that the aging‐induced structural relaxation in these silicate networks involves a significant disproportionation of Q‐species as well as their spatial clustering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of ab initio descriptors derived from density functional theory simulations is systematically investigated in comparison to traditional compositional descriptors for the ability to predict glass properties utilizing machine learning algorithms. Two datasets are used for this purpose: an extensive, publicly available database involving a wide range of oxide glasses, and a small in‐house dataset covering a broader collection of inorganic glasses from metallic to non‐metallic materials. For the larger dataset, it was demonstrated that ab initio descriptors offer a substantial reduction in input dimensionality while retaining nearly equivalent predictive performance when compared to the compositional descriptors. The combination of ab initio and compositional descriptors showed an improvement in prediction accuracy. For the smaller dataset, the ab initio‐derived descriptors performed significantly better than the compositional descriptors, providing a valuable tool to improve glass property prediction in settings where the availability of data is limited. Furthermore, ab initio‐derived descriptors are not only computationally inexpensive and allow extrapolation beyond the training composition space but also facilitate model interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sand‐casting molds suffer from surface defects and low strength. An organic–inorganic binder conversion process, wherein an organic binder is converted to an inorganic binder, has been proposed to increase the application temperature of the sand‐casting mold and simplify the manufacturing process for precision casting. However, the usable temperature of the typical SiO2–Na2O binder system is limited to approximately 1000°C owing to the low liquefaction temperature of the compound. The resulting glass phase (Na2SiO3) exhibits low viscosity, and the casting of large objects results in low strength. Therefore, in this study, we propose a SiO2–Na2O–ZrO2 ternary inorganic binder system; the addition of zirconia (ZrO2) into sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) as an inorganic binder was expected to increase the operating temperature of the mold and improve its mechanical properties. The results confirmed that the addition of ZrO2 improved the mechanical properties by preventing the formation of Na2SiO3. In addition, a higher sintering temperature corresponded to smaller and larger amounts of Na2SiO3 and Na2ZrSiO5, respectively, and thus a higher strength. Therefore, we expect our developed ternary inorganic binder system to be highly advantageous for producing molds for high‐temperature and precision casting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cubic Sm@CdS quantum dots (QDs) are grown in a glass matrix with good thermal stability for the first time. The band gap of CdS particles embedded in glass is observed to be in the range of 3.8 to 2.4 eV. The present system is compared with CdS/Sm nanocrystals (NCs) doped in a silica-based glass system. The CdS quantum dots, having a size in the range of 3–6 nm, are grown in the silica glass. Structural characterization has been carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which shows the cubic structure of Sm@CdS quantum dots in glass, whereas the pristine CdS Q-dot glass shows hexagonal structure. The optical characterization of the glasses has been carried out using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. A spectroscopic study showed a shift in optical transmittance due to thermal treatment, i.e., due to the growth of CdS quantum dots in the glass matrix. The semiconductor crystals are uniform in size and distributed evenly in the glass matrix. The size quantization effect has been seen in both systems. There is a drastic change in the optical band gap with the size of the quantum dots. Under natural sunlight, the hydrogen production experiment was conducted, and an increase of 42.5% in the hydrogen evolution rate was observed from 1 wt% Sm3+ doped CdS (3769.2 μmol h−1 g−1) heat-treated at 525 °C when compared to the CdS Q-dot glass with a similar heat treatment temperature (2626 μmol h−1 g−1). Such cubic CdS QD–glass nanocomposites have great significance owing to their potential applications in solar cells, LEDs, and other optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental and numerical study on laser transmission welding (LTW) of borosilicate glass and stainless steel 304 L by a continuous wave fiber laser with a central wavelength of 1075 nm is reported for the objective of achieving hermetic glass-metal seals. Prior to the experimentation, numerical simulations were undertaken on the ANSYS Fluent platform with custom user-defined functions (UDFs) to develop a 3D transient numerical model and predict the temperature distribution and weld geometry. The good agreement observed between the numerically predicted weld geometry and experimental results validates the accuracy of the numerical model. Through systemic experimental design of process parameters such as laser power and laser scanning speed a spectrum of acceptable welding conditions was identified. This allowed for the identification of ideal parameter combinations to attain optimal weld strength and quality. Additionally, the study explored the influence of laser power and laser scanning speed on weld quality, addressing concerns such as weld defects and cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochromism has emerged as a pivotal technology in the pursuit of energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, spurring significant research efforts aimed at the creation of advanced electrochromic devices. Most electrochromic materials are used for smart window applications. However, current electrochromic materials have been applied to new energy vehicles, cell phone back covers, AR glasses, and so on. More application scenarios put forward more requirements for the color of the colored states. Choosing the right color change in the application will be the trend in the future. In this work, tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin films were prepared by adjusting the in situ heating temperature. WO3 with a crystalline structure showed excellent cyclic stability (5000 cycles), electrochromic performance (ΔT = 77.7% at 633 nm, CE = 37.1 cm2/C), relatively fast bleaching/coloring speed (20.0 s/19.4 s), and the darkest coloring effect (L* = 29.32, a* = 7.41, b* = −22.12 for the colored state). These findings offer valuable insights into the manipulation of smart materials and devices, contributing to the advancement of electrochromic technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various modifications of standard glass fiber filtration media using electrospun PA66 nanofibers are described. PA66 were selected because they were readily available from commercial sources. Other polymers, such as PP, PET and PBT, could also be used. The first set of samples was prepared by mixing the nanofibers at two, three and five weight percent with glass fibers, and the second by laying the same proportion of the nanofibers directly onto the downstream side of the substrate. The aim of these modifications was to improve the three most basic functionalities of filter media, the separation efficiency, the differential pressure (ΔP) and the dirt holding capacity (DHC). The modified media samples were evaluated with the standard textile characterization techniques and filtration performance evaluation procedures. The results showed differences in the several tens of percentage points achieved with the two modification methods. Moreover, additional differences in performance were observed depending on the percentage of nanofibers admixed to the substrate. These differences were most apparent in the filtration efficiency and the DHC, both by several percentage points, with no apparent effect on the ∆P. The results strongly suggest that the preparation of new filter media by incorporating nanofibers directly into the matrix can result in significant improvements in filtration performance characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information contained in museum collections catalog databases is an invaluable resource for understanding and caring for collection items. The identification and grouping of items in a collection based on criteria such as location of manufacture, use, or materials composition allows for items at greater risk for long term preservation issues to be more appropriately monitored and cared for. However, identifying these items can be difficult, particularly when the collections data or terminology included in collections catalogs and databases vary significantly between items or across collections. This paper discusses the process and results of a data consolidation and cleaning campaign that was undertaken by the Smithsonian’s Glass Deterioration Working Group. This work was done in order to develop a consistent database of glass and glass-containing collection items that is able to be effectively queried for items of particular concern or interest from a preservation standpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, narrowband light‐convertor is critically urgent for preeminent color representation in lighting and display fields, however, the development of target materials still remains challenging. Herein, glass ceramic (GC) composite based on in situ glass crystallization, where the condense glass network structure acts as effective obstructors for long distance ion diffusion, is elaborately designed to inhibit activators' multi‐sites occupation for acquiring narrowband emitting. Following this strategy, an unprecedented narrowband blue emission of Eu2+‐activators with a peak at 447 nm and full‐width of half maximum (FWHM) of ≈30 nm is developed in a new type of Sr5(PO4)3Cl (SPOCl) GC composite. The Eu2+‐activators' hindered diffusion inside the GC composite makes preferential and limit occupation of the [Sr1O9] sites, enabling narrowband blue luminescence. Furthermore, the GC composite highlights remarkable performance in high‐power violet‐excitable full‐spectrum lighting and transparent display (TD) prototype fields, due to its high color purity (≈98.1%), photoluminescence quantum field (PLQY, ≈80.5%) and thermal stability (≈82.1%@150 °C). This work not only promotes the profound understanding of the relationship between light manipulation and glass crystallization, but also paves the way toward the implementation of high‐quality lighting and display of GC composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Barium Borophosphate glass system with molar compositions 40P 2 O 5 – 25B 2 O 3 -(35-x) BaO-xV 2 O 5 and 40P 2 O 5 –25B 2 O 3 –35BaO-xV 2 O 5 (x = 0,1,3,5 mol%) was synthesized using melt-quenching method. A comprehensive investigation of the structural and optical properties was conducted to compare the effects of V 2 O 5 as a dopant and as an addition to the glass matrix. The physical parameters were assessed through the measurement of density. The influence of V 2 O 5 introduction on vibrational modes was studied through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The UV–visible absorbance analysis unveiled the existence of multiple valence states of vanadium (V3+, V4+ and V5+). The reduction in bandgap was determined through the utilization of a Tauc plot, while the measurement of the refractive index allowed for the assessment of its variation with the composition of V 2 O 5. Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) was employed to explore the presence of intrinsic defects within the glass matrix and the impact of V 2 O 5 on the emission spectra. Furthermore, CIE chromaticity coordinates of synthesized samples were observed in both the white and blue regions, suggesting their potential application in display devices. Significantly, V 2 O 5 glass doped with 1 mol% displayed chromaticity, characterized by CIE coordinates x = 0.288 and y = 0.386, closely matching the white region as well as the bandpass filter. The introduction of transition metal oxide dopants into borophosphate glass yielded exceptional emission properties. The ability to modify optical properties makes it more promising for these glass materials, particularly for applications like optical filters and displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste-based lightweight glass ceramics aroused a great deal of attention with the introduction of green building materials. This material demonstrated high performance while alleviating the pressure of waste accumulation. Lightweight glass ceramic was fabricated from phosphorus tailings and coal gangue as raw materials in this work. The effects of phosphorus tailing ratios (50 wt.% - 100 wt.%) and heat-treatment temperatures (1130 °C – 1170 °C) on the pore morphology, properties and toxicity evaluation of lightweight glass ceramics were investigated. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric mass spectrometry (TG-MS) tests were performed to characterize the sintering behavior of lightweight glass ceramics. The research found that Fe 2 O 3 in the phosphorus tailings and C and FeS 2 within the coal gangue achieve in-situ foaming by creating the gas at elevated temperatures. Results revealed that increasing the proportion of phosphorus tailings facilitated the generation of the molten glassy phase, which favored the formation of bubbles and the expansion of pores. The average pore size of lightweight glass ceramics enlarged from 15.33 μm to 75.02 μm upon increasing the amount of phosphorus tailings from 50 wt.% to 100 wt.%. Increasing the amount of the glassy phase could be achieved by adjusting the heat-treatment temperature. This not only formed a protective film preventing water penetration into the interior of the lightweight glass ceramics but also effectively protected them from corrosion by acidic and alkaline solutions. The water absorption dropped dramatically from 16.44 % to 3.63 % and the corrosion resistance was greater than 98 % when the temperature rose from 1130 °C to 1170 °C. From the toxicity evaluation, the leaching toxicity of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in lightweight glass ceramics was 4 orders of magnitude below the limiting value and an extremely low potential ecological risk index (RI = 3.32) was obtained. The optimal preparation parameters were phosphorus tailings addition of 80 wt.% and a heat-treatment temperature of 1160 °C. The corresponding porosity, bulk density, compressive strength, water absorption, acid resistance and alkali resistance were 51.29 %, 1.38 g/cm3, 10.62 MPa, 4.81 %, 98.63 % and 99.96 %. The findings of the research offered a feasible solution for the development of novel green building materials, simultaneously reducing the environmental hazards of solid wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]