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La novísima incorporación de los derechos de la naturaleza en la Constitución de la República del Ecuador del año 2008, constituye un hito sin precedentes al reconocer a la naturaleza como sujeto de derechos. El propósito de esta investigación fue analizar el contenido esencial de los derechos de la naturaleza, cuya regulación jurídica actual tiene como características, la vaguedad y la ambigüedad de su contenido. La metodología empleada se orientó bajo un enfoque descriptivo, utilizando como técnica la hermenéutica y la interpretación de hechos, y se apoyó en el análisis bibliográfico. Los resultados dan cuenta de la actualización de la doctrina en relación a la naturaleza como sujeto de derechos, situación clave para el buen vivir, sumak kawsay, como una posición biocéntrica, que revitaliza las relaciones del ser humano con su entorno. Se concluye con una fundamentación de los elementos configuradores de los derechos de la naturaleza, como soporte teórico para su adecuado desarrollo normativo, jurisprudencial y protección integral en Ecuador.

We present an all-PM fiber laser system seeded by a single-frequency CW laser source generating 230fs pulses at 914nm with a tunable repetition rate between 5 and 20 MHz. Ultra-short pulse train was achieved using a Mach-Zehnder modulator for pulse carving, Nd-doped fiber amplifiers and a Mamyshev regenerator.

This article presents the conceptual framework for assessing farm sustainability using the IDEA4 method. IDEA4 combines a dual assessment approach based on sustainable agriculture objectives and the properties of sustainable farming systems. It is rooted in the domains of strong sustainability, strong agroecology and the multifunctionality of agriculture. It takes into account the overall issues of sustainable agriculture. This conceptual framework has been used to construct 53 indicators for analysing farm sustainability using two complementary approaches. The first assesses sustainability by organising these 53 indicators according to the 3 normative dimensions of sustainable development (agroecological, socio-territorial, economic), structured into 13 components. This assessment relies on a scoring system based on 100 sustainability units for each of the 3 dimensions, which cannot offset each other. The second approach is used to assess sustainability by organising the same 53 indicators according to the 5 properties of sustainable agricultural systems (ability to produce and reproduce goods and services, autonomy, robustness, territorial embeddedness, and overall responsibility), which are arranged in a tree structure with 15 branches. Indicators are aggregated in a qualitative and hierarchical manner using the DEXi tool. The exploratory potential of the concept of the properties of sustainable systems encourages a transdisciplinary approach for assessing farms. IDEA4’s theoretical framework is now complemented by three information technology (IT) tools, which means that the method can be used to a much greater extent to support the agroecological transition.

Using localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) as an optical probe we demonstrate the presence of free carriers in phosphorus doped silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) embedded in a silica matrix. In small SiNCs, with radius ranging from 2.6 to 5.5 nm, the infrared spectroscopy study coupled to numerical simulations allows us to determine the number of electrically active phosphorus atoms with a precision of a few atoms. We demonstrate that LSP resonances can be supported with only about 10 free electrons per nanocrystal, confirming theoretical predictions and probing the limit of the collective nature of plasmons. We reveal the appearance of an avoided crossing behavior linked to the hybridization between the localized surface plasmon in the doped nanocrystals and the silica matrix phonon modes. Finally, a careful analysis of the scattering time dependence versus carrier density in the small size regime allows us to detect the appearance of a new scattering process at high dopant concentration, which can be explained by P clustering inside the SiNCs.

The multipole expansion of a nano-photonic structure’s electromagnetic response is a versatile tool to interpret optical effects in nano-optics, but it only gives access to the modes that are excited by a specific illumination. In particular the study of various illuminations requires multiple, costly numerical simulations. Here we present a formalism we call “generalized polarizabilities”, in which we combine the recently developed exact multipole decomposition [Alaee et al., Opt. Comms. 407, 17–21 (2018)] with the concept of a generalized field propagator. After an initial computation step, our approach allows to instantaneously obtain the exact multipole decomposition for any illumination. Most importantly, since all possible illuminations are included in the generalized polarizabilities, our formalism allows to calculate the total density of multipole modes, regardless of a specific illumination, which is not possible with the conventional multipole expansion. Finally, our approach directly provides the optimum illumination field distributions that maximally couple to specific multipole modes. The formalism will be very useful for various applications in nano-optics like illumination-field engineering, or meta-atom design e.g. for Huygens metasurfaces. We provide a numerical open source implementation compatible with the pyGDM python package.

Structural equation modeling involving latent interaction has garnered much attention from researchers in many disciplines. Interestingly, Becher & Trowler (2001) described academics as living in a tribe sharing a common set of practices and led by a stable elite. To provide an overview of psychological and educational studies using the latent moderated structural equations approach (LMS), we produced a scoping review from three databases (ERIC, PsychInfo, and Érudit) and selected 78 articles. The goal of this study is to examine the nature and extent of practices regarding the use of the LMS method in order to recommend good practices. Our results show that there are some discrepancies in the way researchers analyze data using LMS.

Jean-Luc Perrot,1,2 François Maccari,2,3 Philippe Guillem,2,4– 6 Anne-Claire Fougerousse,2,7 Aude Nassif,2,8 Nathalie Beneton,2,9 Elisa Cinotti,2,10 Céline Girard,2,11 Raphaelle Binois,2,12 Ziad Reguiaï2,13 On behalf of the ResoVerneuil group1Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; 2ResoVerneuil, Ville, France; 3Private Office, La Varenne St Hilaire, France; 4Service de chirurgie adulte, clinique du Val-d’Ouest, Ecully, 69130, France; 5European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation, Dessau, Germany; 6Groupe de Recherche En proctologie de la Société Nationale Francophone de Colo-Proctologie, Paris, France; 7Military Teaching Hospital Bégin, Saint Mandé, France; 8Centre Médical de l’Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France; 9Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France; 10Department of Medical, Dermatology Unit, Surgical and Neuro.Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; 11Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; 12Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Régional d’Orléans, Orléans Cedex, 45067, France; 13Service de dermatologie, polyclinique Courlancy, Reims, 51100, FranceCorrespondence: Jean-Luc Perrot, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France, Email j.luc.perrot@chu-st-etienne.frPurpose: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent or chronic painful and suppurating lesions in the apocrine gland-bearing regions. The lack of knowledge about HS and its extremely heterogeneous clinical presentation, in terms of both lesion appearance and sites of involvement, frequently delay its diagnosis for several years. Objectives: in this study, using the latent class analysis, it was demonstrated that severity of HS could be evaluated not only with clinical or surgical characteristics but also with gender specificities.Patients and Methods: Clinical and sociodemographic data of HS patients were retrospectively analysed with the latent class method in order to create a classification tool of disease severity.Results: From the study of 1428 HS patients (544 men and 884 women), two classification models, depending on gender, were developed. Each classification model was composed of three distinct latent classes clearly identified and defined from mild-to-severe cases of HS. These classification models of HS severity were not distorted by patient ages and were coherent with Hurley stages but were more clinically precise.Conclusion: In this study, a convenient classification tool, useful for facilitating decision support in routine practice, has been developed. This tool could be used to define clinical subgroups within a study population.Keywords: hidradenitis suppurativa, classification, severity, latent class, Hurley stage