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Mark Twain's Becky Thatcher features very little in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. She mostly vanishes after Tom Sawyer , and even in that novel she speaks fewer than a thousand words of dialogue. She disappears from Twain's work almost completely after Huckleberry Finn , where she receives a single mention. An insignificant character to academics, Becky appears in the scholarly record little more than she had in Twain's fiction. This essay explores Becky Thatcher's outsized role in cinematic, literary, and other adaptations across the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Becky Thatcher's literary half-life extends to clothing racks and gift shops, as well as in cinematic and literary adaptations and appropriations. These transformations map racial and sexual anxieties of several American generations. Minor though she may seem, Becky looms large in films, fiction, restaurants, tourist attractions, and all the ephemera produced from the marketing of successful fictional characters in a capitalist media landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Souvenir shopping has always been a subject of significant tourism research, but the impact of different purchase channels, including the Internet, on tourists' souvenir purchase behavior has been largely ignored. This study proposes that the dual channel of souvenir purchase positively affects tourists' purchase intention through the serial mediation of perceived convenience and perceived usefulness, and the offline single channel positively affects tourists' purchase intention through the serial mediation of perceived scarcity and perceived value. The results also revealed that when the authenticity of souvenirs is low, only the dual-channel path plays a role in the model, it has a positive effect on purchasing intention through perceived convenience and perceived usefulness. Conversely when the authenticity of souvenirs is high only the offline single-channel path works, and perceived convenience and perceived usefulness play a sequential mediating role. Important theoretical contributions and practical implications are offered for souvenir merchants' marketing and decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark tourism shops have faced considerable moral criticism. This study draws on site observation and worksheets associated with a field trip to the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, to examine children's souvenir purchasing experiences. Employing thematic analysis of children's narratives, the findings reveal that dark souvenirs can facilitate contextualisation of the site, emotional engagement, and symbolic meanings for the purchase of such souvenirs. Souvenirs and souveniring are discussed in reference to cause-related marketing strategies to balance the commemorative, educational, and economic objectives. The cause-related marketing partnership between the museum and charitable organisation enhances the acceptance of the souvenir shop and its products. The concept of cause-related marketing is valuable for explaining museum and charity shop dynamics, to inform effective management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the internet has expanded souvenir buying opportunities and provided cheaper and more convenient options, but why are tourists still willing to pay a premium for souvenirs at the destination? We explore a widespread but understudied phenomenon in society through a two-step mixed research approach. We first conduct exploratory research to explore the influencing factors and unknown psychological processes and build our theoretical model of willingness to pay a premium (WTPP) for souvenirs based on 26 respondents' semi-structured interview data. The model was then tested using 503 survey data. The results reveal how the tourism experience presence, tourism experience enhancement, tourism experience attachment, and social relationship reciprocity affect the WTPP for souvenirs through emotional response. The conclusions enrich the research on the purchasing behaviour of souvenirs and provide practical implications for the marketing and design of souvenirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advancements, computerization, and globalization have made businesses competitive across all industries. Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) continue to encounter difficulties with resource scarcity and technology adoption, although accounting for over 80% of employment and contributing to 61.97% of the GDP (gross domestic product). The Sunan Drajat Lamongan Religious Tourism Area is a home to hundreds of MSMEs, ranging in size from apparel and souvenir shops to restaurants. The number of visitors rises dramatically throughout the holiday season before becoming quiet, as is common with tourism in general. Entrepreneurship is a key factor in economic growth and serves as the primary driving force for innovative and long-term growth. By leveraging social media to enhance a company's competitive advantage throughout the entrepreneurship and operation phases, entrepreneurs who possess an entrepreneurial mindset can aid their organizations in efficiently adapting their organizational framework and processes, thereby mitigating environmental conflicts and tensions within the intricate framework of a dynamic business environment. By using social media, MSMEs may reach their target audience with content and information without having to personally meet them. Social media also offers information in the form of customer reviews of goods, services, and even new ideas for sustainable MSMEs. This study aimed to determine how MSMEs' use of social media and their ability for innovation can impact their success in Sunan Drajat Lamongan's religious tourism industry. The data were obtained from 132 small and medium-sized enterprises using questionnaires. Path Least Square (PLS) and descriptive analysis were the methods utilized to analyze the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this article is to uncover the innovative changes that have emerged in Tourist Information Centres (TICs) in Lithuania as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The article is based on the assessment of primary research data collected through completed in-depth questionnaires. The research results revealed that a significant number of TICs transformed their activities while adapting them to local tourists. TICs introduced new products, attractions, and services, updated webpages and mobile applications, and created online souvenir shops. The research results indicated that, because of the lockdown, some state tourism institutions in the regions, along with local service providers, experienced a 'renaissance' and a successful period. New products and services were essential for the tourism sector's survival, and the majority of them continue to be used in the post-COVID reality, providing opportunities for greater resilience and reduced dependence on unexpected circumstances in the future. This article addresses discussion points related to general changes in tourism services in the context of resilience and the application of innovations. Additionally, the article introduces the concept of Re-tourism, which adds value to the development of the theoretical framework for post-COVID tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A firm would like to know which factors are the most significant for its revenue growth and this can be a very complex problem to solve since revenue determinants can be identified by literature to be a plethora of variables. The paper provides the methodology for pinpointing the most important revenue determinants for tourism accommodation establishments. Specifically, it aims to provide insight into revenue determinants of hotels and tourist accommodation establishments specializing in alternative tourism in a land-lock region of Northwestern Greece using the LASSO method on questionnaire data. LASSO presents many advantages for estimating tourism models with many possible determinants with a data-driven procedure for the selection of variables. Results suggest that tourists visiting the region, have strong preferences for traditional hostels of very high quality with investments in accessible tourism. Also, important determinants of revenue growth are the existence of a restaurant, playground, fitness centre, souvenir shop, the number of employees, and the human capital of the establishments. The method can be used as a yardstick in studies for other alternative tourism regions, for exhibiting the factors determining revenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of objective authenticity, substantive staging of servicescapes, experience co-creation, involvement and shopping satisfaction on the memorability of souvenir shopping experiences. The study also examines the relationship between a memorable souvenir shopping experience, nostalgia, destination attachment and revisit intention. Data were collected from 304 tourists who had taken a vacation in the preceding year and bought souvenirs during their trip. The results showed that experience co-creation, involvement and shopping satisfaction had positive effects on the memorability of souvenir shopping experiences. Relationships between memorable souvenir shopping experiences and nostalgia, destination attachment and revisit intention were also supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper calls for human geographers examining poverty in the global North to attend more to asset‐based community development (ABCD) poverty interventions in order to complement geographers' current foci on how people experience and respond to poverty. ABCD is a community movement that originated in the USA that emphasises principles of focusing on gifts and assets rather than deficits, and on relationships at the neighbourhood level. In doing so, ABCD starts from what is 'strong' rather than 'wrong' in order to work towards community transformation. This paper's focus on ABCD emerges from an ethnography with a community following ABCD on an estate in Birmingham, UK. The housing estate in which the ethnography was conducted is an area of relatively high UK deprivation. However, the ethnography drew out how, through ABCD intertwined with a Christian ethos, local volunteers and community workers endeavoured to reframe the questions being asked of and by the community in order to focus on people's gifts, foster neighbour‐to‐neighbour support, and shun stigma. In conclusion, the paper argues that giving more attention to ABCD poverty interventions will complement human geographers' existing attention to poverty in the global North by broadening our foci, including to question whether ABCD interventions could be used more widely to combat both the existence and experience of poverty. However, this comes with a warning: in giving more attention to assets, we must be careful to avoid romanticising poverty, and so this must be alongside existing geographical attention to austerity and welfare provision. This paper calls for human geographers examining poverty in the global North to attend more to asset‐based community development (ABCD) poverty interventions in order to complement geographers' current foci on how people experience and respond to poverty. ABCD is a community movement that originated in the USA that emphasises principles of focusing on gifts and assets rather than deficits, and on relationships at the neighbourhood level. This paper's focus on ABCD emerges from an ethnography with a community following ABCD on an estate in Birmingham, UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the motivations behind gift shopping behaviour of young Chinese independent outbound tourists. Analysis of 30 semi-structured interviews revealed six key motivations: expressing care and affection, enhancing post-trip experience, building/maintaining relationships, following cultural tradition, showing prestige, and fulfiling utilitarian purposes. Face, guanxi, and reciprocity were identified as the socio-cultural values behind these motivations. Implications for destination marketing practitioners were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the tourist linguistic landscape from multilingual perspectives still needs to be explored in Indonesia. Therefore, this paper explores the multilingual characteristics of public signage in Labuan Bajo, a fascinating tourist place in Indonesia. The study employed Backhaus' (2007) analytical categories of linguistic landscape to analyze 410 photos of outdoor signage taken in tourist places, including Komodo National Park, hotels, restaurants, diving centers, souvenir shops, and café. Utilizing content analysis, it reveals that Labuan Bajo's touristic linguistic landscape consists of 14 languages: Indonesian, English, Manggarai, Italian, Arabic, Mandarin, Spanish, Bahasa Komodo, Sanskrit, Kupang Malay, Latin, French, German, and Dutch, that the existing languages primarily appear on the monolingual signs and only a few on the multilingual signs, that the code preference of the bi/multilingual signage is dominated by Indonesian, that the signs were produced mainly by non-government agencies, and that the complementary nature became the most visible in the bi/multilingual signage. The study uncovers Labuan Bajo as a tourist town characterized by multilingual inequality. English and Indonesian are the most significant languages cited, while Manggarai and Bahasa Komodo (local languages) are the least. This paper recommends that the local government regulates language use on public signage and that tourism business establishments provide Indonesian signs with proper English translations. Finally, this study may also contribute to the study of multilingualism. Linguistic landscape reflects the languages at work in a certain setting thus, underscoring the reality that the place is characterized by cultural diversity. Such reality may be used to help raise cultural awareness among learners and facilitate their acquisition of pragmatic competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bali Province is a very popular tourist island in Indonesia. Everyone around the world can recognize Bali because of its distinctiveness that is easily recognizable, it becomes Bali's identity. Bali with its uniqueness makes Bali with a province that has many visual identities, these identities are important as the promotion of culture. It is also stated in the Regional Regulation of Bali Province that the utilization of cultural promotion objects can be carried out through socio-economic activities. One of these utilizations is using Balinese identity on elements in the social and economic fields. As a place of tourism, there are many souvenir shops in Bali. The souvenir shop companies in Bali Province use logos as their corporate identity, but whether Balinese identity is used on the logos of souvenir shop companies. based on this, this study aims to examine the visual elements in the logos of souvenir shop companies in Bali Province, to find Balinese identity. This research uses a qualitative method. The data sources used in this research are observation, literature study and interviews. Observations were made of the logos of souvenir shop companies in Bali Province. Based on data analysis, the logos have Balinese identity, including the name Bali, Balinese color, Jepun Flower, Udeng, Temple, and Legong Dance. The results of this research are expected to add and develop knowledge and serve as a reference for research on logos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to find a strategy to make gift shops profitable and satisfy gift-givers, achieving a win-win situation. In particular, it attempts to integrate the position of gift-givers and marketers to develop a more suitable marketing strategy. When gift-givers go to gift shops to buy gifts, they often think about how to choose a gift. In this situation, the dependent variable of this study is perceived value. Operationally, the gift marketer factor is a type of sales promotion (scarcity and popularity appeal) that can be explained as social norms. It includes the types of givers (close and distant givers) that can be explained as personal norms and the types of gifts (conspicuous and inconspicuous gifts) which are personal norms. This study developed social norms from the gift marketer perspective and personal norms from the gift-giver perspective. Three experiments were conducted to test three hypotheses with 346, 388, and 327 participants, respectively, employing a two-factor ANCOVA. Empirical results show that popular appeal was normally more effective in reinforcing perceived value than scarcity appeal, whether conspicuous or inconspicuous gifts or close or distant givers. This finding implies that the effect on descriptive social norms (i.e. popularity appeal) is greater than injunctive social norms (i.e. scarcity appeal) in gift-giving. This study is the first to incorporate the marketer and gift-giver factors in developing a more effective gift marketing strategy and contributing to the literature on the focus theory of normative conduct (social norms and personal norms) on gift promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist misbehavior is well documented in the literature and has predominantly focused on the visible, major, or felonious forms of deviance, such as vandalism, violence, or theft. We argue for the importance of considering a more subtle side of tourist misbehavior often tolerated, ignored, or even enabled by host communities and hospitality employees. Exploring the more subtle side of tourist misbehavior is important, because it is more clandestine and less extreme than obvious misbehaviors, yet its prevalence suggests important business and environmental implications. We undertook in-depth interviews with 47 frequent travelers and employed a criminological lens, that of deviant leisure, to uncover a range of deviant tourist behaviors by focusing on the accumulation of traveling mementos (items that tourists bring back from their travels). Two dimensions of memento accumulation emerged with eight forms of tourist misbehavior, each with unique motives, practices, and implications. Findings point to the importance and mass appeal of these more subtle and elusive deviant practices. Suggestions for practitioners, policy makers, and academics are then discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells with increasingly pure composition of α‐formamidinium lead triiodide (α‐FAPbI3) perovskite are utilized to set more and more record‐breaking efficiencies. However, pure α‐FAPbI3 perovskite is unstable and difficult to prepare. Here, a series of bulky alkylammoniums known as the spacer cations (RP cations) of 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites (2D perovskites) are used to prepare α‐FAPbI3 perovskite films. The deprotonation process of RP cations during annealing removes the in situ generated 2D perovskites from the film, which determines the phase and compositional purity, crystallinity, and stability of α‐FAPbI3 perovskite films and depends on the design of RP cations. Only a small number of residual RP cations (0.3–2.3%) are found anchoring at grain boundaries. As a result, α‐FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells prepared from RP cations, especially 2‐thiophenemethylammonium, show higher efficiency and stability than control devices prepared from the most commonly used methylammonium. It is believed that in situ generated 2D perovskites are ideal additives for α‐FAPbI3 perovskite, because a large addition (20%) of 2D perovskites ensures the preparation of high‐quality phase‐pure α‐FAPbI3 perovskite films, while a small number of residual RP cations anchored at grain boundaries guarantee the performance and stability of α‐FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]