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The article discusses the effects that a "controlled" inflation of the U.S. dollar would have on life insurance companies. Descriptions of the varying effects of deflation and "mild" or "controlled" inflation on insurance markets and company holdings are presented, as well as information regarding interest rates, bond valuation and speculative investments. The article also discusses the effects of extreme inflation on premium income, operations and expenses, and assets. The article also compares the effects of inflation on U.S. life insurance industry to similar German insurance markets, which were rendered nearly worthless during an inflationary period from 1919 to 1924.

The article discusses business economics and changes in business conditions in Germany. Until recently, German business economists acted also as political economists do in the U.S., concerning themselves with theoretical problems as well as more narrower business conditions, which in turn made for a different system for higher education in business in Germany. The author mentions some of the changes in business conditions including the increased size of the business unit caused by vertical integration and price fixing. Debates whether the future business of Germany should be regulated or free is also discussed along with certain problems stemming from these changes.

The article discusses the economic significance of cartels in fluctuating business cycles. A cartel is a monopoly-like organization which works toward a collective corporate goal through price fixing and other restrictive business practices. The U.S. has long been resistant to such organizations and has instituted legislation to protect consumers from them. Germany, in contrast, believed cartels would help initiate economic stabilization in the country. Analysts say the global economic depression in 1929 was unfavorably influenced by cartels. They note that fixing prices during a period of price decline is restrictive. During an economic depression individual prices must remain elastic in accordance with revisions.

The article discusses the Bank for International Settlements. The central banking organization was created in 1931 with the purpose of facilitating reparation money transfers from Germany post World War I. The objectives of the Bank are to provide additional facilities for financial operations and to act as trustee for international financial settlements. The Bank has moved capital from low-interest markets to high-interest markets in an effort to level out interest rates. During the fist year in operation the Bank has shown significant growth and finished the fiscal year with a profit.

The article discusses the evolution of the reparations charged to Germany post World War I. An Inter-Allied Commission was established in 1921 to delegate the sum of reparations. Ultimately Germany defaulted on the reparation payments and as a result the Dawes Plan was initiated in 1924. This plan provided temporary relief for the German economy but ultimately made the country too dependent on foreign markets. Germany negotiated for another settlement plan which was established in 1929 as the Young Plan. Among the provisions of the Young Plan was a call for an international bank of settlements to handle the reparations transfers. The U.S.' economic Depression in 1929 has caused the dissolution of the Young Plan.

The article discusses the Bank for International Settlements (B.I.S.). The Bank was created to collect the reparation payments from Germany post World War I and to imitate the functions of a central banking organization. The Bank's lending capacity is almost entirely dependent on its own resources and its own deposits. The B.I.S. plays an important role throughout the global banking community through its commercialisation and mobilization of Germany's debt. Analysts speculate that the B.I.S. is too dependent on the Central Banks and their regulations.

The article examines German prices and competition in international markets. Several causes of differences between the domestic value and the foreign exchange value of the German monetary note are discussed, as well as efforts to stabilize its valuation. Economic sanctions on Germany after World War I only exacerbated their economic crisis, eventually leading to a complete economic collapse. The devastating effects of this collapse on German domestic commerce, its currency exchange rate and wages and salaries are detailed.

The article discusses the economic impact of the first World War and recovery on the insurance industry in Europe. The article examines the German life insurance market in terms of war risk and life insurance, the European decline in purchasing power, the rise in the cost of commodities and consumer prices, and efforts to create a stable gauge of value in terms of property insurance. The article discusses insurance company costs relative to salaries and administration. The strengths and weakness of the system in light of the war are explored. The article compares what happened in Germany against British insurance companies that faced the same challenges. The author concludes that a successful insurance business must be founded on sound economic principles.

The article details the difficult situation that German businesses are finding themselves in as the German mark depreciates and businesses are unable to find capital to fund growth. The article explains that German business is facing low worker performance, an increase in overhead costs, a lengthening in time to process raw materials, and unstable product prices. The article examines the efforts to stabilize industry, including the attempt by some industrial firms to establish their own banking institutions to attract financing and the formation of branch factories in other countries. The issues of loans, "valorization," and interest rates from the Reichsbank and commercial banks are addressed. Because of instability, much German industrial financing is being backed by foreign currencies.

The article discusses the foreign currency and commercial paper paid out by the Reichsbank and the Ministry of Finance in Germany for reparation purposes. The author gives an overview of the London schedule of payments for German reparations, and the problems it caused for Germany's exporting business and the valuation of its currency. He then points out that after the payment schedule was made, the German government slacked on its reparation payments, even though they were adequately collected by the Reichsbank on exports as stipulated. Information on how this affected American trade with Europe is included.

The article compares the German stock exchange quotations and dividends from before World War I to those up to 1923. The author suggests that to calculate the actual value of the current quotations, the par values of the shares before the war must be considered, as well as the par value of the shares issued in the meantime at their gold par value at the time of the issue. He includes tables showing the real values of stocks before and after the war in several different industries. Furthermore, he analyzes the real value of the stock before and after the war and presents several conclusions.

The article examines the post-World War I economic conditions of Germany in 1928 and discusses the negative effects of the postwar reparations imposed on the country by the Allies. According to the author, the lessons of Germany's experience in inflation and post-inflation conditions have helped France, Belgium, Poland, and other countries to stabilize their currencies. The author notes that many prohibitive tariffs on Germany have been based on racial prejudice.

The article reports on international economic relations with specific reference to the foreign economic policy of Germany. It specifically discusses new economic order in Germany under the Nazis. It is stated that the goal of German foreign policy is to make the country the only economic royalists in the continent.

Focuses on the political developments in the world with emphasis on political condition of the U.S. Truce agreed between Japan and China on avoidance of control of civilian governments over military forces; Study of the psychological effects of unemployment by the Welfare Council of New York; Removal of public official Sheriff Tom Farley on misconduct by Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt; Economic condition in Germany with reference to Darmstädter Bank and the National Bank; Arrest of three marine workers by New York police for destroying a barge; Information about the criminal syndicalism law of Oregon; Radio advertisements which are forced on audience; Consideration of Walter Pollak to fill the vacancy in the state Court of Appeals by Roosevelt.

Presents information on the political conditions in the world with emphasis on the U.S. Passive resistance of the people in Ruhr, Germany, to the French rule; Overview of the offer made by Germany to pay back the debt it owes to the Allies; Failure of the agrarian government in Bulgaria; Report that as a result of the repeal of the Mullan-Gage prohibition law in New York State, police in New York City will aid the federal authorities in preventing violations of the law only when they see illegal acts in the course of being committed; Implementation of the regulations of the Treasury Department regarding liquor on foreign ships entering the U.S.; Plans for development of electric power throughout the United States in one gigantic system; Questioning of the confiscation of German patents by the U.S.; Analysis of the post war economic conditions in Germany; Report that formal organizations have opened headquarters in California and Texas to promote automobile manufacturer Henry Ford, who wants the army and navy put to the "useful and constructive work" of stamping out the bootleggers, for the post of U.S. President; Improvement in the American public opinion regarding Turkey; Criticism of businessman Irving T. Bush regarding his statements on Russian political conditions; Appreciation of Governor Gifford Pinchot's efforts in bringing order into the government of Pennsylvania; Suggestion of U.S. Shipping Board Chairman, Albert D. Lasker, that about two hundred and fifty of the choicest ships in the government fleet should be operated by the Shipping Board on the eighteen or twenty most important routes, pending the time when private American ship-owners will buy these vessels; Suggestions given by the delegation of clergymen and laymen to U.S. President Warren Gamaliel Harding in behalf of the oppressed peoples of the Near East.

This section offers news briefs on the economy of various countries as of August 1932. The European economy is improving, though trade continues to lag behind figures reported in Wall Street, largely due to increasing prices of non-ferrous metals. Foreign exchanges have improved, though the Dutch guilder and the British pound remain low, and the French franc is expected to make a dip, while the influx of investment from London, England to New York is causing worry among Treasury officials. Political tensions in Germany is hobbling the country's economy.

The article reports on the economic crisis in Germany in 1943. It mentions that Nazi reconnaissance planes report extreme activity along Great Britain's south coast. It indicates that German Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler has lost important raw materials such as iron ore and pyrites. It estimates that the country produced 46 million barrels of oil from coal in 1942 compared with 32 million barrels in 1941.

Focuses on the orthodox economic policy of Germany. Fixation of the ratio between that part of the national income which goes into consumption and that which is retained and reinvested in military and economic armaments; Belief that the sacrifices in consumption imposed by the Nazi government, in order to obtain the necessary funds for capital goods and armament investments, have been mainly borne by the working class; Factors governing the purchasing power and consumption; Need to understand the fundamental mechanism of Nazi economics to realize the nature of the difficulties; Choice between different social and political philosophies in the economic system.

Presents information on the economic condition of Germany. Statement that before 1914, Germany's foreign-trade balance was unfavorable, but the deficit was covered by the income from German investments; Information on the German export surplus from the year 1931 to 1934; Revealment that the gold reserve of the Reichsbank declined from 380,329,000 marks in January, 1934, to 79,122,000 marks in January, 1935; Description of the internal German indebtedness and visible and invisible budget deficits in the year 1934; Acknowledgement that in agriculture, the Nazi high-tariff system did not result in a closing of the price scissors between industrial and agricultural goods on the internal German market.

Discusses the state of capitalism in Germany. Difference between economic crisis in Germany and that in the rest of the world; Emergence of a new economic and social spirit in Germany; Developments which point to a dissolution of the existing order; Significance of the desperate efforts which the Ministers in the country are making to shore up the structure; Reduction in prices to compensate for the workers for the cuts in their wages.

Reports on the official action taken for the relief of the critical situation in Germany by U.S. President Herbert Hoover. View that the financial situation in the Reich has grown increasingly precarious in the past week; Report that the German Government's new program of taxation has evoked from the country such a surly response that foreign creditors have become alarmed; View that bankruptcy for Germany is just around the next corner; Proposal of a one-year moratorium on all war debts owed by European countries to the United States, including Germany by Hoover; View that the consent of Congress is necessary before a moratorium on interest can be arranged; Report that there can be little doubt that Congress will consent to the one-year moratorium; Opposition of the proposal by France; Report that France demands reparations from Germany partly because she wants the money and partly because she does not want her enemy to become powerful; Assumption of Hoover that Germany can without serious difficulty pay reparations, and the Allies fulfill their war-debt obligations, if prosperity returns; Public opinion in the United States on the question of the debts is such that Hoover evidently feels obliged to move with great caution; View that the United States must not deceive itself, while recognizing the tonic effect of hope in a period of darkness.

Comments on several political and socio-economic issues. Apology of U.S. President Herbert Hoover on his move to approve the tariff bill; Claim of Hoover on the pledge of the Republican platform in favor of a complete application of the protective principle to the farmer and to such industries that cannot command the home market due to high costs; Skepticism on the final report of S. Parker Gilbert, U.S. agent general for reparations under the Dawes Plan, regarding the condition of the German industry; Move of the Kwangsi faction to advance and assume the offensive toward Hankow in the civil war in China; Plan of John D. Rockefeller Jr. to construct two buildings in New York City; Concern on the designation of David Sarnoff and Owen D. Young regarding their competence in directing an artistic endeavor; Murder of a man connected with "The Tribune"; Emphasis on the importance of the murder in calling attention to the connection between newspapers and crime.

Discusses the underlying fallacy of the Dawes economic plan. Argument against utility of the plan in resolving the mutual difficulties between the French and Germans; View that the cardinal feature of the plan lies in the accumulation by the Agent for Reparations Payments in Germany of assets which he must, so far as possible, transfer to the Allied governments; Opinion that the Dawes plan rests on the outgrown American concept that railways are speculative activities to be used for the accumulation of profits; Criticism on the Dawes figures pertaining to locomotives in Germany.

Reports that on January 8, there will assemble in Paris, France, an international commission of financial experts to investigate Germany's financial condition, the problem of balancing her budget and reforming her currency, and inferentially the relation thereto of reparation payments by foreign countries, specially by the U.S. Opinion that Germany has an ability to pay which cannot be made actual unless the German people are treated in the future as willing agents of a productive German national economy. Argument that the commission to investigate Germany's ability to pay should be composed of psychologists rather than economists; Identification of psychological conditions that have to be satisfied after the payment; Criticism of economists and publicists for overlooking this consideration in discussing the reparations question; Failure of economists in perceiving the usual economic incentive of self-interest.

Presents information on economic conditions in Germany. Announcement of bankruptcy by German Government; Controversy between German officials and press regarding payment of £2,200,000,000; Reparations in Germany by Peace Treaty; Differences in valuation of goods by the German government and by Reparation Commission; Germany's valuation three times that of the Commission; Valuation placed on the whole German mercantile marine, which is sufficient to pay the interest on Germany's reparation liability; Estimation by the German Government of the value of the property liquidated abroad is £585,000,000; Efforts of Germany to meet her Treaty liabilities and her obligation to surrender under the Treaty.

Comments on the fall of German Chancellor Herr Stresemann's government and its capitulating to France. Fall due to the withdrawal of Socialist members, whose party associates would not consent to the proposed abrogation of the eight hour day; Dependence of the government's prestige upon the favor with which Paris received its overtures; Comments on the suppressive policy of French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré towards the Germans; Information on the economic situation of Germany; Destruction caused by the French government in Germany.

Focuses on the economic analysis of the post-war situation in France and Germany as reported in an article entitled "Reparations and the Policy of Repudiation: An American View" in the October 1923 issue of the journal "Foreign Affairs." Point in the article is that critics of the Treaty of Versailles, in their solicitude over the burdens imposed on Germany, have ignored the burdens resting on France; Comparison of the German and the French per capita debt; Burden upon the taxpayer in France; View that the adjustment of the interests of taxpayer and bond holder is a difficult internal political problem; Germany's economic condition prior to the war.

This article focuses on economic conditions in Germany during 1931. German economic life received an entirely new aspect after the first world war. The new type of post-war economy, which can be paralleled in many other countries, is distinguished by the fact that more and more private and governmental restraints have been worked into the original structure of free trade and marketing. The German economic policy of today is protectionist in and out and presents a 100 per cent opposite of free trade in its commercial politics. Trade groups, trusts, and price agreements reached through the agency of the government, are increasing rapidly. Gradually all prices for raw materials, and finally also for numerous finished products, will be determined by agreement.

A month ago, the term "Fortress Europe" meant nothing to the American readers. Since then it has begun to crop out in the press and radio. Actually it was the Italian press which first launched the idea of Fortress Europe. Once embarked on the new line, the German military writers discovered that Fortress Europe contained powerful elements of conviction and propaganda. The food situation in Germany, during the Second World War, had deteriorated badly by the end of last summer. Even the German press admitted that the hopes centered in the east had failed to materialize. To improve conditions, rations have been reduced and stricter regulations for grain deliveries imposed on the peasants.

The article focuses on the politics and economy of Germany as of April 8, 1931. It reports on developments that allegedly have given relief to business, such as the political and economic consolidation with Chancellor Heinrich Bruening. A brief overview of the business outlook for the stock market, the German oil industry and the performance of the big banks is also presented.

This section offers world briefs pertaining to business as of July 27, 1935. Germany and Italy have been experiencing economic troubles with neither country having control over raw materials to support the developing domestic industry. French Prime Minister Pierre Laval's emergency economic program has been accepted without serious protest. In Canada, the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation has introduced its platform aimed at improving the country's economy.

Describes the socio-economic conditions in Berlin, Germany in September 1921. Disorderliness of the city; Consumers disposal of their money, the deutsche marks, before they become worthless; Living conditions of the working class; Impoverishment of the old aristocracy; Public attitude towards the government.

Analyzes the political and economic status of Germany. Image of the government; Impact of the war on the state and organized business; Merger and consolidation of banks; Industrial movement; Foreign relations; National and international factors influencing the country.

Focuses on the labor economy in Germany two years after the end of the European war. Decline in the popular support for pro-labor socialist parties; Sporadic strikes in the Ruhr, Upper Silesia, and the capital, Berlin; Emergence of trade councils comprising of rank and file employees.

Provides some insights into political and foreign relations in Europe in 1920 focusing on its relations with Russia. Economic conditions in Germany; Political affiliations of Central Europe and the collapse of militarism; System of property relations in Russia; Issues on the revolution and dictatorship of the proletariat; Military power and worldwide influence of Russia.

Focuses on how France has stopped exporting ore to Germany and how Germany has stopped exporting coal to France. Dependence of the Westphalian iron and steel industry upon French ore; Paralysis of the largest manufacturing center in Western Europe for want of ore; Increased importance that the French attach to their economic relations with Germany; French program of isolating and dominating Germany; Human factor in the possible French occupation of the Ruhr.