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The 65th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-65) conducted geological field surveys in Lützow-Holm Bay, Prince Olav Coast and Enderby Land regions during the 2023-2024 austral summer season. The field party consisted of four geologists. A small helicopter in addition to Shirase's big helicopter were used to support field parties during the summer operations conducted by JARE-65. This report summarizes preparations for field operations and activities of the geological team.

This paper deals with the Yale-Cambridge Research Project which Helmut de Terra led to India in 1935. Its principal sponsors included the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Yale University and the American Philosophical Society. The expedition worked in various parts of British India and the princely state of Kashmir. The project is considered of exceptional importance in the field of both geological and archaeological research. This paper sets the historical context of the project and analyzes its disciplinary and scholarly character. The expedition aimed to address both geological and archaeological questions. In view of this interdisciplinary formation of the expedition, this study finally delves into legal and institutional matters so as to find out who were responsible for formally coordinating, such as issuance of the license etc. with de Terra and his team. The Geological Survey of India, the Archaeological Survey and the princely state of Kashmir, thus, come into our discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on slope stability of open-pit mine has always been a key technical problem that plagues safe production, and it is also an important research topic in geotechnical engineering. Changshanhao open-pit mine is the largest gold mine in northern China. The increasing mining depth has led to various slope instability problems. Based on the background of ' 2021·10 landslide ' in the northeast stope, this paper carries out a new round of slope stability evaluation and disaster prevention countermeasures from the strategic height of the future development of the mining area. Firstly, the site engineering geological survey is carried out by using scanline method, and the main structural characteristics such as faults are summarized, and the comprehensive zoning map of engineering geology is established to reveal the failure mode of the slope in northeast stope are planar sliding and wedge sliding. Secondly, based on the principle of slope classification analysis, the study area is divided into overall slope, combined step slope and step slope, and the structural plane is matched with it. The stability of mining slope is preliminarily evaluated by stereographic projection method and Q-slope method. Approximately 13.9% of the area was classified as high-risk. Finally, the three-dimensional calculation model of the stope is established, and the FLAC3D is used to invert the landslide to reveal the influence mechanism of the fault on the slope stability. Combined with the analytical solution and the numerical solution, a suggestion is made to optimize the slope angle by raising the boundary., which lays a foundation for the sustainable and safe mining of the mine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Mining Magazine is the property of China Mining Magazine Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the stability of trial stope on the northern margin of Fengshan Copper Mine through ore rock mechanics strength tests and engineering geological surveys. The focus is on analyzing rock mass quality assessment results and calculating the hydraulic radius of the stope roof. The research findings indicate: that rock mass quality is rated as good using both the RMR method and the Q classification method; according to the Mathews stability graph method, the unsupported safe span for skarn in the northern margin ranges from 9. 19 m to 11.49 m; the unsupported safe span for granite ranges from 9.45 m to 11.81 m; the unsupported safe span for granodiorite porphyry ranges from 11.40 m to 18.00 m [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the referred loess tunnel, there was no groundwater during the preliminary investigation phase, but there were water seepage, cracks and other hazard-related problems during the construction. Based on investigation of the relationship between the tunnel and the surrounding water system, this paper developed a three-dimensional terrain model and revealed the relationship between the groundwater and the tunnel in combination with the drilling and geophysical data. This study confirmed that there was a close correlation between tunnel structural cracking and water seepage as well as groundwater level variations. Even with large tunnel depth (i.e., 40–116 m), the soil fissures can still provide a fast infiltration channel for surface water and upper stagnant water, leading to a rise in the groundwater level and causing regular hazards of the tunnel. These problems can be solved by improving the design, strengthening construction control and drainage in the tunnel site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanhong agate, esteemed for its vivid color and natural shine, is experiencing a scarcity in supply despite its high demand. The primary deposits of agate, typically found near the surface, have not been extensively explored due to the predominance of traditional manual excavation methods. This research examined the Nanhong agate deposits in the Zhaojue–Meigu region of Liangshan, China, employing the integration of geological and geophysical surveys. Field geological surveys allowed us to outline the general areas where agate is found. Following this, using magnetic surveys, vertical electrical sounding, and controlled-source audio magnetotellurics, agate deposits were located within the conglomerate layer of the second member of the Feixianguan Formation from the Lower Triassic period at depths of less than 100 m. Our results identify mineralized layers, Xuanwei Formation mudstone, and the underlying bedrock, thus supporting the creation of a mineral prediction map. This research provides essential insights and guidance for agate exploration and the development of associated mineral resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological surveying prior to site selection is a crucial component to ensure the smooth implementation of large-scale infrastructure projects. To explore cost-effective and practical geological surveying techniques, a mining area in South Central China was taken as an example and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with high-resolution cameras and with high-density grid imaging mode were utilized to capture images and achieve 3D reconstruction of the study area. After generating a digital elevation model from the point cloud model, relevant geological information was extracted to conduct preliminary assessment of potential geological risks. The results indicate that UAV-based aerial survey significantly improves the efficiency of geological surveying compared to manual techniques, providing a clear and accurate representation of the actual conditions in the test area. The high-density grid imaging mode proves to be convenient for this kind of missions, and the integrated analysis of 3D models, point cloud models, and DEM (digital elevation models) exhibits a strong correlation with reality. The findings of this study offer novel insights for geological reconnaissance practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through extensive data research and analysis, this paper comprehensively summarizes the status and key insights of global carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) development. It aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of the relevant policies, technologies, and security measures adopted by major countries in their CCS development processes. Furthermore, it explores the existing status and limitations of China's offshore development efforts, while providing valuable recommendations for enhancing China's offshore CCS initiatives, as well as serving as a reference for other nations worldwide. Offshore CCS plays a crucial role for China to achieve the development target of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, due to its energy structure and industrial distribution. While China possesses significant offshore CCS potential, achieving commercialization still requires substantial efforts. To facilitate the process and draw insights from successful experiences in other countries, this paper illustrates the characteristics and generalizes the experience of offshore CCS industry practices in America, Europe and Japan, respectively. Furthermore, it is recommended that a new round of investigation into offshore CCS potential be conducted, while promoting integrated collaboration between geological surveying and marine scientific research. Additionally, further research on industrial policies and green financial strategies should be undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractThe Mirpur Mw 5.8 earthquake on September 24, 2019, produced extensive liquefaction-induced surface deformation (LISD) in the surrounding villages. Due to the complexity of seismic hazards and the occurrence of their effects on a large spatial scale, the resulting surface, and subsurface deformation are often poorly resolved. To cover spatially extended LISD, the PSInSAR technique provided subsidence and uplift rate values ranging from −110 to +145 mm/yr consistent with the spatial distribution of the mapped liquefaction features. The most prominent surface change occurred in Abdupur and Sang villages. GPR measurements were conducted to map the near-surface cracks produced by transported liquified sand into the shallow subsurface layers and other liquefaction features (elevated groundwater table, conductive clay pockets, fractures, sand dikes, and water-enriched zones). Thus, the GPR survey assisted in the reconstruction of these structural and hydrogeological features on the near surface. In addition, the highly vulnerable zones were identified and mapped using space- and ground-based remote sensing measurements supported by the field observations. The results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed novel approach for detailed assessment of the coseismic liquefaction-induced deformation on- and near-ground surfaces by identifying areas prone to failure during earthquakes and thereby can help with hazard mitigation.

This study introduces a novel approach to the critical task of submarine pipeline or cable (POC) detection by employing GoogleNet for the automatic recognition of side-scan sonar (SSS) images. The traditional interpretation methods, heavily reliant on human interpretation, are replaced with a more reliable deep-learning-based methodology. We explored the enhancement of model accuracy via transfer learning and scrutinized the influence of three distinct pre-training datasets on the model's performance. The results indicate that GoogleNet facilitated effective identification, with accuracy and precision rates exceeding 90%. Furthermore, pre-training with the ImageNet dataset increased prediction accuracy by about 10% compared to the model without pre-training. The model's prediction ability was best promoted by pre-training datasets in the following order: Marine-PULSE ≥ ImageNet > SeabedObjects-KLSG. Our study shows that pre-training dataset categories, dataset volume, and data consistency with predicted data are crucial factors affecting pre-training outcomes. These findings set the stage for future research on automatic pipeline detection using deep learning techniques and emphasize the significance of suitable pre-training dataset selection for CNN models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of East China Geology / Huadong dizhi is the property of Editorial Department of East China Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Xietongmen County is located in the alpine mountain area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where the Kaga hot spring occurs. Geothermal energy is expected to be developed to solve the local heating problem, but research on the genesis and reserves of geothermal energy has not been carried out. By analyzing the geological structure and geothermal activity law of the survey area, and carrying out detailed geological survey, audio frequency magnetotelluric sounding and soil radon measurement near the Kaga hot spring, this paper discusses the genesis and thermal reservoir characteristics of ths Kaga hot spring by comprehensively using geological and geophysical exploration data. The research results show that (1) the audio frequency magnetotelluric and soil radon measurement results clearly reveal the extension and superposition relationship of the deep NE, NW and SN trending faults in the area, indicating that the area has a good permeable channel and thermal storage space. (2) The heat source in the study area is composed of the middle and shallow Eocene Oligocene magmatic rock decay exothermic heat source and the deep high-temperature magmatic melting heat source. The fracture zone is not only a deep thermal reservoir, but also a channel for the upwelling of deep hot water. The alluvial proluvial and other accumulative layers in the upper part of the Quaternary system are good caprocks of geothermal water, while the unconsolidated sediments in the lower part of the Quaternary system and some bedrock weathering crusts constitute shallow geothermal reservoirs in the area. These indicate that the geothermal application potential in this area is large, but it should be noted that, according to the three-dimensional display of audio frequency magnetotelluric sounding results, it is found that the deep S1 and S2 abnormal areas are connected at the shallow part, and the surface hot spring vent is just above its connecting channel, so the impact of the water volume of this hot spring vent needs to be evaluated when drilling water nearby. Finally, combined with the geothermal characteristics and electrical characteristics of geothermal water in this area, the “geophysical geothermal geology” model of the survey area is constructed, providing reference and guidance for the exploration and development of geothermal resources in other regions of Tibet.

Copyright of Acta Geoscientica Sinica is the property of Acta Geoscientica Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Geological Survey of Namibia (GSN) is the national institution for earth sciences and geological resources. The roots of the institution go back to 1903, when the first government geologist took up his duties in Windhoek. When diamonds were discovered in southern Namibia in 1908, an extensive mapping project was carried out in the area. The outbreak of the First World War brought geological activities of the Government to a standstill, but the activities of company geologists continued after the surrender of the German troops. After the First World War, the Government of the Union of South Africa opened up a branch of the Geological Survey of South Africa in Windhoek. Mapping of the territory was the main task of this branch. In 1932, the branch was also given the duty of administering mining legislation and a staff member was appointed as Inspector of Mines and Mining Authority. During the Second World War, the branch played an important role in the exploration for strategic minerals. After the Second World War, the search for water became the foremost task in the arid environment of Namibia, and hydrogeologists were consequently appointed in 1945. By the early 1960s, the draft of a handbook on the mineral resources of Namibia had been completed, and in 1965 the first 1:1 million geological map of Namibia was published. A coal drilling programme was carried out in the Ovambo Basin, and offshore petroleum exploration began. In 1979, the GSN became an independent Directorate in the Department of Economic Affairs of the administration of South-West Africa. Hydrogeology was transferred to the Department of Water Affairs, and the activities centred on mapping, particularly in the complex Damara Orogen. Descriptions of the stratigraphy of Namibia were published and a new inventory of the mineral resources of the country was compiled. In 1981, a revision of the 1:1 million geological map was published. Several 1 : 250 000 maps followed, cooperative projects with universities greatly expanded, and the flow of publications on regional geology significantly increased. Following Namibian independence, the GSN became a directorate within the Ministry of Mines and Energy. Restructuring in1993 resulted in the establishment of the three divisions of Regional Geoscience, Applied Geoscience and Geotechnology. Numerous cooperative projects with foreign countries were initiated, including the establishment of GIS and substitution of conventional cartography by digital methods. The totally revised, restructured and updated Mineral Resources Handbook was finally published in 1992. 1994 saw the relocation of the GSN to a new, purpose-built complex with improved facilities, such as modern geochemical and geotechnical laboratories, a core shed, and the National Earth Science Museum and National Energy and Earth Science Information Centre. Between 1993 and 2016 the total staff of the GSN doubled to 142. Its functions and responsibilities increased proportionally, including the acquisition and interpretation of high-resolution, countrywide airborne geophysical data, environmental appraisal of the impacts of both human activities and natural hazards, maintenance of seismic stations as part of the Global Seismic Network and Global International Monitoring System, launch of a comprehensive geoscience database, and participation in a variety of international collaborative projects such as the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP), and investment promotion. The High-Resolution Airborne Geophysical Data Acquisition Programme, which covers approximately 97% of the country, was completed in 2011. During the period of 2013 to 2019, 59 new 1 : 50 000 scale geological maps covering an area of almost 28 000 km2 in southern Namibia were produced. In recognition of the increasing importance of environmental management of mining and exploration activities, the GSN undertook a detailed Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of the Namibian Uranium Province, and is implementing a Strategic Environmental Management Plan of this province since 2011. In 2016, the Directorate of GSN was elevated to the GSN Department headed by a Deputy Executive Director of the Ministry of Mines and Energy. The focus remained on regional geological and geophysical mapping, research and appraisal of mineral deposits and mineral occurrences, geochemical research for mineral exploration and environmental baseline studies, and engineering and environmental geology. Investment promotion through the compilation of promotional material, as well as attending and mounting exhibitions at various international conferences and trade fairs gained more and more importance.Today, the GSN is a modern research institution with excellent facilities, and tasks include mapping, geophysics, remote sensing, cartography, economic geology, geochemistry, engineering geology and environmental geology. Research data are accessible through data bases and are disseminated in digital as well as conventional formats. The GSN also continues to operate the National Earth Science Museum and the National Energy and Earth Science Information Centre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study of the current radiation situation at the uranium legacy site located in the territory of the Bambakai Valley (Transbaikal Territory), formed in the period from 1973 to 1989 due to the discharge of mine water. During the radiation survey, the method of pedestrian gamma survey was used to measure the ambient dose equivalent rate. Soil sampling was carried out to study the radionuclide specific activities in the soil. The activity of gamma-emitting radionuclides in the samples was measured with a stationary gamma spectrometer. The activities of 210Po and 210Pb were measured after their radiochemical extraction from samples. It was found that the values of ambient dose equivalent rate in the territory of the valley varied over the wide range from 0.1 to 1.4 µSv/h in the areas under manmade contamination. The estimated average value of the gamma background for this place is 0.14±0.02 µSv/h. The specific activities of 238U, 226Ra, 235U, 210Pb and 210Po in the surface 10-cm soil layer at the site are from 10-40 times higher than the background values. The most part of radionuclides in the soil is in the acid-soluble form. Effective doses of the workers involved in hay harvesting in the area of the fallow land do not exceed 1.5 µSv/year. Doses of terrestrial environmental media (grass, earthworms) are 100 and more times lower than the safe level of exposure to biota.

Geological field surveys of the Lützow-Holm Bay, Prince Olav Coast, and Enderby Land were conducted by three geologists in the 63rd Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-63) during the 2021-2022 austral summer season. Field parties were supported throughout the summer season by two main helicopters (CH-101) stationed on the icebreaker Shirase without a smaller secondary helicopter (AS350). This report summarizes field preparations and geological work and highlights several key points for future planning and research.

Copyright of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology / Shuiwendizhi Gongchengdizhi is the property of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geology & Resources is the property of Geology & Resources Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The productivity of metamorphic aquifers is generally lower than that of the more common alluvial and carbonates ones. However, in some Mediterranean areas, such as the Calabria region (Italy), water scarcity combined with the presence of extensive metamorphic water bodies requires the development of further studies to characterize the hydrodynamic properties of these groundwater systems in order to achieve their sustainable exploitation. The interest in this goal becomes even greater if climate change effects are considered. The purpose of this study was to provide the geological-structural and hydrogeological numerical modeling of a metamorphic aquifer, using direct and indirect data measurement, in a large area of the Sila Piccola in Calabria. The hydrodynamic characterization of the crystalline-metamorphic aquifer, constituted by granite and metamorphic rocks, is extremely complex. The MODFLOW-2005 groundwater model was used to simulate flow phenomena in the aquifer, obtaining hydraulic conductivity values of 2.7 × 10−6 m/s, which turned out to be two orders of magnitude higher than those obtained from the interpretation of the slug-tests performed in the study area. The mathematical model was also able to estimate the presence of a lateral recharge from a neighboring deep aquifer providing a significant water supply to the system under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock slopes have the characteristics of complex geological conditions, weak structural surface development, steep slope, and great damage. In this study, the Sujiaba overpass slope in Chongqing was selected as the evaluation object, and the main stability evaluation methods of rock slope were analyzed. Combined with the special geological conditions and geographical location of the rock slope, through a geological survey, the slope was qualitatively analyzed based on the stereographic projection method, and the slope stability safety factor was calculated by using the finite element strength reduction method. FLAC3D was used to simulate the initial stress state of the unstable rock mass, the limit state stability of the unstable rock mass before bolt support, and the stability after bolt support. The simulation results show that the stability coefficients of selected unstable rock masses W1, W2, W6, and W7 under the limit state before bolt support are, respectively, 1.22, 1.80, 5.90, and 2.10. Unstable rock masses separate from the parent rock, causing a large displacement due to their instability and downward sliding. After bolt support, stability coefficients for those four unstable rock masses are 1.60, 2.40, 8.60, and 3.20, respectively. Under the same reduction coefficient, rock masses are stable and the displacement is small. The results show that the calculation results of the initial stress state of the rock slope are consistent with the theoretical understanding and field investigation. After the implementation of bolt support, the anti-sliding stability of unstable rock is obviously improved. The research results have important scientific guiding significance and practical value for revealing the failure mechanism of rock slope and analyzing the stability of unstable rock mass.

With the development of deep learning techniques, convolutional neural networks (CNN) are increasingly being used in image recognition for marine surveys and underwater object classification. Automatic recognition of targets on side-scan sonar (SSS) images using CNN can improve recognition accuracy and efficiency. However, the vast selection of CNN models makes it challenging to select models for target recognition in SSS images. Therefore, this paper aims to compare different CNN models' prediction accuracy and computational performance comprehensively. First, four traditional CNN models were applied to train and predict the same submarine SSS dataset using both the original model and models with transfer learning methods. Then, we examined and studied the prediction accuracy and computation performance of four CNN models. Results showed that transfer learning enhances the accuracy of all CNN models, with lesser improvements for AlexNet and VGG-16 and greater improvements for GoogleNet and ResNet101. GoogleNet has the highest prediction of accuracy (100% in the train dataset and 94.27% in the test dataset) and good computational difficulty. The findings of this work are useful for future model selection in target recognition in SSS images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rock engineering such as mine engineering and tunnel engineering, the rock mass structure plays a key role in the strength, seepage and stability of the rock mass. Therefore, the geometric parameter statistics of structural planes in rock mass engineering is an important geological survey work. Traditional rock mass structural plane measurement methods are limited by various on-site conditions. With the application of advanced measurement technologies in underground mines, the measurement methods of rock mass structural planes have also been updated. Among them, photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning measurement are new methods suitable for measuring the structural planes of underground rock mass. Through the detailed comparison and analysis of three typical structural plane measurement methods, the 3D laser scanning technology has proven to have an incomparable advantage in the collection of rock mass structure measurement. It has explored a new way for the rapid collection of rock mass structure plane occurrence in areas with harsh geological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of History / Habaršy Tarihi Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Among geologists of the 20—30 years of the twentieth century. the leading place in Ukraine was occupied by the repressed in 1937, professor Roman Romanovych Vyrzhykivsky (1891—1937). At the Kiev University of St. Vladimir, he was a very capable student of N.I. Andrusov and the famous petrographer and mineralogist, professor, later academician V.I. Luchitsky. In the history of geological science, R.R. Vyrzhykivsky entered as a researcher of the Black Sea region, and the south-west of the European part of the USSR (Ukraine, Moldova), as well as a talented organizer of geological work, a brilliant surveyor geologist, tectonist and an outstanding hydrogeologist. The scientist was the head of geological survey work in Transnistria and prepared for printing the first geological map of 10 versts scale — «Transnistria» (Dniester region). Later, this map became the basis for prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits in Transnistria. In the studied region, he first discovered numerous deposits of phosphorites, cement raw materials, kaolin, flint, building sands, sandstones, tripoli, lithographic stone and underground drinking water. At the same time, the young scientist described for the first time a unique ridge of reef limestones of Middle Sarmatian age, which he traced in the meridional direction from the lower reaches of the river Kamenka along its left bank to the north, in Podillia. In the Shargorod region of Transnistria (Dniester region), the scientist found Paleogene marine deposits, and he identified the Podolsk stage in the Miocene layers of Podolia. In a number of scientific works of Roman Romanovich, data are presented in the field of fault-block tectonics and neotectonic movements of Transnistria and the Black Sea region. R.R. Vyrzhykivsky also considered the issue of modern transgressions of the Black Sea in the most complete way. This work of the scientist was one of the first evidence of the manifestation of the latest tectonic movements in the region of the Northern Black Sea region and the Black Sea. R.R. Vyrzhykivsky rightfully belongs to the galaxy of the greatest scientists—hydrogeologists of Ukraine and Moldova. In particular, he laid the foundations for the hydrogeological zoning of the territory of Moldova for the first time. Within Moldova, he identified the Middle Sarmatian, Cretaceous and Silurian water-saturated horizons. Merits of R.R. Vyrzhykivsky in the field of hydrogeological problems of Ukraine can hardly be overestimated. He made a huge practical contribution to the water supply of large industrial cities and agglomerations of the country. In 1932 R.R. Vyrzhykivsky published the monograph «Hydrogeology» in Ukrainian, which played a huge role in the training of national hydrogeologists. In it, he for the first time presented the results of the hydrogeological zoning of the territory of Ukraine. It is important that the hydrogeological zoning scheme, with minor changes, is still being used by the hydrogeologists of our country.

O objetivo deste trabalho é contextualizar a evolução do mapeamento geológico no Brasil a partir da criação da Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais-CPRM em 1969, como parte de um conjunto de medidas governamentais que visavam impulsionar o setor mineral brasileiro. Três ciclos de mapeamento foram individualizados (1969-1993, 1994-2002 e 2003-2022) ao longo destes 53 anos, cujos limites temporais foram definidos por marcos históricos, e que diferem entre si sobretudo em função da abordagem metodológica e dos recursos de suporte disponíveis. A análise foi realizada levando-se em conta as escalas 1:250.000 e 1:100.000, que representam as principais escalas de referência de cartografia geológica no país. A avaliação da execução do mapeamento demonstra que o nível do conhecimento geológico no Brasil ainda é incompatível com suas potencialidades minerais, com sua pujança em outros recursos naturais, e com a importância do país em cenário mundial. Apenas 48% do território brasileiro está mapeado na escala 1:250.000 e 27% na escala 1:100.000. A Amazônia representa o território com menor conhecimento geológico, visto que menos de 40% deste território possui cobertura de mapeamento na escala 1:250.000, enquanto mais de 50% do território não amazônico já possui cobertura de mapeamento na escala 1:100.000. Ao longo deste período, foco foi atribuído aos escudos pré-cambrianos em relação às bacias sedimentares, que configuram grandes vazios cartográficos, assim como áreas críticas de escudo da Amazônia, a exemplo de grande parte do Escudo das Guianas, na calha norte do Rio Amazonas. Além do desafio de mapear um país de dimensões continentais, e com contextos geoeconômicos bastante heterogêneos, outros fatores contribuem para este quadro, dentre eles a descontinuidade de iniciativas e programas governamentais, que impactam diretamente no planejamento do mapeamento, na disponibilidade orçamentária para investimentos em projetos, recursos humanos, infraestrutura, e na articulação de parcerias produtivas. Este trabalho evidenciou que os períodos de maior produtividade no mapeamento geológico do Brasil foram reflexo de diretrizes de governo bem definidas, de investimentos adequados, e de compartilhamento de responsabilidades com governos estaduais e universidades brasileiras, a exemplo do que ocorre em países que tiveram a percepção da importância dos levantamentos geológicos básicos como estratégia de desenvolvimento.

The Liulengshan Fault (LLSF), which lies on the northeastern edge of the Ordos Plateau, is a controlling boundary fault in the northern part of the Shanxi Rift system (SRS). The displaced landforms show that the fault has undergone strong and frequent late-Quaternary seismic activities. In 1989 and 1991, two moderate–strong earthquake swarms (Ms=6.1 and Ms=5.8) successively occurred in the LLSF, and GPS velocity shows that the areas are extending at around 1–2 mm/a. However, there is no surface-rupturing earthquake reported on the LLSF in historical records. Thus, the study of paleoseismic history and rupture behavior of paleoearthquakes in late-Quaternary on the LLSF is of fundamental importance for understanding the future seismic risk of this fault. To solve these problems, we conducted paleoseismological trench excavations at two sites on the LLSF to establish its paleoearthquake history. On the basis of the field geological survey and interpretation of high-precision topographic data, we carried out large-scale fault mapping and excavated two trenches in Xujiabao and Luofengwa across the LLSF. Then, four events in the Xujiabao trench and three events in the Luofengwa trench are identified. Finally, combined with radiocarbon dating (C14), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and OxCal modeling, we constrained the ages of these events. Together with the previous results of paleoseismology in Yin et al. (1997), we consider that different segments of the LLSF may rupture together at the same time. Therefore, a total of six paleoearthquake events since late-Quaternary have been finally confirmed at 44,151–30881a, 40,163-28045a, 28,233-19215a, 16,742-12915a, 12,788-8252a, and 8203–2300a BP. According to the empirical relationships between moment magnitude and rupture length, the best estimated magnitude is inferred to be in the range between Mw 6.9 and Mw 7.7. Considering the strong late-Quaternary activity and a long earthquake elapsed time, we propose that the LLSF might have a high seismic hazard potential in the near future.

The paper reports on the publication context for the book: Geologia do Brasil Com um Mapa Geológico do Brasil e parte dos países vizinhos [Geology of Brazil. With a Geological Map of Brazil and part of Neighboring Countries] by Avelino de Oliveira and Othon Leonardos, in 1940. This book describes the geological map of the country and of some parts of adjacent South American countries. The cover of the publication makes a curious reference to a 'Brazilian Commission of Portugal's Centennials'. This reference and the preface, together with other publications, provide very enlightening context about the mineral and energy sectors during the 1930s, including the efforts of geologists and institutions involved in its preparation, the difficulties during its compilation, and how its publication became possible. This Map is important because it was produced by Brazilian geologists and even today, it is mandatory to consult it, not only for the history of geology, but also for the clarification of research priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent detection of natural hydrogen seeps in sedimentary basin settings has triggered significant interest in the exploration of this promising resource. If large economical resources exist and can be extracted from the sub-surface, this would provide an opportunity for natural hydrogen to contribute to the non-carbon-based energy mix. The detection and exploration of hydrogen gas in the sub-surface is a significant challenge that requires costly drilling, sophisticated instrumentation, and reliable analytical/sampling methods. Here, we propose the application of a commercial-based sensor that can be used to detect and monitor low levels of hydrogen gas emissions from geological environments. The sensitivity, selectivity (K > 1000), and stability (<1 ppm/day) of the sensor was evaluated under various conditions to determine its suitability for geological field monitoring. Calibration tests showed that the hydrogen readings from the sensor were within ±20% of the expected values. We propose that chemical sensing is a simple and feasible method for understanding natural hydrogen seeps that emanate from geological systems and formations. However, we recommend using this sensor as part of a complete geological survey that incorporates an understanding of the geology along with complementary techniques that provide information on the rock properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates how geodiversity interconnects with the particular ecosystems and practices within China. As an essential component of natural diversity, geodiversity can provide the necessary services and products to ecosystems and humans. In current Chinese research, theories and methods of geodiversity in China are relatively lacking. We use the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment classification as a basis for four categories: provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services. In so doing we present the products and services associated with geodiversity in China. In practice, we found that China, especially in light of its geological survey, already has a working basis for maintaining and enhancing the quality of its geodiversity and geosystem. To better advance the theory and practice of geodiversity in China, we suggest making geodiversity and biodiversity the object of geological surveys to understand its natural processes and distribution. This will ensure that nature as a whole can be appropriately managed and protected, that geodiversity indicators in ecosystem assessments can be clarified, and that equally essential elements of nature policy to promote geodiversity and biodiversity can be added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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China has established a complete system of geochemical exploration methods and techniques with various levels and ideas basically matched, and with equal emphasis on mineral exploration and ecological survey. The system takes over 60 years of research by several generations of geochemical exploration workers. Consequently, 23 technical standards of geochemical exploration methods have been set up as well. Over the past decade, 17 standards have been formulated and revised, 3 standards are being formulated, and 4 standards will be formulated and revised soon. With the transformation and development of geological survey work in the new era, the demand for geochemical exploration technology standards changes. Accordingly, the formulation and revision of geochemical exploration technical standards, which are guided by the major needs of national energy resources security and ecological civilization construction, focus on the following 3 aspects. ① The exploration of scarce minerals will focus on foreign resource exploration, domestic concealed mineral exploration, renewable energy exploration and the quality requirements of sample analysis. In these areas, existing standards should be revised adaptively, and new methods and technical standards should be formulated. ② Ecological geochemical survey will focus on the revising and upgrading of a series of technical standards and the formulation of new standards for land quality, ecological environmental geochemical monitoring and early warning. ③ The construction of geochemical informatization will focus on the formulation of a series of technical standards, such as screening of metallogenic geochemical information based on geochemical big data, anomaly discrimination and resource potential prediction and evaluation, as well as scientific judgment and quantitative prediction of ecological environment risk from regional scale to national scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The productivity of metamorphic aquifers is generally lower than that of the more common alluvial and carbonates ones. However, in some Mediterranean areas, such as the Calabria region (Italy), water scarcity combined with the presence of extensive metamorphic water bodies requires the development of further studies to characterize the hydrodynamic properties of these groundwater systems in order to achieve their sustainable exploitation. The interest in this goal becomes even greater if climate change effects are considered. The purpose of this study was to provide the geological-structural and hydrogeological numerical modeling of a metamorphic aquifer, using direct and indirect data measurement, in a large area of the Sila Piccola in Calabria. The hydrodynamic characterization of the crystalline-metamorphic aquifer, constituted by granite and metamorphic rocks, is extremely complex. The MODFLOW-2005 groundwater model was used to simulate flow phenomena in the aquifer, obtaining hydraulic conductivity values of 2.7 × 10−6 m/s, which turned out to be two orders of magnitude higher than those obtained from the interpretation of the slug-tests performed in the study area. The mathematical model was also able to estimate the presence of a lateral recharge from a neighboring deep aquifer providing a significant water supply to the system under investigation.

Geological field surveys of the Lützow-Holm Bay, Prince Olav Coast, and Enderby Land were conducted by three geologists in the 63rd Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-63) during the 2021­2022 austral summer season. Field parties were supported throughout the summer season by two main helicopters (CH-101) stationed on the icebreaker Shirase without a smaller secondary helicopter (AS350). This report summarizes field preparations and geological work and highlights several key points for future planning and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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