Search

Management scholars have long examined gender disparities in leaders' communication and followers' reactions. There is, however, a paucity of research that takes an intersectional perspective. This article takes that step, using an intersectional lens to examine women leaders' use of dominant language and how others receive it. Leveraging advances in natural-language processing, I analyzed the stereotype content of more than 250,000 Congressional remarks (Study 1) and almost one million tweets (Study 2) by leaders. Women leaders referenced dominance more than men did (using more words like "powerful"), violating stereotypes that depict women as submissive. However, as theory on racialized gender stereotypes suggests, this effect was unique to White leaders. Two additional studies revealed backlash to women leaders' use of dominant language. Analyzing almost 18,000 editorials revealed the more that women leaders referenced dominance, the more they were portrayed as dominant but also cold. Effects were strongest for Black and Latina women (Study 3). Finally, an experiment using simulated social media profiles found the more that Black women (but not men) leaders referenced dominance, the more voters rated them as less likeable, a result that was unique to Black leaders (Study 4). The article demonstrates the critical importance of intersectionality for understanding gender inequality in leaders' communication and its reception by the media and the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a novel stakeholder-oriented framework that highlights variance in the application and expression of gender bias in the upper echelons. Directed by their relationship with the firm's leadership, we theorize that stakeholders' appraisals of top female leaders map onto a categorical and complex continuum. At the "categorical" end of this continuum, stakeholders neither have access nor are attentive to capability cues from the leader, increasing their reliance on stereotypes and gender biases in their leader evaluations. At the "complex" end of the continuum, stakeholders have access and are attentive to capability cues from the leader, decreasing their reliance on stereotypes and increasing their ability to accurately evaluate the leader. Between these ends, stakeholders evaluate female leaders by applying stereotypes and striving for accuracy to varying degrees. Each region on this continuum is linked to an array of behavioral responses, directed by stakeholders toward a target leader, that differ in valence and intensity. Our framework has significant implications for understanding a variety of social biases beyond gender, and enables the development of tailored strategies that can be used to facilitate accurate leader evaluations by all stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, women's sport has experienced sustained growth, resulting in a positive shift in media coverage and increased attention from corporate sponsors. Past research has extended our understanding of the challenges, objectives and motivations of sponsors however, less is known with respect to whether sponsor communication perpetuates a gender-based narrative. In addressing this research gap, this study examines women's sport sponsor communication to understand how gender stereotyping manifests in messaging around sponsorship objectives and women's sport/athletes. Findings show that sponsor communication of objectives mirrors the traditional social roles held by women (centred on a communal orientation), while agentic gender traits associated with masculinity emerge in communication around women's sport/athletes. Our study highlights the importance of message framing in sponsor communication and the need for simultaneously embracing and valuing both feminine and masculine traits. This is an important step towards creating a balanced narrative around women athletes and women's sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women have historically been underrepresented in positions of power within athletic administration. Stereotype threat, or the realization that there is a possibility that one is being judged as confirming or being reduced to a stereotype, can negatively impact the recruitment and retention of woman leaders in sport. This study developed and validated a new scale, the Gender Stereotype Threat in Athletic Administration, and elicited responses from high school athletic directors in two U.S. states. Using multiple analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and structure equation modeling, five hypotheses were tested and supported based on the respondents' feelings of group identification, belonging uncertainty, extra pressure to succeed, and group reputation threat. The present work extends the findings on stereotype threat in the sport leadership domain and provides a useful instrument to study this phenomenon in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While prior research has gleaned important insight into consumers' social media engagement, an important literature-based tension exists that warrants further attention. On the one hand, females are increasingly empowered (e.g., through their rising spending power). On the other hand, advertising-based gender stereotypes persist, thus limiting female consumers' empowerment and decelerating advertising-based inclusion, equity, and diversity. Deploying regulatory mode theory, we propose that the adoption of a locomotion (vs. assessment) orientation, which emphasizes the initiation and continuation of the consumer's goal pursuit (vs. focusing on the individual's arrival at the "right" decision), respectively, can be leveraged to empower female consumers and boost their engagement with social media–based advertising. These predictions are tested across field studies 1a–1b and experiments 2–3. These findings can benefit marketers in developing effective communication strategies that resonate positively with female consumers, thus boosting their advertising-based inclusion, equity, and diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are refugee women invisible in the media? Extant media portrayals often make use of stereotypical representations, in that women are represented as vulnerable and passive victims. Within the theoretical frameworks of agenda setting and framing, vulnerability and agency, digital emotion contagion and distant suffering, this study investigates media coverage on refugee women by four popular international news outlets on the basis of their YouTube presence from 2011 to 2021. We applied automated data gathering to extract relevant videos which were manually coded and analyzed. In addition, we applied an automated topic modeling and sentiment analysis. The results are ambiguous but in general reflect existing findings: refugee women are marginalized in media coverage, and their portrayal is often stereotypical presenting them as vulnerable victims. The results highlight the need to sensitize journalists for a non-stereotypical reporting and the broader public for a more critical stance towards media coverage of refugee women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The film industry remains a male-dominated sector, particularly in managerial, creative, and technical positions. In this context, we explore the work of female directors in Spanish cinema concerning ETA terrorism (1977-2023) to observe and assess the contribution of women in a doubly masculine environment: film direction and terrorist violence. Within the framework of the so-called “battle of the narrative” and film and gender studies, and based on a qualitative methodology involving textual analysis of feature films and the study of existing literature, we trace the presence and voice of female directors. We investigate who they are, their number, and their contribution to cinema concerning ETA and Spanish cinema in general. We examine the stories, genres, and themes they choose and the perspectives from which they approach them. We consider both the form and contextual issues related to the production and reception of their works. The results show that female directors are a minority in films about terrorism in Euskadi. We conclude that their work can be seen as a disruption in an adverse environment. They prefer genres such as drama or documentary, focus on a human perspective, several depict real or based-on-true-events stories featuring strong, free female protagonists, and several works approach the stories of victims. They feature characters, predominantly female, who defy stereotypes. Overall, they contribute to the memory of past events with a critical view of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined whether congruence with gender stereotypes is associated with support for online feminist campaigns. In Study 1 (Ntweets = 510,000), we investigated how two real-world movements (i.e., #metoo and #sexstrike) were viewed in terms of adhering to the traditional feminine stereotype of high warmth/communion and low competence/agency, as per language used in the tweets posted within each campaign. We found that the #metoo movement was characterised by more communal and less agentic content than #sexstrike. In Study 2 (N = 195), when presented with descriptions of the movements modelled after #metoo and #sexstrike, participants associated the #metoo-like campaign with more feminine (e.g., community orientation) and less masculine concepts (e.g., rebelliousness), which, in turn, translated to greater declared support for the campaign. In Study 3 (N = 446), conducted in a more controlled and context-independent setting, we once again observed the link between the gender stereotypes attached to feminist movements and the support they received. We also found that this effect was independent of the effect of perceiving movements as violating social norms. Controlling for feminist identification, political conservatism, and gender system justification did not affect the pattern of results. Uncovering these stereotype-related effects on support for feminist movements furthers understanding of the strategies that might be used in the fight for gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues: Alcohol marketing on social media platforms is pervasive and effective, reaching wide audiences and allowing interaction with users. We know little about the gendered nature of digital alcohol marketing, including how women and men are portrayed, how different genders respond and implications for gender relations. This review aimed to identify how males, females and other genders are targeted and represented in digital alcohol marketing, and how they are encouraged to engage with digital alcohol marketing content. Approach: A narrative synthesis approach was employed. Academic literature and research reports were searched for studies on digital alcohol marketing published within the previous 10 years with a range of methods and designs. We reviewed the studies, extracted data relevant to gender and synthesised findings thematically. Key Findings: The review included 17 articles and 7 reports with a range of designs and methods, including content analyses of digital material, interviews, focus groups and surveys. Our analysis identified three conceptual themes that captured many of the gendered results, namely: (i) leveraging a diversity of idealised femininities; (ii) amplifying hegemonic masculinity; and (iii) infiltrating everyday gendered life. Implications and Conclusion: Alcohol marketing on social media is highly gendered and is designed to embed itself into everyday life in agile ways that reinforce traditional and evolving gendered stereotypes, activities, lifestyles and roles. Gendered engagement strategies are widely used to link alcohol to everyday gendered activities and identities to encourage alcohol purchase and consumption. This marketing normalises alcohol consumption and reproduces harmful gender norms and stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite equivalent qualifications, experience, and degrees, women are underrepresented in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) leadership. Understanding the factors behind this is crucial for addressing the issue. Although recent studies have shed light on the influence of a male-dominated culture, systematic barriers, and unconscious biases in contributing to the underrepresentation of female leaders, there is a scarcity of studies addressing the sociopsychological theories underlying cultural expectations and norms that contribute to the gender gap in the AEC industry. Social psychology introduces the self-presentation theory, proposing that individuals actively shape their self-image and the impressions they convey to others. According to this theory, people strategically choose and present information about themselves to cultivate a positive impression. Hence, this theory posits that individuals belonging to a minority, under the pressure of cultural norms and expectations, align their self-presentation with the anticipated roles assigned to them. Our study employs a data-driven methodology that uses natural language processing to explore the gender self-presentation gap. We analyzed 2,800 publicly available LinkedIn profiles of leaders within the top engineering firms ranked based on gross revenue. Our analysis delves into how these leaders present themselves, sharing their biographies, skills, and capacity on social media platform, and contrasts this self-presentation with how their colleagues evaluate their skills through the recommendation section. The findings reveal a higher similarity, both semantically and textually, between received recommendations and the skills and biographies of female leaders. Female leaders tend to present their skills in a way that aligns with others' expectations more than male counterparts. This study underscores the significance of addressing cultural norm biases as a pivotal step toward achieving increased gender equality within leadership roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarly investigations have greatly advanced our understanding of gender stereotypes as they pertain to leadership roles. However, an examination of citizens' evaluations of the personal and political characteristics of ministers using an experimental design is still lacking. In this article, we aim to determine whether individuals exhibit discrimination against women occupying the position of finance minister (FM), which presents an opportunity to assess the impact of stereotypes within one of the most 'masculine' cabinet portfolios. We implement a conjoint analysis in Spain to isolate the influence of appointees' attributes on their selection. The results suggest that women are preferred for this post. In contrast to established knowledge derived from legislative studies, being single benefits female ministers more than it does their male counterparts in obtaining the position of FM, as agentic attributes can hold more value in these positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on sex segregation in the labor market has repeatedly found that women and men are more likely to exit from occupations and firms in which they are the numerical minority and subsequently seek positions that are more represented by their gender. However, this research looked at mobility either across occupations or across firms, leaving unclear how the simultaneous exposure to gender compositions of occupations and firms shapes attrition from gender-atypical positions. We draw on linked employer-employee register data from the German social security insurance system (SIEED, 2012-2018) to highlight that some occupations can be found in firms with various gender compositions, indicating that gender compositions of occupations and firms do not always align and thereby may independently affect mobility. Conditional relative risk ratios for mobility between gender-typed occupations and firms reveal substantial switches from gender-atypical towards more gender-typical positions. This gendered labor market mobility is most pronounced for men across occupations. For women, gender compositions of firms drive not only mobility across firms but also switches out of gender-atypical occupations. Our findings underscore that gender compositions of occupations and firms jointly shape attrition from gender-atypical positions, which ultimately perpetuates labor market segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is often assumed that highlighting the contributions of female researchers to STEM fields may make those fields more attractive to women, thereby encouraging female participation. The present study (n = 802) aimed to test that assumption by investigating the impact of messages highlighting the contributions of women researchers to two STEM fields, (mathematics and biology) on the perception of those fields among high school students and comparing it to the impact of analogous messages concerning three nonSTEM fields. We found that these messages did not encourage women to participate in the respective academic fields, in STEM or otherwise. And more strongly they led both women and men to see that academic field as less interesting and worthy of study. We propose that the effect observed here, and previously not discussed in the literature, is the reverse of the well‐known Matilda effect. If the Matilda effect consists in a tendency to ignore or downplay the academic contributions of women based on the assumption that only men can contribute real value to research, then what we observed in our study is that that same assumption apparently makes people think that if women excel in certain fields, then those fields must be less valuable than others. We also argue that these effects are the result of gender stereotyping that takes what are supposedly male characteristics as better suited for research work than what are supposedly female characteristics. Finally, we suggest how to counteract this reverse Matilda Effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of access to STEMM mentors has been identified as a critical barrier to biomedical research careers, leading to a lack of diversity in this field. To address such a barrier, the National Institutes of Health invested funds to support institutions in developing research immersion programs to provide "underrepresented" students with mentored research experiences. While providing access and opportunity for research experiences is an important equity endeavor, a focus solely on broadening participation neglects the role of institutions in perpetuating hegemonic views of science. Institutions often fail to recognize how entanglements of affect and emotion shape youth experiences in these programs and work to (de)legitimize their sense of belonging in science and perpetuate the notion of science as for an exclusive few. In this paper, we describe findings from a project aimed at understanding the entanglement of emotion and affect in a research immersion program and how these entanglements shaped participants' sense of belongingness in the program and research more broadly. Drawing on a poststructural feminist framework, we come to understand how individual histories and emotional experiences with racial and gender stereotypes work at the meta‐affective level to contract feelings of belongingness in science for students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even in academic fields dominated by women students (e.g., educational research), academic careers are characterized by vertical gender segregation in favor of men. This clashes with the public understanding of educational research as a women's domain that is more strongly associated with warmth (a stereotypically feminine trait) than competence (a stereotypically masculine trait), as revealed in our first study. We thus conducted an experimental vignette study of 189 adults from the general public to explore how women versus men researchers working in educational research versus physics (as a contrasting domain clearly dominated by men) were perceived on several dimensions of competence and warmth. Whereas the female researcher in physics was rated as more competent than the female researcher in educational research, the woman in physics was penalized for her gender stereotype-incongruent domain choice by being perceived as less warm. However, the male researcher in educational research was perceived as both warmer and more competent than his man counterpart in physics, and as smarter than the female researcher in educational research. These findings suggest rewards instead of penalties for men pursuing academic careers in initially women-dominated domains, likely contributing to the increasing gender gap in academic careers in these domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines differences in news coverage of female candidates using a media sociology framework that examines the interplay between organizational, routine, and individual levels of influence. The analyses find that national and local newspapers are more likely to write about the political qualifications of female candidates relative to male candidates, and female journalists at local newspapers are most likely to write about women's political qualifications. Female candidates receive more feminine stereotypic coverage across newspapers, especially in all-women elections. These results uncover important differences across media organizations that affect how female candidates develop their campaign strategies and voter decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the gender equality in Kosovo. The data shows that there is a very high gender inequality in Kosovo in all aspects of the life. The main reasons for gender inequality in Kosovo are linked to gender stereotypes and patriarchal culture in society and the economy, unequal distribution of family responsibilities, lack of available and affordable childcare responsibilities and also low education levels among women. Although many measures have been taken to reduce gender inequality and empower women in Kosovo, however women empowerment in Kosovo is by far the lowest among the Western Balkan 6 and EU economies with a score of 25.4 out of 100, placing it last in the Women Empowerment Index (ranking in the last 33 th place). The study also contains proposed measures to reduce gender inequality in Kosovo and promote economic empowerment of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender essentialism in coaching discourses often goes unnoticed by coaches yet promotes gender stereotypes. Currently, no coach development program addresses gender essentialism. This study tested the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of a novel web-based coaching intervention comprising seven self-led modules, aimed at reducing gender essentialism among coaches. A pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted with 102 coaches of adolescent girls across multiple sports. Coaches were randomized into the intervention condition (n = 54) or a waitlist control condition (n = 48). Both intervention and control group participants completed a baseline self-assessment prior. Intervention group participants undertook Coaching HER Foundation modules over 2 weeks and completed a postintervention self-assessment. Control group coaches completed the postintervention assessment without completing the Coaching HER Foundation modules. Based on the data, coaches found the intervention easy to follow, relevant, applicable, and enjoyable. Efficacy analyses illustrated the intervention group reported lower levels of gender essentialism at postintervention compared with the control group. Study results must be considered in relation to the small sample size and high attrition rate (72%). Study findings will inform intervention optimizations based on participant feedback, after which Coaching HER Foundation will be made freely available within a wider coach education and training framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a consequence of globalisation, a large number of studies have been carried out on the attitudes and preferences of acculturation of immigrants and host societies, with the aim of observing the different changes that occur in this intercultural contact. These studies have been carried out in places with a large migratory flow; however, it was considered convenient to carry out the same type of studies in regions with less migratory flow, which is why this investigation focuses on a place with a lower migratory flow, such as the Principality of Asturias. Thus, the main objective of this work is to observe whether gender contributes to the creation of different attitudes and whether this is moderating the intensity with which stereotypes participate in the formation of the acculturation preferences of native students in compulsory secondary education. The analysis of acculturation attitudes was carried out on the dimensions of "adopting" and "maintaining" separately, in order to study how these dimensions are affected by each of the variables (gender/stereotype) in different domains. The exploratory results obtained through quantitative analysis reveal that stereotypes affect the dimensions differently in each of the domains. It is also found that gender affects both dimensions, and finally, it is claimed that gender can moderate the intensity with which stereotypes are involved in the creation of acculturation attitudes in almost all domains. These results are discussed in comparison with those found in other studies with different social and cultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that female directors are associated with higher equity undervaluation after controlling for the effects of female managers, firm performance, corporate governance, risk, dispersion in analysts' earnings forecasts, firm size, stock price informativeness, and earnings quality. This association is less pronounced after increased societal awareness of female directors. Our findings are robust to the use of alternative measures of key variables and various tests of endogeneity. We further find that female directors' committee membership, committee chair role, board tenure, and board experience are positively associated with equity undervaluation. Additional results show that female directors' age and ethnicity also impact equity undervaluation, and the undervaluation of female directors mostly occurs for firms operating in male‐dominated industries. Our results collectively suggest that investors' negative gender role stereotyping of female directors contributes to equity undervaluation of firms with female directors. Negative stereotyping of female directors is less pronounced after investors become more aware of the benefits of female directors. Therefore, our findings provide insights for policy makers and suggests that further increased awareness of the benefits of female directors is essential. Policy makers may also consider taking appropriate actions to further minimize gender stereotyping of female directors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we advance a more nuanced view of gender-based stereotypes about female chief executive officers (CEOs) to shed light on the divergent findings about outcomes associated with their firms' actions. We draw on gender stereotyping literature and its delineation between prescriptive and descriptive gender stereotypes— how women ought to be/act versus how they actually are/act—to theorize that not all female CEOs embody the same prescriptive feminine ideals and, thus, variance in how they are perceived may affect outcomes manifesting from certain firm actions. Specifically, we theorize that there also exists a "double-edged" sword among female CEOs such that the more a female CEO is seen as descriptively aligning with prescriptive ideals of feminine actions and perceptions, the stronger the associated outcomes for their firms will be, whether positive or negative. We test how perceptions of communality and attractiveness—the two most desirable prescriptive perceptions for how women ought to be—affect the corporate social responsibility (CSR) and irresponsibility (CSiR) to firm performance relationship, which align, or fail to align, respectively, with desirable prescriptive feminine actions of helping or hurting others and society. We find that the more a female CEO descriptively aligns with such communality and attractiveness prescriptions, the stronger the CSR and CSiR to firm performance relationship will be. The results of our study suggest that the gendered beliefs to which female CEOs are subjected are more nuanced and complex than the current literature explains, contributing to theory and practice alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Design Methods Results Conclusion Implications for the Profession To identify the current presence of stereotypes about the nursing profession in Italy and to understand how gendered processes and modalities are regulated and expressed in the physician‐nurse dyad, and the implications for professional identity and autonomy.Qualitative multimethod design.Forty‐five interviews were conducted with nurses and physicians. The collected qualitative data underwent automatic textual data analysis using a multidimensional exploratory approach and a gender framework analysis.In Italy, nurses' roles are still associated with gender stereotypes stemming from the predominant male culture, which affects sexual and gender identity, the division of labor, and access to career paths. This leads to disadvantages in the nursing profession, which is heavily dominated by women.Biological differences between sexes generate an unconscious yet shared symbolic gender order composed of negative stereotypes that influence nurses' professional roles and activities. They follow behaviors that enter the work routine and institutionalize organizational processes. These effects are also seen in the asymmetric, limited, and reciprocal interprofessional relationships between male physicians and female nurses, where the former hinders the latter's professional autonomy and access to top positions.This survey raises awareness of gender issues and stimulates reflection. It also enables health and nursing organizations to take action to raise gender awareness and education by countering the image of a non‐autonomous profession. The analysis of gender processes allows us to identify interventions that can counteract forms of oppression in the work environment that lead to the emergence of nursing as a non‐autonomous profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stereotyping of older adults shapes our society and has significant implications for our future as an aging population. While considerable research addresses negative stereotypes across various contexts, a notable gap exists regarding teachers’ stereotypes. Given teachers’ unique role as agents of change, this quantitative study utilized a survey method to investigate the stereotypes and views of 236 preschool and elementary school teachers concerning older adults, along with factors influencing these stereotypes, such as age, gender, frequency, and nature of interaction with older adults, and aging anxiety. The Older Adult Stereotypes Questionnaire and the Anxiety about Aging Scale, supplemented with custom questions, were employed. Findings revealed that the participants generally exhibited a tendency to hold negative stereotypes about older adults. Positive stereotypes and views were linked to the perceived importance of interactions and coherence of views with older adults, while high aging anxiety correlated with negative stereotypes and views. Notably, the older teachers and the female teachers with high aging anxiety displayed more negative views regarding older adults. These findings suggest that age and gender should be considered when designing interventions to address teachers’ negative stereotypes and reduce their anxiety about aging. Also, with new educational policies, more opportunities for intergenerational interaction should be provided to build meaningful relationships among generations to promote a more inclusive and positive view of aging within the school environment. Addressing these issues is crucial for fostering an age-inclusive education system and preparing future generations to value and respect older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Following scholars who critique integration with a homemaking lens (Boccagni and Hondagneu-Sotelo 2023), this paper studies the impact of immigration- and integration policies on Syrian and Eritrean women’s homemaking processes in the Netherlands, and produces knowledge on the gendered effects of migration-related policies on individuals (Freedman 2017). Based on analyses of legal and policy documents, and life history interviews, observations, and mapping- and photo journaling exercises held with forty-five Syrian and Eritrean women in the Netherlands, I show how procedures to obtain legal residence, reception centres, different legal statuses, spatial dispersal policy, the Integration Act and the Participation Act pursue a ‘politics of discomfort’ (Darling 2011). While designed to promote ‘integration’, these policies construct a demanding, opaque and punitive system that restricts individual control and subjects homemaking to ‘path dependencies’. This discomfort is gendered, as policies occasionally reinforce women’s dependence on men, perpetuate racialised and gendered stereotypes, and break down especially women’s work- and social roles. As the system renders homemaking in public difficult, it induces women’s isolation. Contesting state-inflicted uncertainty, exclusion and isolation, many Syrian and Eritrean women eventually do manage to (re)make home. However, the Dutch state works to produce rather than repair their generally underprivileged position in Dutch society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross‐national European comparison examined gender representation and stereotypes in mathematics and language textbooks from Germany, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Romania. The results showed that female characters were numerically underrepresented. Female characters were also less often a main character or individually portrayed compared to male characters, but not proportionally to the overall lower number of female characters. Characters in occupational roles were less often female than male, whereas among characters with gender non‐conform characteristics, these were more often female than male in some textbooks. There was no sexual diversity among characters. The differences in gender representation are found within each country, but gender differences were smaller in more gender‐egalitarian countries. If textbooks are to offer the same learning benefits to both boys and girls, students should be equally represented in a diversity of roles and occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drivers of poor sexual health outcomes among Black heterosexual man are poorly understood. Previous research has identified a need to understand Black men’s behavioral experiences and motivators in the UK. This study aimed to address this gap through a phenomenological exploration of the sexual health experiences and motivators of Black heterosexual men with experience of higher-risk sexual behaviors living in London. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants (18–58 years) recruited through barbershops. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Five themes were generated. For relevance, three themes are discussed in this paper: 1) The Black Man’s Battle; 2) Sexual Socialization; and 3) Sexual Behaviors, Relationships, and Health. Race and gender combined to shape experience of sexual socialization. Exposure to explicit media content from a young age promoted multiple sexual partners. Racist sexual stereotypes exposed participants to fetishization and created pressure to meet sexual expectations. Condom use motivators were complex and multifaceted. Experience of institutional racism created a lack of trust in services. However, actual experiences with sexual health services were positive and counteracted the mistrust created by racism. Sexual health services should better tailor their work to Black heterosexual men and diversify their offer. Services should collaborate with Black community organizations to deliver services outside clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study investigated gender differences in the reading behaviors of Chinese middle school students, and whether gender stereotypes relating to choices of reading matter are supported. Methods: A mixed‐methods approach was adopted. Three thousand nine hundred and fifteen middle school (Grade 7) students completed a questionnaire designed to assess reading behaviors. Independent sample t‐test and chi‐square analyses were employed to examine gender differences in reading behaviors. The qualitative survey was supplemented with an open response survey (94 boys, 50 girls), which provided further insights into individuals' specific experiences and perspectives regarding reading behaviors and gender stereotypes in reading choices. Results: This study revealed a number of gender‐linked differences. Boys spent more time reading than girls but read the same number of books; boys were also more likely than girls to read digital texts, while girls were more likely to borrow their reading material. Choice of subject matter also differed: boys were more likely to read factual and action‐based books, while girls' choices focused more on motives and emotions. Another significant difference was that boys paid more attention to the overall experience of reading, while girls paid more attention to the details of reading. Responses to the open response survey indicated that gender stereotypes in reading choices were prevalent among respondents, but some students' reading choices did not align with the stereotype associated with their gender. Conclusion: The mixed‐methods approach proved valuable in both identifying gender differences in reading behaviors, and in highlighting the prevalence of gender stereotypes in reading choices among middle school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined vertical segregation in Mongolian public universities, making the formation of the glass ceiling visible. Due to its socialist foundation, the Mongolian university sector has long been masculinized, wherein the two systems of socialism and democracy exist simultaneously, and this coexistence is clumsy rather than harmonious. Hence, there are two isolated paths towards investigating gender and leadership practices in this sector: political appointments of senior leadership positions from the government and the collegial type of elections in middle management. This study has focused on the more democratic practices of elections in middle management. The main goal of this study was to define what factors the voters/academics consider when they evaluate the candidates competing for leadership positions in Mongolian public universities. A total of 312 academics from Mongolian public universities participated in the survey. The results indicated that academic leadership positions were seen as more of an academic duty rather than a leadership responsibility. Interestingly, males and politically affiliated academics tended to strengthen the masculinized culture, perpetuating the practice of the Boys' Club in academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Gender stereotypes refer to consensual or cultural shared beliefs about the attributes of men and women, influencing society behaviors, interpersonal relationships, education, and workplace. The literature has shown the existence of gender stereotypes on career choices, internalization of roles, and school and social experiences and demonstrates the impact of demographic factors on stereotypes. However, all the studies conducted in Italy available in scientific literature analyzed small sample sizes within specific schools of university settings, with a limited age range. Methods: To assess the current state of gender stereotypes in Italy, we conducted an online survey from October 2022 to January 2023 on the general population residing in Italy. The questionnaire comprised sociodemographic factors and questions about gender stereotypes, investigating six fields: games, jobs, personality traits, home and family activities, sports, and moral judgments. Results: The study involved 1854 participants, mostly women (70.1%) with an undergraduate or postgraduate degree (57.5%). The statistical and descriptive analyses revealed that gender stereotypes influenced respondents' beliefs, with statistically significant effects observed in most questions when stratifying by age, gender, and degree. Principal component analysis was performed to assess latent variables in different fields, revealing significant main stereotypes in each category. No statistically significant differences between men and women were found for the fields home and family activities, games, and moral judgments, confirming that stereotypes affect both men and women in the same way. Conclusions: Our results show the persistence of gender stereotypes in any fields investigated, although our cohort is predominantly composed of high educational level women living in the North of Italy. This demonstrates that the long-standing gender stereotypes are prevalent, pernicious, and, unfortunately, internalized at times even by successful women pushbacking and sabotaging them unconsciously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of math-gender stereotypes on students' academic performance using data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), which surveyed nationally representative middle schools in China. Our sample comprises over 2000 seventh-grade students, with an average age of 13 and a standard deviation of 0.711. Among these students, 52.4% are male, and 47.6% are female. Employing a fixed effects model and instrumental variable, our findings are as follows. First, over half of the male students believe that boys are better at math than girls, and they also perceive that their parents and society hold the same belief. In contrast, fewer than half of the female students hold this belief or perception. Intriguingly, among these students, female math performance surpasses that of males. Second, stereotypes hinder female math performance, especially among low-achieving ones, while benefiting high-achieving male students. Finally, perceptions of societal stereotypes have the greatest effect on math performance, followed by self-stereotypes and perceptions of parental stereotypes. Understanding the implications of these findings highlights the importance of addressing math-gender stereotypes to promote equal participation and success for both genders in STEM fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweden is considered to be among the most gender-equal countries globally and this philosophy influences every aspect of Swedish culture from medical care to foreign policy. It is not clear, however, to what extent this approach has been accepted or adopted by Swedish police officers. Using interviews with 27 Swedish police officers, this study explores the use of gender rhetoric in descriptions of victims. By performing an inductive thematic analysis, we find that officers have internalised the gender-equal approach but make statements alluding to adaptation of both gender-blind and gender-aware rhetoric when describing victims. When describing their own personal experiences with victims, officers use language informed by gender stereotypes and gender performativity suggesting that these principles have not been fully adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although boys and girls start out performing similarly on STEM-related school subjects, the gap between them widens as they mature, leading to the underrepresentation of women in STEM fields at the college level and in the workforce. The current study examines the development of children's beliefs about men's and women's competence and other boys' and girls' learning ability for STEM and non-STEM topics. Children ages 5 through 9 (N = 134) judged adults to be less competent at professions they perceived as more difficult. Boys gave higher competence ratings to men than women in STEM and non-STEM fields, but girls only gave higher ratings to women than men in non-STEM fields. Children also viewed girls as less capable of learning about STEM subjects compared to non-STEM subjects, but they perceived boys as similarly capable of learning both STEM and non-STEM subjects. However, children's own school subject preferences and career aspirations (STEM or non-STEM) were not related to their judgments of adults or other children. The results point to the detrimental effects of gender stereotypes on children's beliefs about women's and girls' abilities in STEM. Practice implications for caregivers and educators to close the gender gap in STEM are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although women drivers engage in fewer risky behaviors and have a lower involvement in traffic accidents than men, there is a commonly held stereotype that they are bad drivers. To understand this perception, various psychosocial factors related to sexism have been studied. However, very little is known about sexist attitudes towards women drivers, especially when studied through implicit attitude models. The aim of this study was to understand implicit and explicit sexist attitudes towards women drivers. A sample of N = 104 participants from Mar del Plata, Argentina, completed a stimulus classification task using response times to measure implicit attitudes, and three self-reporting measures of explicit attitudes, ambivalent sexism, and control of prejudices. The results indicated more positive implicit attitudes and low explicit antipathy towards women drivers. No age differences were found, but gender differences were observed (i.e., women showed more positive implicit and explicit attitudes towards their own group). Implicit and explicit attitudes showed a moderate correlation with each other and were not associated with a concern with acting prejudiced scale. Hostile sexism was a predictor of sexist driving attitudes. The results are discussed in the context of previous evidence on sexism in driving and implicit attitude models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing popularity and availability of virtual reality (VR) video games, the representation of women within these immersive environments becomes crucial to explore. Although the sexualization of female characters in traditional video games has been widely studied, the sensory-rich nature of VR may introduce changes in character representations and emergent adverse outcomes. In the present study we content analyzed female characters in popular VR video games to investigate the potential underrepresentation and misrepresentation of female characters. Results demonstrated that male characters were represented four times more frequently than female characters. The underrepresentation of female characters was more severe in competitive VR games than casual VR games, however there was no significant difference in the underrepresentation of women between game genres or ESRB ratings. In addition, female characters were presented in a sexualized manner in 30% of cases. The sexualization of female characters was associated with their portrayal as physically capable, violent, or a victim. We also found that sexualization of female characters did not differ based on the type of game (casual vs. competitive), game genres, or ESRB ratings. We discussed these findings in immersive VR video games in comparison with those in traditional 2-D screen media video games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voice assistants (VAs), such as Alexa, Siri, or Google Now, are becoming increasingly ubiquitous. Consequently, the potential societal impacts of such systems are gaining relevance in public and academic discourses. Investigating the effects of VA voice features on user perception of VAs is one central aspect of research. Here, the potential effects of VAs on the perception of gender roles and the attribution of gender stereotypes stand out. Following the Computers as Social Actors paradigm, it is assumed that gendered voices have the potential to reproduce existing gender stereotypes. Yet, recently, the implementation of gender-ambiguous voices has been suggested to mitigate such effects and promote more diverse technology design. In this study, we set out to inquire about the relationship between gendered VA voice (male, female, gender-ambiguous) and gender stereotype activation. In two online surveys with an experimental manipulation (Study 1: N = 140, Study 2: N = 397), we test stereotype activation as a function of VA voice, user gender, and conversation topic. Empirical findings are mixed, with no effects for conversation topic but indications of small effects of VA voice. Implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Honor of Kings (HoK) is one of the most popular mobile games worldwide. To understand why players actively engage with digital games, it is essential to focus on their gaming motivations. However, no previous studies were found to have investigated the kinds and depth of players' motivations in this game. Moreover, the empirical research concerning the impact of stereotype threat and lift on players' motivations is scant. Thus, this pre-registered study aims to examine male and female players' gaming motivations in Honor of Kings and the effects of stereotypes on players' motivations. Methods: This study utilized Yee et al. (2012)'s motivational model. A 2 × 3 MANCOVA was performed for the outcome variables of achievement, social, and immersion motivations; with gender and stereotype activation (no activation, female, and male threat activation) as independent variables; and with age and gaming time as covariates (n = 421). Results: Contrary to prevalent perceptions, the results suggested females had higher achievement and immersion motivations, but lower social motivation than males in Honor of Kings. Unexpectedly, only females' immersion motivation was impaired under stereotype threat, and females demonstrated lower social motivation under stereotype lift. However, males were not affected by either stereotype threat or stereotype lift. Discussion: The results suggest that caution is needed for the assumption that male gamers are more achievement-oriented and females are more social-oriented because their motivations may vary depending on game genres. This study also found unexpected effects of stereotype threat and lift. Future research should further explore how to implement stereotype activation effectively to promote gender equality in gaming. Notably, this study only recruited participants from China due to the restrictions of recruitment channels. Future researchers are highly recommended to examine whether there are cross-cultural differences in the findings of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slut-shaming is a sexual stigmatization that consists in a form of discrimination against those who do not respect gender stereotypes of external appearance and/or sexual behaviors and attitudes. Individuals may also be exposed to slut-shaming merely due to fortuitous elements unrelated to the sexual dimension. Slut-shaming is perpetrated through ostracism, rejection and sexual stigmatization and may have negative effects on psychophysical well-being. The primary aim of the present study is to explore the victimization of young adults through slut-shaming. A sample of thirty-six participants (aged 19–28) was recruited and focus groups and interviews were conducted to explore participants' slut-shaming experiences. Constructivist grounded theory was employed to understand how young adults deal with slut-shaming and analyze sociocultural factors involved in slut-shaming dynamics. Several individual, social and cultural factors are involved in sexual stigmatization processes. A core set of 6 categories related to slut-shaming exposure was identified: exposure to slut-shaming, antecedents of slut-shaming, socio-cultural context facilitating slut-shaming, LGBTQIA + and slut-shaming, negative effects of slut-shaming, and reactions to slut-shaming. Results emphasized that, even if young adults showed a generally high level of awareness of sexual discrimination and stigmatization processes, slut-shaming victimization is not uniformly experienced by them. Young adults' narratives seem to show conflicting feelings and thoughts regarding the possible strategies that could be employed to deal with slut-shaming exposure and pervasive internal and external forms of oppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political leaders play a crucial role in shaping societal perceptions and citizens' expectations of gender roles. Through their self-presentation on social media, political leaders have the power to either reinforce or challenge existing gender stereotypes, thereby influencing how citizens perceive and interpret gender norms. However, research on how women and men politicians present themselves on social media is scarce. This comparative study contributes to remedying this research gap by content analysing the official Facebook and Instagram pages of 18 political leaders during the 2021 national election campaigns in Germany and Norway. In contrast to earlier research on gendered presentations of politicians in the news, we did not find strong evidence of gendered self-presentations in either country, neither in terms of personalisation nor in terms of gender issue ownership. This could be because gender roles in Germany and Norway have become more fluid, or because the successful politicians we have analysed have been successful due to their ability to "walk the double bind" of needing to conform to both masculine and feminine gender expectations. Our study calls for more comparative research into this field, including studies of lower profile politicians and politicians in countries with lower degrees of gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to identify women's perceptions of the main reasons for discrimination at work. Furthermore, the aim is to analyse the effects of public working time policies on gender equality and their impact on discrimination at work and on women's career paths. This article presents a framework for the topic through an analysis of documents and literature, as well as an exploratory study carried out in Portugal. Working time policies since 2011 in Portugal are examined and through an empirical study, the impact of overtime on women's work and careers is analysed. The documentary analysis carried out in Portugal shows the difficulties women face in reconciling work with family and personal life. While most studies focus on job satisfaction and women's willingness to work long hours for better career progression, this paper examines gender discrimination at work associated with working time policies. Gender equality and women's empowerment are among the goals set by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This study, based on a survey completed by female employees, concludes that women feel discriminated against in their careers due not only to the persistence of gender stereotypes but also to long working hours. Studying women's perceptions of the reasons for discrimination at work, as well as the relationship between working time and equality at work, can be important for understanding the under-representation of women in leadership positions and can help enrich public policies in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research explores the concept of gender equality and the main issues faced by female civil servants in the pandemic, with purpose of designing recommendations for the development of an inclusive and fair working environment in the Romanian public administration. The study is an exploratory one and was conducted in the Romanian National Agency for Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, the main institution with prerogatives in developing and implementing the strategy for gender equality. The research methodology consists of a survey based on a questionnaire designed by the author. The main findings of the study are: stereotypes and gender role biases are the main cultural or systemic barriers, indicating an increased awareness, especially among women, of the impact of these stereotypes and prejudices on their career opportunities and progress. In addition, the main difficulties encountered by female civil servants during the pandemic were the necessity to spend more time with their families and doing house chores, as well as to take more often, unexpected leave days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender segregation of occupations and entire industries is widespread. The segregation could be the result of perceived job-specific productivity differences between men and women. It could also result from the belief that homogeneous teams perform better or from in-group bias of male or female recruiters. We investigate these explanations in two samples: students and personnel managers. The subjects bet on the productivity of teams that are homogeneous with respect to gender at the outset and then either remain homogeneous or become diverse. The teams work on tasks that differ with respect to gender stereotypes. We obtain similar results in both samples. Women are picked more often for the stereotypically female task, and men are picked more often for the stereotypically male task. Subjects believe that gender-diverse teams perform better, especially in the task with complementarities, and they display an own-gender bias. Elicited expectations about the bets of others reveal that subjects expect the gender stereotypes of tasks but underestimate others' bets on diversity. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: The authors acknowledge financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [Excellence Cluster EXC 2035/1 "The Politics of Inequality" (to U. Fischbacher), CRC TRR 190 "Rationality and Competition" (to D. Kübler), and the Excellence Cluster EXC 2055 "Contestations of the Liberal Script" (to D. Kübler)] and from Tamkeen [NYU Abu Dhabi Research Institute Award CG005 (to R. Stüber)]. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4943. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the wide adoption of digital voice assistants (DVAs), interactions with technology have also changed our perceptions, highlighting and reinforcing (mostly) negative gender stereotypes. Regarding the ongoing advancements in the field of human–machine interaction, a developed and improved understanding of and awareness of the reciprocity of gender and DVA technology use is thus crucial. Our work in this field expands prior research by including a nonbinary voice option as a means to eschew gender stereotypes. We used a between-subject quasi-experimental questionnaire study (female voice vs. male voice vs. nonbinary voice), in which n = 318 participants provided feedback on gender stereotypes connected to voice perceptions and personality traits. Our findings show that the overall gender perception of our nonbinary voice leaned towards male on the gender spectrum, whereas the female-gendered and male-gendered voices were clearly identified as such. Furthermore, we found that feminine attributes were clearly tied to our female-gendered voice, whereas the connection of masculine attributes to the male voice was less pronounced. Most notably, however, we did not find gender-stereotypical trait attributions with our nonbinary voice. Results also show that the likability of our female-gendered and nonbinary voices was lower than it was with our male-gendered voice, and that, particularly with the nonbinary voice, this likability was affected by people's personality traits. Thus, overall, our findings contribute (1) additional theoretical grounding for gender-studies in human–machine interaction, and (2) insights concerning peoples' perceptions of nonbinary voices, providing additional guidance for researchers, technology designers, and DVA providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a significant embodiment of Chinese subalternity, the subject formation of rural migrant women presents the multiple power dynamics emerging in the course of modernisation, industrialisation and urbanisation in post-reform China. Northern Girls, a novel written by contemporary Chinese female writer Sheng Keyi, provides a realistic account of survival for this marginalised group of women that is intertwined with class, gender and rural–urban disparities. This paper takes this novel as a case study, exploring how the female subaltern subject is discursively reconstructed through literary translation. Regarding the English translation as part of the transcultural flow of ideas between Western and indigenous Chinese feminisms, this paper examines its translation strategies, demonstrating how gender stereotypes, misogynous discourse, power relations and female agency in a gendered subaltern narration are rewritten in a hegemonic language. The analysis reveals that the English version rearranges the intersectional dynamics of power in post-reform China. While the gendered autonomy and agency are reinforced in the target text, the discursive construction of the Chinese female subaltern is simplified by a hegemonic formation of feminism and modernity that underplays the original 'reverse discourse' in non-Western women's writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In news media, one stereotype that is continually over-represented is Black men as criminals, leading to what many refer to as "the Black criminal stereotype." Although research demonstrates that distorted news portrayals of criminals can provoke stereotypical responses in viewers, limited evidence connects these effects to sport media. Anderson and Raney (2018) explored this in an experimental study (n = 234) and found evidence of the Black criminal stereotype among sports fans. However, more research was needed to further explore this phenomenon. The current study employed a similar experimental design (n = 603) in an attempt to (1) replicate their 2018 study to examine whether sports fans' perceptions of criminal athletes have changed over the past several years, especially in light of the Black Lives Matter movement, and (2) determine whether the sport played by an alleged criminal athlete might be linked to judgments regarding race and crime in sports. Our findings indicate that sports fandom still predicts stereotypical judgments. However, individual difference variables—particularly social conservatism, African American stereotype endorsement, and gender—were more strongly related. Our findings point toward the potential power of social movements in influencing attitudes and beliefs regarding race and crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]