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An analysis of parents that are a part of polyamorous networks—networks of three, four, or even more residential or highly available parents—shows three types of parenting practices: poly-nuclear, hierarchical, and egalitarian parenting. Especially, the hierarchical and egalitarian parenting practices show novel divisions of care work and a transgression of gender norms. However, in-depth new materialist analysis of qualitative interviews also shows how parents are, in specific situations, pushed toward standard family models and thus unintentionally maintain traditional family structures and gender roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dating sexual violence (DSV) is a serious social problem among college students worldwide. This study examines the effects of gender role attitudes (GRA) in DSV and the mediating role of rape myth acceptance (RMA) among students of different sexual orientations in China. A total of 2134 Chinese college students (553 men and 1581 women, 1751 heterosexuals and 383 sexually diverse groups) participated in this study. We found that sexually diverse men have the highest DSV perpetration (47.13%) and victimization rates (40.23%) and that sexually diverse women have the most equal gender attitudes. RMA is identified as a mediator of the relationship between GRA and DSV perpetration and victimization among heterosexuals, but not among sexually diverse groups. The need for more sexually inclusive educational interventions to decrease DSV on college campuses is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent threats to human security (i.e., COVID‐19 pandemic, conflicts, climate change events) call for nurses to have an increased understanding of how sociopolitical environments induce mental health problems and impact the well‐being of citizens. This study examines the relationship between national resilience and life satisfaction among Filipino emerging adults, how depression mediates this relationship, and how these correlations are moderated by gender. Drawing from an online survey sample of 1020 Filipino emerging adults (18–29 years old), this cross‐sectional study utilised a moderated mediation analysis. Key constructs were measured using the short version of the National Resilience Scale (NR‐13), the depression component of the Kessler Psychological Distress (K10) scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Gender was measured as sex assigned at birth. Descriptive results show that more than half of the respondents are female (64.2%) and demonstrate below‐average levels of national resilience and depression, and high levels of life satisfaction. Also, findings indicate that depression has significant negative relationships with, and partially mediates the positive relationship between national resilience and life satisfaction. Moreover, moderation analysis results suggest that being female synergizes the negative relationship between depression and life satisfaction, and being male strengthens the positive relationship between national resilience and life satisfaction (p < 0.01). The results highlight how the national resilience of emerging adults neutralises their risk for depression and, ultimately, improves life satisfaction. Moreover, the findings emphasise the importance of nursing advocacy actions to ensure that social policies for improving public mental health are gender‐sensitive, given that macro‐social and psychological factors have varied effects on individuals' lives based on gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persisting gendered division of domestic labor in Western societies remains puzzling. Beyond standard economic and normative explanations, more recent approaches emphasize affective, cognitive, and incorporated aspects of housework and the production, reproduction, and negotiation of gendered expectations via social interactions. However, the relevant indicators for these more implicit mechanisms are not routinely included in social surveys. Based on a unique set of items and a representative sample of heterosexual couples (N = 1396) from pairfam (wave 10), we analyze the mutual effects of both partners' enjoyment, quality standards, and reciprocally perceived competencies on the division of housework. Actor–partner interdependence models (APIM) are applied, which explicitly model the partner dyad. Both an actor's own and their partner's assessments of competences and preferences—and particularly men's attributes and perceptions—prove to be powerful predictors of housework share. The results contribute quantitative evidence on processes of doing and undoing gender in context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender role attitudes determine the importance of work–family domains to individuals and how they are influenced by work–family conflict (WFC). In this study, we draw on gender role and social role theories to hypothesize that working mothers' gender role perceptions moderate the relationships between WFC and two outcomes: voluntary turnover (work domain) and feeling valued by one's spouse (family domain). We tested our hypotheses with 14‐month time‐lagged survey data from 731 working mothers in Japan. The results of our regression analyses suggest that working mothers scoring high on WFC and egalitarian gender roles have a lower propensity to voluntary turnover and a higher propensity to feel valued by their spouses than working mothers low on WFC and egalitarian gender roles. Our study highlights the importance of considering within‐gender differences in research on WFC and moderating effects of gender role attitudes between WFC and outcomes in work and family domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates prescriptive (how women and men should be) and proscriptive (how women and men should not be) gender stereotypes in Sweden and how these stereotypes relate to self‐ascribed gendered traits. In an online survey with students at three major universities (N = 679) it was found that participants believed that the societal view was that women should be more communal than men, but less dominant and men should be more agentic than women, but less weak. In comparison, self‐ratings only differed for communion, such that women rated themselves as more communal than men (there were no differences in self‐ratings of agency, dominance, or weakness). Thus, prescriptive and proscriptive stereotypes and self‐views differed. Women mainly perceived differences between self‐ratings and prescriptions of communion, whereas men mainly perceived differences between self‐ratings and prescriptions of agency. Moreover, women mainly perceived differences between self‐ratings and proscriptions of dominance, and men mainly perceived differences between self‐ratings and proscriptions of weakness. Hence, both women and men perceive larger gaps between self‐evaluations and societally desired and undesired gender stereotypical traits. Future studies should investigate the consequences of such mismatches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies revealed differences between men and women in value priorities. It has been asserted that men do inherently attribute more importance than women to power and achievement values. Our study brings a sociocultural lens into account employing gender ideology as a moderator of the gender differences in these values. Specifically, we hypothesized that internalization and endorsement of gender role ideology shape gender differences in power and achievement values. We focused on two components of gender ideology as moderators of the gender differences in values: primacy of the breadwinner role, and acceptance of male privilege. We used data from the World Values Survey wave six (89,565 participants from 60 countries). Results indicated that gender ideology moderated the relationship between gender and the endorsement of achievement and power values. Specifically, the relationship between gender and achievement was significantly moderated by acceptance of male privilege, but not of primacy of the breadwinner role. In addition, the association between gender and power was significantly moderated by primacy of the breadwinner role, but not by acceptance of male privilege. In other words, when participants endorse egalitarian gender ideologies, gender differences in power and achievement disappear or even reverse. We contrast previous perspectives assuming inherent gender differences in human values and argue that such differences are related to beliefs in gendered separate spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2006, Marks and Fraley published research suggesting that people remembered more information that was consistent rather than inconsistent with a sexual double standard. Despite the impact of that paper on the field, there were several caveats of that research, including a small sample. The present research, therefore, aims to replicate and extend Marks and Fraley's research. Presently, 400 participants read a vignette about a sexually active man or woman for two minutes. This vignette contained an equal amount of positive and negative information. Participants then had 5 minutes to recall the information from the vignette. In the extension portion of the research, some participants experienced an experimentally varied delay, which was used to create forgetting curves in an effort to parse apart whether any differences in recall were due to differences in the encoding process, retrieval process, or both. Recall results replicated the pattern of results from Marks and Fraley (2006), in that participants remembered more negative information about the woman than the man, and more negative than positive information about the woman. Analyses of forgetting curves were inconclusive, as the predictors explained less than 0.5% of the variance in recalled information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) encompasses the taking, sharing, and/or threatening to share nude or sexual images of others without their consent. The prevalence of IBSA is growing rapidly due to technological advancements, such as access to smartphones, that have made engagement in such activities easier. Bystanders offer an important means of intervention, but little is known about what facilitates or inhibits bystander action in these contexts. To address this gap in the literature, seven focus groups (n = 35) were conducted to explore the factors that facilitate and inhibit bystander action in the context of three different IBSA scenarios (taking, sharing, and making threats to share nude or sexual images without consent). Using thematic analysis, eight themes were identified, suggesting that the perceived likelihood of intervention increased with greater feelings of responsibility, empathy with the victim, reduced feelings of audience inhibition, greater feelings of safety, greater anger toward the IBSA behavior, closer relationships with the victim and perpetrator, the incident involving a female victim and male perpetrator, and perception of greater benefits of police involvement. These findings are considered alongside the physical sexual violence literature in highlighting the similarities and nuances across the different contexts. Implications for the development of policies and educational materials are discussed in relation to encouraging greater bystander intervention in IBSA contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan has the second-largest number of HCV infections in the world with homogeneity across provinces and no evidence of decline over the past 30 years (Mahmud et al. in BMC Infect Dis 19(1):1–11, 2019). Currently, one in every 20 Pakistanis is suffering from HCV (Haqqi et al. in Viral Immunol 32(9):402–413, 2019). The disease significantly interferes with the everyday life of the patient (Silberbogen et al. in Psychosomatics 50(2):114–122, 2009; Foster in Viral Hepat 16(9):605–611, 2009). The present research aimed to find the role of gender, family system, and social support in predicting coping in patients with hepatitis C (HCV). A sample of 100 HCV patients was taken using purposive sampling from different public and private hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. For assessment, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and Brief Cope Inventory were used. Results showed that male hepatitis C patients used a higher level of religious coping. Hepatitis C patients living in a joint family system used a higher level of religious coping. It also showed that there was no significant relationship between social support and coping. Patients suffering from hepatitis C for 2 years or more adopted avoidant coping strategies as compared to the patients diagnosed for 1 year or more. This research has important implications for psychologists, paramedical staff, doctors, social workers, caregivers, peers, and families of patients suffering from HCV. It would help in formulating effective therapeutic interventions. It would also add to the literature in the field of health psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic workers (DWs) are integral to the daily lives of a significant portion of India's urban population, with an estimated 3.9 million individuals employed in domestic roles in urban areas, mostly women. This article explores the perceptions of home, house, and safe spaces among migrant women DWs in Delhi. Through in-depth interviews, it delves into their lived experiences as both breadwinners and survivors of domestic violence, revealing that (a) house and home are differently conceptualized by these workers; (b) their homes are perceived as warzones, reinforcing patriarchy through incidents of domestic violence and gendered subordination; and (c) women DWs navigate the complexities of conflicting identities as breadwinners and survivors within unequal gendered relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Death is the commonest, incomprehensible, and inescapable reality confronting humanity in all nations and cultures. However, cultures vary in their conceptions of death, grieving and mourning rituals. Among the Akan of Ghana, mourning and funeral obsequies are essential cultural and spiritual practices. In this article, we draw insights from our reflective lived experiences and critical literature review to explore mourning and death rituals among the Akan as a stratified cultural system that reflects and reproduces broader gender patterns of masculinity and femininity in Ghana. We discuss the concept and cultural significance of mourning and bereavement practices, and further examine how socio-cultural notions of gender shape mourning and death rituals in Ghana. We argue that, as in many social and economic spaces in Ghana, funeral obsequies and bereavement practices represent sites for enacting and reproducing masculinity and femininity. The deleterious health and psychological consequences for men and women are further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being high health care utilizers, many women Veterans perceive their pain condition to be poorly understood by their providers, which can be a strong demotivator for seeking care. We set out to understand the priorities rural-dwelling women Veterans have for using health care for their chronic pain, and interviewed participants about their experiences with (and priorities for seeking) health care for their chronic pain. Self-Determination Theory identifies three sources of motivation (autonomy, competence, relatedness), all of which were represented through two themes that reflect rural women Veterans’ rationale for decision-making to obtain health care for chronic pain: role of trust and competing priorities. Women described their priorities for chronic pain management in terms of their competing priorities for work, education, and supporting their family, but most expressed a desire to function in their daily life and relationships. Second, women discussed the role of trust in their provider as a source of motivation, and the role of patient-provider communication skills and gender played in establishing trust. Rural women Veterans often discussed core values that stemmed from facets of their identity (e.g. gender, military training, ethnicity) that also influenced their decision-making. Our findings provide insight for how providers may use Motivational Interviewing and discuss chronic pain treatment options so that rural-dwelling women Veterans feel autonomous, competent, and understood in their decision-making about their chronic pain. We also discuss importance of acknowledging the effects of disenfranchising talk and perpetuating gendered stereotypes related to chronic pain and theoretical implications of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the direct and interaction relationships between personality traits, psychosocial risk factors, and burnout among male and female workers in the retail sector in Spain. Through a cross sectional design involving 667 participants (241 men, 426 women), it employs self report questionnaires to measure these variables. In addition to a sociodemographic questionnaire, the MBI (burnout), NEO-FFI (personality), CarMen-Q (cognitive, temporal, emotional, and performance demands), and DECORE (support, control, and rewards) were administered. Results indicate that women exhibit higher emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Results from stepwise multiple regression confirmed that personality traits directly impact burnout dimensions and psychosocial risk factors. Specifically, neuroticism and emotional job demands significantly influence emotional exhaustion, while depersonalization correlates with neuroticism, agreeableness, temporal demands, and organizational support. Personal accomplishment links with extraversion, interacting with temporal demands in men and cognitive demands in women. Individuals high in neuroticism and low in extraversion tend to perceive elevated emotional job demands, leading to intensified emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. The study confirms that personality traits and working conditions affect burnout differently for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stalking is a public health concern that affects both heterosexual and non-heterosexual individuals. Consequences to victims include being blamed for their stalking victimization and having their victimization minimized by others. However, less research has been conducted regarding attitudes toward non- heterosexual stalking victims and the fear individuals feel for stalking victims in general. Therefore, using a scenario-based approach, we examined how participants blamed stalking victims, minimized stalking incidents, and felt subjective fear for heterosexual and non-heterosexual stalking victims in hypothetical scenarios. Participants were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk for two separate research studies. In Study 1, participants read about heterosexual stalking situations, and in Study 2, participants read about same-gender stalking situations. Participants responded to dependent variable questionnaires that assessed blame, minimization, and subjective fear. Participants also responded to predictor variables questionnaires that assessed gender role ideology, ambivalent sexism, attitudes toward lesbian women, and attitudes toward gay men. MANOVAs and simultaneous multiple regression analyses were conducted to analyze the hypotheses. There were no main effects of participant gender or hypothetical scenarios for either of the two research studies regarding blame, minimization, or subjective fear. However, gender role ideology, ambivalent sexism, and homonegativity were significant predictors of participants' attitudes toward stalking. Explanation for the current studies' findings and implications of these findings were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender equality issues are receiving increasing media attention. At the same time, journalists reporting on such issues experience hostility and online harassment. This study investigates which factors drive users' intentions to engage with journalistic content on gender equality issues and whether the author's gender plays a role in this. An experiment was conducted among German online users (n = 612) with issue ownership and backlash as two central mechanisms to explain gendered perceptions and engagement with articles on gender equalityissues. Results show that men journalists writing about harassment in the workplace were perceived more negatively than women journalists writing about the same issue, which partially also affects engagement. In the case of a less sensitive topic such as women's leadership, participants' feminine gender role orientation increased intentions to engage with the article written by a woman, whereas in the case of a sensitive topic such as harassment it fostered backlash toward the woman author. Findings indicate that both backlash theory and role congruity theory account for distinct partially contradicting effects of gender norms and role perceptions on the engagement with articles on gender equality issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to understand how Druze women's employment in nontraditional fields (such as engineering, medicine, and law) shapes gender role division in their nuclear family. Data from 24 interviews with educated Druze women employed in high-quality professions suggests that Druze women who work in these fields succeed in bringing about a change in perceptions and practices regarding gender role division in their households. The interviews revealed three gender patterns: (a) ten women in the current study indicated egalitarian gender role division; (b) six women indicted reversal of gender roles in their home, and (c) eight women described a traditional role division, which required them to sacrifice their career in favor of the family. The choice of Druze women to study nontraditional professions is increasingly recognized and valued in Druze society and its clergy, driving a paradigm shift concerning women's employment and gender role division in the private sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We utilize a comprehensive individual panel dataset from China and employ an event study approach to investigate the influence of childbirth on gender disparities across various labor market outcomes, emphasizing the role of gender norms in shaping the child penalty. Our findings show a pronounced decline in individual earnings, labor force participation and working hours for women after childbirth, though labor force participation returns to pre-childbirth level in the long term. Such trends are not observed among men. These gender differentiated outcomes are driven by a key factor: gender norms, specifically women's and their husbands' views toward gender roles. Parents' or in-laws' views play a smaller role. Women suffer a larger child penalty in individual earnings if they or their spouses hold traditional views compared to those who, or whose spouses, hold more egalitarian views. Potential channels are that traditional views may predispose mothers to focus more on household activities and/or engage in informal jobs that are more flexible and family friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to analyze whether women with higher family-role overload regret sacrificing their professional work to fulfill family responsibilities better after analyzing the costs of making the work sacrifice. In Study 1, participants (n = 218 women and men) self-reported their family-role overload, rated the costs of sacrificing their work for their family, and rated the extent to which they experienced regret about this sacrifice. In Study 2, participants (n = 285 women) reported their gender role ideology and responded to the same measures as in Study 1. In Study 3, participants (n = 180 women) reported their ideology and their partner's perceived gender role ideology and completed the same procedure as in Study 1. The main findings showed that women (but not men) with higher family-role overload perceived more costs of sacrificing their work for the family, which were associated with greater regret about making the sacrifice. Additionally, women who perceived a traditional ideology in their partner reported more family-role overload, which was associated with greater costs of making the work sacrifice, which in turn was related to greater experienced regret. These findings indicate that although women make these sacrifices based on societal expectations in accordance with their gender role, they could not have obtained the results they could have expected and consequently could regret risking their professional progress for the family. In addition, they suggest that partner involvement is also necessary to overcome this invisible gender inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic saw a shift toward a more traditional division of labor–one where women took greater responsibility for household tasks and childcare than men. We tested whether this regressive shift was more acutely perceived and experienced by women in countries with greater gender equality. Cross-cultural longitudinal survey data for women and men (N = 10,238) was collected weekly during the first few months of the pandemic. Multilevel modelling analyses, based on seven waves of data collection, indicated that a regressive shift was broadly perceived but not uniformly felt. Women and men alike perceived a shift toward a more traditional division of household labor during the first few weeks of the pandemic. However, this perception only undermined women's satisfaction with their personal relationships and subjective mental health if they lived in countries with higher levels of economic gender equality. Among women in countries with lower levels of economic gender equality, the perceived shift predicted higher relationship satisfaction and mental health. There were no such effects among men. Taken together, our results suggest that subjective perceptions of disempowerment, and the gender role norms that underpin them, should be considered when examining the gendered impact of global crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We studied the role of gender in metacognition of voice emotion recognition ability (ERA), reflected by self-rated confidence (SRC). To this end, we guided our study in two approaches: first, by examining the role of gender in voice ERA and SRC independently and second, by looking for gender effects on the ERA association with SRC. Method: We asked 100 participants (50 men, 50 women) to interpret a set of vocal expressions portrayed by 30 actors (16 men, 14 women) as defined by their emotional meaning. Targets were 180 repetitive lexical sentences articulated in congruent emotional voices (anger, sadness, surprise, happiness, fear) and neutral expressions. Trial by trial, the participants were assigned retrospective SRC based on their emotional recognition performance. Results: A binomial generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) estimating ERA accuracy revealed a significant gender effect, with women encoders (speakers) yielding higher accuracy levels than men. There was no significant effect of the decoder’s (listener’s) gender. A second GLMM estimating SRC found a significant effect of encoder and decoder genders, with women outperforming men. Gamma correlations were significantly greater than zero for women and men decoders. Conclusions: In spite of varying interpretations of gender in each independent rating (ERA and SRC), our results suggest that both men and women decoders were accurate in their metacognition regarding voice emotion recognition. Further research is needed to study how individuals of both genders use metacognitive knowledge in their emotional recognition and whether and how such knowledge contributes to effective social communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between traditional gender roles and the frequency of sexual intimacy within romantic relationships, considering sexual desire and societal norms and expectations. The study was conducted among a convenience sample of men and women in Israel. The survey included measures of sociodemographic information, traditional gender roles, sexual desire, perceived partner's sexual desire, and frequency of engaging in sex. Findings suggest that men who embraced less traditional gender roles exhibit a greater synchronization between their own sexual desire and their perceived partner's sexual desire, whereas women who embraced more traditional gender roles tend to rely more on their partners' sexual desire in their frequency of sex. These results imply that men's sexual desire plays a significant role in determining the frequency of sexual activity in romantic relationships, especially in relationships where traditional gender roles are more strongly embraced. Findings from the current study underscore the idea that the decision to engage in intimate acts may not solely hinge on individual sexual desire; rather, it operates within a broader context influenced by societal and cultural expectations. It is important to challenge societal norms to promote more balanced and equitable sexual dynamics in committed relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives With rising gray divorce rates, older individuals face heightened risk of social isolation, highlighting the significance of adult children as a vital source of solidarity in the absence of a spouse. Simultaneously, gray divorce may undermine parent–adult child relationships and weaken the core of the family safety net of older persons. This study examined the consequences of gray divorce for parent–child relationships. Methods We used longitudinal data from the German Family Panel (Pairfam), a large-scale panel study collecting detailed information about family relationships and family structure. We focused on adult children aged 18–49 (n  = 9,092) whose parents were married at first observation. During an observation period spanning up to 13 years (2008–2020), 606 individuals experienced parental divorce. Using fixed-effects models, we estimated changes in contact frequency, emotional closeness, and instrumental and emotional support provided to parents. Results Consequences of gray divorce varied strongly between mothers and fathers. Adult–child solidarity intensified for mothers but eroded for fathers. This impact was strongest for changes in contact frequency, moderate for changes in emotional closeness, and smaller for changes in support. The persistence of gender role differentiation was evident, as daughters displayed closer ties and provided greater support to their mothers following a gray divorce. Discussion Divorce alters relationships with adult children. A gray divorce tilts adult–child solidarity toward mothers and puts fathers at a higher risk of social isolation. Moreover, the observed gender dynamics underscore the continued influence of gender roles on family dynamics in the aftermath of gray divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loneliness is a significant issue for the elderly, and widowhood is considered a major risk factor. However, research on the intersectional effects of gender, age, and widowhood on loneliness is limited, especially within the Chinese cultural context. Using six waves (2002–2018) of national longitudinal data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (N = 22,777), this study employed multilevel mixed-effects ordered logistic regression to analyze the impact of widowhood on loneliness. Moderating roles of gender and age were examined through interaction effects. Widowhood significantly increased loneliness across genders and age groups, but this effect diminished with age. Widowed men experienced greater loneliness than women, but this difference converged by age 90. The buffering effect of age on the widowhood-loneliness link was less pronounced among older women. The study unravels the complexity of how gender, age, and widowhood interact to shape loneliness in later life. Targeted interventions considering these intersections are needed to alleviate loneliness among Chinese widowed elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Among men, violence is pervasive and associated with poor mental health, but little is known about which men are most vulnerable. Our purpose is to address this gap by exploring mental health and social determinants of health (SDOH) including gender role conflict (GRC) in heterogenous groups of men with distinct patterns of cumulative lifetime violence (CLV) as target and perpetrator. Methods: Latent class analysis was conducted using means of 64 indicators of CLV severity collected from a community sample of 685 eastern Canadian men, ages 19 to 65 years. Class differences by SDOH, and depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were explored with Chi-square and analysis of variance. Results: A 4-class solution was optimal. Class 1 had the lowest CLV severity; were more likely to be better educated, employed, and have little difficulty living on their incomes; and had better mental health than other classes. Class 2, characterized by moderate psychological violence as both target and perpetrator, had mean depression and PTSD scores at clinical levels, and more difficulty living on income than Class 1. Classes 3 and 4 were typified by high severity CLV as target but differentiated by Class 4 having the highest perpetration severity, higher GRC, and being older. In both classes, mean mental health scores were above cut-offs for clinical symptomology and higher than Classes 1 and 2. Conclusion: This is the first evidence that distinct patterns of CLV severity among men intersect with GRC and SDOH and are uniquely associated with mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on men's negotiation of traditional norms and new gender dynamics amidst rapid social changes, the current study reveals nuanced trends and inter-regional heterogeneity in marriage behavior of men during the past decades in Asian societies. Since the 1970s, marriage age for men across Asia has risen and the slope of change is especially sharp in East Asia; while men in East and Southeast Asia increasingly remain single in their 30s and early 40s, earlier and almost universal marriage continues to dominate men's nuptiality in South Asian societies. We contextualize these empirical patterns in the complex interplay of aggregate-level socioeconomic development, the changing labor market conditions (as reflected in a high level of job insecurity and informalization), shifting gender dynamics in educational attainment and labor market participation, and remaining legacies of traditional gender role expectations. This study offers compelling empirical evidence for further theorizing marriage and gender in Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender and personality may individually impact end-of-life care. Men often receive more aggressive treatments than women near death, and personality – particularly openness – may be associated with increased care utilization when it diverges from traditional treatment norms. However, research has not examined the interaction of these variables in a dyadic context. This study examined the dyadic effects of patient gender and caregiver personality on end-of-life care. Using data from the VOICE randomized clinical trial, the present sample consisted of patient-caregiver dyads receiving outpatient care for advanced cancer in Sacramento and Western New York. Analyses assessed whether caregiver personality was associated with gender-based differences in patient chemotherapy or emergency department/inpatient visits in the 30 days before death. Logistic regression examined the interaction between caregivers' Big Five personality dimensions and patient gender while accounting for patient and caregiver demographic and health characteristics. Of a total of 134 patient-caregiver dyads, 19.4% (n = 26) of patients received chemotherapy and 47.8% (n = 64) had an emergency department/inpatient visit in the 30 days before death. Results demonstrated a significant interaction between caregiver openness and patient gender on receipt of chemotherapy (odds ratio = 0.07, p = 0.006). When caregivers were less open, men were more likely to receive chemotherapy near death, whereas when caregivers were more open, women were more likely to receive chemotherapy near death. Results suggest caregiver personality characteristics, particularly openness, might disrupt gender-based treatment norms at end-of-life. Findings demonstrate that patient and caregiver factors can interact to explain patient healthcare utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to examine gender differences in promotion/prevention self‐regulatory focus, a dispositional motivational orientation with major implications for human functioning. First, a review of literature using social cognitive theory as a framework suggests that, driven by socialization processes, (1) women may on average be more prevention focused than men – meaning more vigilant to maintain a secure status quo, whereas (2) men may on average be more promotion focused than women – meaning more eager to advance to a better situation than their status quo. Second, we provide data to examine these possible gender differences in self‐regulatory focus with secondary analyses of (a) our own existing data on dispositional regulatory focus and of (b) a large scale, representative panel study (LISS Survey). The data suggest a highly consistent difference with women being more prevention focused than men, while the difference in promotion focus is much smaller and is only found in European samples. Auxiliary data suggest promotion‐focused women hold less traditional gender role beliefs as well as showing that regulatory focus partially explains examples of behavioural differences between men and women. The analysis of gender difference in regulatory focus sheds new light on gender differences and biases already known, and on regulatory focus, and as such opens up many new and important areas of future inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goals of the researchers who conducted this study were to explore South Asian young adults' (N = 30) perceptions of gender roles and intimate partner violence (IPV) prevention in South Asian communities in the United States. Three distinct themes (a) gender role socialization and expectations, (b) gender role expression/negotiation within own intimate relationship, family, and own community, and (c) IPV prevention were identified. Important implications include how socialization and acculturation processes, immigration, and other factors influence South Asian young adults' perceptions of IPV in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing sexting in sexual health education classrooms is one way of supporting young people to become good sexual citizens and to emphasise respect and consent in their sexual practices and in their lives. While a fair amount of research has worked with youth to understand their motivations for sexting, less research has been conducted with in-service teachers to understand their perspectives, pedagogical approaches, and beliefs regarding young people and sexting. Set in this context, this paper discusses findings from interviews with Canadian teachers who were teaching a new Ontario Health and Physical Education curriculum that included discussions of sexting. Our findings suggest that many teachers are still engaging discourses of risk, shame and blame when they talk to their students about sexting. Likewise, longstanding gender norms and stereotypical sexual scripts are evident in the ways in which many teachers both understand and teach sexting. Some teachers, however, are engaging in more promising pedagogical practices that frame sexting as having a range of uses, outcomes, and purposes, painting a more holistic picture of young people's sexting landscapes. Findings from this paper may be useful for educators and policymakers creating sexting curriculum for young people in educational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on how the family's position in the stratification system affects the division of housework and childcare in Palestinian-Arab society in Israel; a highly gendered society experiencing socioeconomic change. Recent studies carried out in economically developed countries have shown that the household position indicated by education, income, and employment, related to the way the household tasks are shared by the spouses. However, less is known about the phenomenon in the context of societies that maintain gendered norms regarding family roles while women improved their education and employment status. A multilogistic regression analysis for household tasks and logistic regression analysis for childcare were applied to data from Israeli Social Surveys to examine the effect of household strata in the social stratification system regarding the way Palestinian-Arab families in Israel manage their household's demands. The main results show that upper-class households and couples with a higher education pose their gender roles as more egalitarian, which demonstrates selective gender equality. The gender boundaries in the sharing of caring tasks are less rigid by class in Palestinian-Arab families while they continued to be determined mainly by the couple's relative education and attitudes toward gender roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While filial piety has been widely studied in Confucian-influenced societies, little is known about how it may influence the development of emerging adults' independence and interdependence. Using a population-based longitudinal study in Taiwan (N = 3,149; 49.5% females), this study examined the association between filial piety in adolescence (aged 13–15) and independence and interdependence in emerging adulthood (aged 22). Results show that greater adherence to filial piety in adolescence predicts higher independence in emerging adulthood. Additionally, greater adherence to filial piety predicts higher interdependence for females, but not males, when parents hold traditional gender-role attitudes. This study underscores the significance of cultural norms and parental gender-role attitudes in shaping individuals' development during emerging adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender roles have become a symbol of cultural division between Western Europe and its growing immigrant population. To what extent immigrants and their children from more gender-conservative backgrounds will adopt more egalitarian attitudes has thus become a key question. However, different host countries offer distinct contexts of reception regarding the institutional support for gender equality, and the diverse compositions of immigrant populations across Europe pose challenges to simultaneously control the influences of cultural origins and settlement contexts. We overcome these challenges by comparing immigrant youth living in five different European countries, originating from countries with comparable levels of gender inequality, as assessed by three distinct global gender inequality indices. Analysing CILS4EU and CILS-NOR data, we found that the extent of gender inequality in parental countries of origin exerts a lasting impact on gender attitudes among immigrant-origin youth. Additionally, our findings showed that religion, particularly among Muslims, plays a role in preservation of conservative attitudes. Nevertheless, immigrant origin youth to a large extent adapt their perspectives to the context of reception, and even the most conservative groups of immigrant adolescents living in Scandinavia have more gender-egalitarian beliefs than immigrants – and to some extent natives – in continental Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International development work involves external partners bringing expertise, resources, and management for local interventions in LMICs, but there is often a gap in understandings of relevant local shared values. There is a widespread need to better design interventions which accommodate relevant elements of local culture, as emphasised by recent discussions in global health research regarding neo-colonialism. One recent innovation is the concept of producing 'cultural protocols' to precede and guide community engagement or intervention design, but without suggestions for generating them. This study explores and demonstrates the potential of an approach taken from another field, named WeValue InSitu, to generate local culturally-informed protocols. WeValue InSitu engages stakeholder groups in meaning-making processes which 'crystallize' their envelope of local shared values, making them communicable to outsiders. Our research context is understanding and reducing child stunting, including developing interventions, carried out at the Senegal and Indonesia sites of the UKRI GCRF Action Against Stunting Hub. Each national research team involves eight health disciplines from micro-nutrition to epigenetics, and extensive collection of samples and questionnaires. Local culturally-informed protocols would be generally valuable to pre-inform engagement and intervention designs. Here we explore generating them by immediately following the group WeValue InSitu crystallization process with specialised focus group discussions exploring: what local life practices potentially have significant influence on the environments affecting child stunting, and which cultural elements do they highlight as relevant. The discussions will be framed by the shared values, and reveal linkages to them. In this study, stakeholder groups like fathers, mothers, teachers, market traders, administrators, farmers and health workers were recruited, totalling 83 participants across 20 groups. Themes found relevant for a culturally-informed protocol for locally-acceptable food interventions included: specific gender roles; social hierarchies; health service access challenges; traditional beliefs around malnutrition; and attitudes to accepting outside help. The concept of a grounded culturally-informed protocol, and the use of WeValue InSitu to generate it, has thus been demonstrated here. Future work to scope out the advantages and limitations compared to deductive culture studies, and to using other formative research methods would now be useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media image has an important impact on professional females’ social credibility, self-cognition, working attitude and continuing development. This study explores the media image of female scientists as presented or shaped by the Chinese mass media in the past 15 years using content analysis and word frequency analysis of 124 media reports about young female Chinese scientist award winners. It analyses the media’s approach to presenting the image of female scientists, their gender and their social role. The results demonstrate that with the continuous opening up and integration of social culture, the Chinese media has paid less attention to the appearance and personalities of female scientists, as well as various gender stereotypes, including conflicts between family and professional roles. China’s mass media has consistently been concerned with female scientists’ professional competitiveness, while other aspects have been less commonly reported. Generally, the image of Chinese female scientists in the media has gone through a development process from trivial and non-professional attributes to professional competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University education may influence attitudes toward gender roles. The awareness of students in the field of health services about the gender inequalities they will encounter both during the education process and in the future while providing health services will play a role in providing health services in a more effective and equitable way. In order for university students to approach men and women with an egalitarian perspective at an early age, their gender stereotypes must first decrease and their perspectives on social relations must change positively. Therefore, university education can play an important role in influencing gender perception and attitudes towards gender roles. There is no special course on prejudice and discrimination in the training programs of Vocational Schools of Health Services that train health technicians in Turkey. Based on this, this study aimed to examine the effect of the training program given to raise awareness of prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination on the gender perception and attitude of students who will provide health care in the future. For this purpose, answers were sought to the following questions: Is there a difference in students' gender perceptions of prejudice and discrimination before and after training? Are there any differences in students' gender role attitudes regarding prejudice and discrimination before and after education? Is there a relationship between gender perception and attitudes towards gender roles? As a method, a single-group the pretestposttest semi-experimental method was used. The research was conducted with students taking the Prejudice and Discrimination course at the Vocational School of Health Services. 95 second-grade students participated in the research. The reason why sophomore students from the Disabled Care and Rehabilitation program, the Pharmacy Services program, and the Occupational Therapy Program were selected in the study is that the "Prejudice and Discrimination" course is given in the second-grade student spring semester. Descriptive Information Form, Gender Roles Attitude Scale (GRAS), and Gender Perception Scale (GPS) were used to collect data. Before the course program started, GRAS and GPS were administered to the participants as a pretest. Afterwards, a fourteen-week course period on "Prejudice and Discrimination" was carried out. At the end of the course, GRAS and GPS were administered to the participants as posttests. According to the students' descriptive characteristics, it was found that the mean age of the participants in the study was 21.6±3.3, and that 73.7% of them were female. According to the study, most students' mothers (56.9%) and fathers (38.9%) had completed elementary school. The families of 73.7% of the participants are nuclear families. The students' average number of siblings was found to be 2.8±2.1, and the majority (51.6%) of them had both brothers and sisters. The investigation discovered that 43.2% of the students lived primarily in the city center. Most students who participated in the study said that the Black Sea region was where they spent most of their lives (46.3%). The research revealed that prejudice and discrimination training provided via online distance education methods did not affect the gender perception and gender role attitudes of second-year Vocational School of Health Services students (respectively; p = 0.890, p = 0.976). However, a positive relationship was found between gender perception and attitudes towards gender roles (pretest r = 0,825, p < 0,01; posttest r = 0,893, p< 0,01). While the total scale score of women was higher than men according to GPS and GRAS scores according to sex before the training (GPS, p = 0.002; GRAS, p<0.001), this difference was not found after the training (GPS, p = 0.869; GRAS, p = 0.682). Accordingly, the "Prejudice and Discrimination" course created a change in perception and attitude in men. Health workers have important roles and responsibilities in preventing and reducing problems arising from gender inequality. In this regard, research can be conducted on how successful practices can be implemented in improving the gender role attitudes and gender perception levels of students who will provide health care in the future. It may be effective to specifically target men in training activities aimed at improving perceptions and attitudes towards gender. Because this study has shown that men and women can be brought to equal levels in terms of perception and attitude towards gender through education. Therefore, the study is important in terms of revealing that men and women can be brought to equal levels in terms of perception and attitude towards gender through education. In line with the results obtained, comparative studies can be conducted in terms of department, curriculum and curriculum content, which are thought to be effective on gender attitudes and perceptions of university students. Multiple follow-up studies can be conducted with larger sample groups and a control group to evaluate the effectiveness of students' education. Finally, there is a need for intervention studies to be carried out during the face-to-face education process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender assessments are often used to inform gender mainstreaming in agriculture for development programming and practices. However, they often lack true community engagement, integration of critical perspectives for structural transformation, and a systems approach to support gender equality. In our qualitative case study, we conducted a content analysis of gender policies and approaches for the largest funding and implementing organizations working in Honduras. Our findings indicate that some organizations address the known gaps in the effectiveness of gender analyses such as inclusion of masculinities and moving beyond economic empowerment to address other important domains for women's empowerment. However, the majority of organizations continued to approach participation as extractive rather than transformative, over-relied on the economic domain as the sole indicator of empowerment, failed to integrate critical contemporary theories such as intersectionality and masculinities, and inadequately addressed the fundamental structural inequalities in the systems that reinforce normative gender roles. Improving practices for participatory gender assessments and addressing dominant social norms during research is necessary to have significant gender transformative and sustainable impacts on agrifood systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research examines how gender is depicted in Sufi and modern Persian literature, exploring the complex factors that influence the representation of gender roles and identities throughout different historical periods. The study meticulously reviews these literary genres to identify the many perspectives on gender, acknowledging that each genre provides a distinct viewpoint through which societal values are conveyed. The investigation delves into not just literary aesthetics but also the cultural and historical conditions that have shaped the development of gender norms. It examines how Sufi and modern Persian literature, which are deeply influenced by their specific time periods and cultural contexts, mirror and distort societal perspectives on gender. By analyzing the development of these representations over time, the study sheds light on the profound transformation of gender norms and identities throughout the course of Iranian history. This inquiry enhances our comprehension of the complex relationship between literature, culture, and gender dynamics, providing significant insights into how literary works reflect and influence society's perspectives. The results of this study not only enhance academic discussions on Persian literature but also offer a subtle perspective to analyze the wider cultural weave of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from a case study of child veganism in Switzerland, I bring together parenting culture studies and food studies to ask how veganism relates to the ideology of intensive mothering. Describing five kinds of "vegan labor" – extra foodwork that vegan parents attributed to their vegan lifestyle –, I find that adopting an alternative diet intensifies parental commitment in a gendered way. Discussing these findings against the backdrop of the Swiss culture of nutrition and gender regime, I underline how examining alternative diets can further our understanding of parenting culture, gender roles, and foodwork. Intensive mothering relates to the local culture of nutrition and the meanings attached to specific diets; coupled with socioeconomic privilege, it can also serve as a resource to mitigate social scrutiny and judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author shares her reflections about the portrayal of wilderness domesticity in American literature. Topics discussed include the affiliation between women and domesticity, authors William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway's exploration of domesticity and traditional gendered roles, and the role of women in driving domestic sphere as depicted in Hemingway's book "The Nick Adams Stories."

In this issue of the Journal of Individual Psychology, various articles on psychoanalytic topics are presented. An article by Donald W. Winnicott deals with psychosomatic illnesses and their significance for the integration of personality. Another article by Klitzing discusses the positive and negative aspects of psychosomatic symptoms and their connection to interpersonal processes in the healthcare system. An article by Kaufhold sheds light on the life of the Jewish psychoanalyst Edith Jacobson and her relationships with other psychoanalysts. Other articles address the history of psychoanalytic technique, the development of human life, and the psychoanalysis of anxiety. A contribution by Thrul examines heterosexual masculinity beyond traditional gender roles. [Extracted from the article]

Aims: To examine misconceptions towards men in nursing from the perspective of undergraduate nursing students. Specifically, this study sought to explore contributing factors of misconceptions and attributions of the success of men in nursing. Design: A convergent parallel mixed-method study. Methods: A national survey was conducted (July–September 2021). The quantitative data included demographics and responses to the Gender Misconceptions of Men in Nursing (GEMINI) scale. The qualitative data included responses to a provocative statement related to characteristics of men and their career in nursing. The GRAMMS guideline was used in reporting. Results: Undergraduate nursing students (n= 1245) from 16 Australian schools of nursing responded to the survey. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that most students (96%) did not have misconceptions about men in nursing. Those who did were more likely to be men, born overseas, not in health-related employment and did not have nursing as their first choice. Four broad overarching main themes were generated in response to the statement that suggested men do not have the right attributes for nursing: (1) ‘This is a very misandristic viewpoint’; (2) ‘Compassion and intelligence are distributed in men and women equally’; (3) ‘Men bring a different quality to nursing’ (4) ‘Anyone can be whatever they want to be’. Conclusion: Overall, nursing students did not have misconceptions about men in nursing, despite experiencing ongoing social stigma regarding archaic gender norms. The findings from this study indicate that the next-generation nurses were championing to challenge the gender stereotype and support the needs of a gender diverse society. Impact: Attitudes and misconceptions that elicit gender inequalities must be addressed with comprehensive strategies and de-gendered language and imagery within the profession, schools, workplaces and the media. Shifting culture and attitudes towards inclusion, values the diversity in the workforce and supports healthy workplace environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text explores the underrepresentation of women in the aviation industry and the barriers and biases that have contributed to this gender imbalance. It discusses the formation of the Women in Aviation Advisory Board and emphasizes the role of culture in perpetuating gender disparities. The study conducted in the text reveals that women pilots often face negative sentiments and gender bias, which negatively impact recruitment and retention. The lack of allyship from male pilots further contributes to the negative culture. The text suggests implementing interventions focused on culture shift, including enhanced education, training, mentorship, and allyship. It emphasizes the need for a more inclusive and equitable environment in the aviation industry. [Extracted from the article]

In this study, we examined the role of dispositional sexism in male service academy cadets' evaluations of military leadership potential for sexually dimorphic male and female faces, with a particular focus on the impact of hostile sexism. Male cadets (N = 224) rated eight pairs of masculinized and feminized faces on 14 characteristics relevant to Army leadership and completed a measure of hostile and benevolent sexism. We tested a 2 (sex of face: male, female) × 2 (gender of face: masculine, feminine) × 2 (type of sexism: hostile, benevolent) × 2 (level of sexism: low, high) mixed model ANOVA with the first two variables as within subjects and the last two variables as between subjects and using composite leadership potential ratings as the dependent variable. Results indicated a significant three-way interaction between sex of face, gender of face, and levels of hostile (but not benevolent) sexism, whereby participants with elevated levels of antipathy towards women reported the least positive perceptions of military leadership potential for women with masculine facial features. These findings underscore the importance of addressing hostile sexism in military training and leadership development programs to promote equality and inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we report the development and psychometric properties of scores on a new 8-item scale designed to assess women's sexual objectification experiences in their family of origin: Sexual Objectification Experiences in Family of Origin Scale. Our participants were 827 young adult women, ranging in age from 18–30 years old, who filled out a web-based survey. We provide support for structural validity (via exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses) and reliability (alpha and omega) for scores on this new measure. Supporting construct validity, Sexual Objectification Experiences in Family of Origin Scale was positively correlated with depression, disordered eating, self-objectification, internalization of cultural standards of beauty, and body shame. Associations with mental health and body image outcomes held true, even after controlling for interpersonal sexual objectification experiences and childhood sexual abuse, providing support for incremental validity. Mental health providers can use this scale as a clinical assessment tool to better understand the contextual factors that may be impacting young adult women's struggles with body shame, depression, and disordered eating. It can also be used to inform treatment strategies that target family of origin concerns and the role of sexual objectification within the family unit on individual distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responding to persistent gender inequity, organizations have adopted diversity initiatives to promote women's representation in traditionally male-dominated occupations. Although studies have identified challenges to these initiatives for women entering occupations, we uncover a performance recognition penalty for incumbent workers originating from the process of occupational diversification. As women incrementally enter a male-dominated occupation, a conflict arises between the changing gender composition at the work-unit level and the masculine "ideal worker" prototype embedded in the occupation. We propose that this conflict will lower the performance expectations of the work unit, decreasing the individual likelihood of performance recognition for each worker in the unit. Using detailed panel data on police officers, we found that an officer's individual likelihood of being nominated for a performance award consistently declined when their police unit proportionately increased in women officers. Both men and women managers enacted this penalty, with men managers penalizing men subordinates more than women subordinates. This pattern remained for awards recognizing exceptional performance, regardless of gender-typing of the unit or its work tasks, and considering officer tenure and attrition from the unit. Our findings offer novel insights into the challenge of diversifying male-dominated occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identity of a disabled individual is inextricably knitted with socio-culturally prescribed gender roles and heteronormative postulates of sexuality. The present article scrutinizes the complex interplay of disability and masculinity in two Indian films- Bhansali's Guzaarish (2010) and Basu's Barfi! (2012). In Guzaarish, illusionist Ethan, rendered quadriplegic after an unfortunate accident, willfully resists perceiving manhood beyond the roles of protecting, providing, and sexually gratifying women. He perceives his body image as shameful and embarrassing due to vulnerability and sexual impotence and appeals for euthanasia. In contrast, the eponymous protagonist Barfi, deaf-mute by birth, strategically exploits hegemonic masculine tropes as compensation for sensory impairments, following the body-behavior ideals culturally expected from a man in melodramatic heterosexual relationships. The article employs qualitative methodology with a thematic study. Social constructionism and symbolic interactionism are utilized to scrutinize the socio-cultural scripting of corporeal dimensions and the intersectionality of corporeal differences and gendered realities. The work finds that both disabled protagonists' self-understanding of their personhood is manipulated by the internalized stereotypes of masculinity, disseminated and reinforced through phallocentric prescriptions – while one succumbs to shame embodying the lack, the other tries overcompensating the lack. The article illustrates how identity is rooted in the corporeal body; while disability experience is intertwined with gender scripting, masculinity is also constructed in relation to certain corporeal differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although women's labour force participation has increased, women still lag behind in financial independence and men in spending time on parenting. Insight in individuals' explicit conversations with their partner about how to coordinate daily household, childcare and paid work may help to overcome these persistent inequalities. Using a daily diary design, the present study examined to what extent daily conversations with the partner about household, childcare and paid work can boost a more equal, fair task division and relationship quality among Dutch mothers and fathers in a heterosexual relationship (N = 1235 daily reported conversations nested in 157 participants; 66.2% female). Mixed model results showed that (1) on days when participants conversed more with their partner about household tasks, they reported a more egalitarian task division and higher satisfaction with and fairness of the task division, and higher relationship quality (2) this higher daily satisfaction with and perceived fairness of the task division (but not egalitarianism) were, in turn, associated with higher relationship quality and (3) conversations had limited spill‐over effects to the next day, stressing the importance of daily coordination. Together, these findings imply that daily household coordination helps parents to overcome traditional gender roles and align with their desired work/family division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]