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A substantial body of research examines the relevance of hiring as a source of gender disparities in organizations. However, there is limited evidence on how different sets of key organizational decision makers contribute to gender disparities in hiring outcomes. To address this research gap, we exploit the staggered adoption of a new hiring process in a multinational corporation, which transferred from hiring managers to HR departments the task of shortlisting: narrowing a large pool of candidates to a more manageable set before final decision making. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that the transfer of shortlisting responsibility increased the share of newly hired women. Additional tests based on quantitative and qualitative data are largely consistent with our finding that the transfer of shortlisting from hiring managers to HR departments led to fewer gender disparities in hiring outcomes given the increased expert knowledge in evaluating candidates and reduced opportunity costs for conducting such evaluations. Our setting offers a unique opportunity to help isolate key organizational decision makers' role in contributing to gender disparities in hiring outcomes, and our findings have implications for how to alleviate gender disparities in employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plastic Surgery is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions, such as back pain and joint disorders, are common globally and significantly burden healthcare systems. Family medicine clinics serve as the first point of care, requiring providers to manage diverse MSK issues and address gender-specific differences, especially in regions with limited resources, like the Middle East. This study evaluates MSK management, gender differences, and patient perceptions in Jordanian family medicine clinics, aiming to improve care strategies and outcomes in similar settings. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 500 adults with musculoskeletal complaints at a Jordanian teaching hospital (January–June 2024). Data were collected via interviews and records, focusing on patient perceptions and health profiles. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Analysis was conducted in SPSS with p < 0.05 as the significance threshold. Results: In our study of 500 patients (mean age 46.1 years, 61.5% female), key gender differences emerged. Females had a higher prevalence of low back pain (61.9% vs. 38.1%, p = 0.024) and hip pain (100%, p = 0.008), as well as greater anxiety about disease progression (62.2% vs. 37.8%, p = 0.045) and fear of disability (64.2% vs. 35.8%, p = 0.048). Females also reported lower mental health (p = 0.036), sleep quality (p = 0.044), and overall quality of life (p = 0.019). In contrast, males showed higher workload (54.4% vs. 45.6%, p = 0.020), more work-related injuries (82.8%, p < 0.001), and greater disability (p = 0.024) with lower functional status (p = 0.041). These findings underscore significant gender-specific needs in MSK care. Conclusion: Our study reveals notable gender-based differences in musculoskeletal complaints and treatment experiences in a Jordanian tertiary setting. Females reported higher rates of low back and hip pain, more frequent referrals, and lower quality of life, while males experienced greater occupational strain, work-related injuries, and disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although prior research has established a relationship between neighborhood structure and intimate partner violence (IPV), much of this literature focuses on serious IPV, despite the fact that less serious forms of IPV comprise the majority of IPV instances. Further, women are far more likely to experience all types of IPV victimization relative to men, especially simple assault, yet the relative importance of neighborhood structure across gradations of IPV and victim sex is relatively unexplored. We use data from Los Angeles, CA, and disaggregate IPV assaults across victim sex to examine whether neighborhood factors have differential effects on simple and aggravated IPV. We find differential effects of neighborhood structure by victim sex, especially for simple assault. Most notably, we find that neighborhood racial composition has significantly greater effects on females relative to male victims of simple IPV assault, while residential stability is protective of women more so than men. Only the percent of vacant or owner-occupied housing was specific to male simple IPV victimization. This suggests that neighborhood-based interventions should differ depending on the type of IPV being targeted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the racial and gender dynamics of educational inequality in suburban public schools in the United States during an era of rapid demographic change. As suburban schools transition from predominantly White enclaves to more diverse settings, it is unclear to what extent the popular narrative of "suburban advantage" holds for newcomers. Using a longitudinal data set of majority non-White, lower-income students (the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study), we explore how these students fare compared to urban counterparts during this transformative period. Our findings suggest that suburban schools are higher resourced than their urban counterparts, yet there are minimal urban–suburban differences in educational outcomes after accounting for individual and family characteristics. Furthermore, we reveal disparities in urban–suburban differences by race and gender. Our research challenges narratives that treat suburban institutions as monoliths and suggests the purported advantages of suburban schooling are not conferred uniformly to all students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender disparities in academic medicine persist despite gender parity among medical school graduates. Women remain underrepresented in higher academic ranks and leadership roles, with significant differences in retention, promotion, and compensation. In this scoping review, the authors explore the role of networking and social capital in exacerbating these disparities. The literature reviewed highlights the importance of networking in obtaining leadership roles, decreasing social isolation, and enhancing retention. Sponsorship, distinct from mentorship, is vital for career development and has a direct impact on professional growth. However, women are often under‐sponsored compared with men, limiting their access to influential networks. In addition, virtual networking platforms and women‐focused organizations offer promising alternatives to traditional, male‐dominated networking activities. Despite the progress made, informal networking practices and gender biases continue to exclude women from key opportunities. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions aimed at enhancing the social capital of women in academic medicine to help close the gender gap. Proposed interventions prime for further evaluation include the implementation of formal sponsorship programs, the development of structured networking opportunities, and the promotion of women‐focused organizations. This review highlights the critical role that networking and social capital plays in perpetuating gender disparities in academic medicine. Overcoming the barriers women face in this arena will likely require targeted strategies, such as creating formalized sponsorship programs, increasing structured networking opportunities, fostering women‐focused organizations, and leveraging virtual platforms to overcome traditional networking limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the evolution of authorship dynamics in Interventional Radiology over a fifteen-year period, with a focus on gender disparities. It aims to illuminate the representation of female authors in high-impact IR journals, highlighting ongoing challenges in achieving gender diversity, especially in leadership roles. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on articles published from 2008 to 2023, systematically assessing trends in female first and last authorships, as well as their overall contribution to total authorship within prominent IR journals. The analysis revealed a fluctuating trajectory in female authorship. Female first authorship peaked in 2011, followed by a decline through 2012-2013, and subsequently rebounded by 2023. Female last authorship exhibited a similar non-linear pattern, with an initial decline from 2008 to 2013, before gradually increasing in recent years. Overall, the presence of female authors in IR publications has steadily grown, with a notable rise in the proportion of publications featuring female authors and an increase in the average number of female contributors per article by 2023. Despite the overall growth in female authorship, significant disparities persist, particularly in senior authorship positions. These findings highlight the need for sustained efforts to address gender inequities in IR, emphasizing the importance of robust policies and support systems to promote women's advancement within the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), this study examines whether gender differences in students’ likelihood to enroll in and complete a STEM degree are mediated or moderated by math-efficacy. Utilizing the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) data—a nationally representative sample of U.S. students—I find that math-efficacy mediates 11.78% of the effect of gender on enrollment in Physical-STEM majors and 10.19% of the effect of gender on STEM degree completion. Higher levels of math-efficacy are associated with higher probabilities of enrollment in STEM degrees. Surprisingly, the positive effect of math-efficacy on both enrollment and completion of a Physical STEM degree is higher among young men. Implications for narrowing the gender gap in STEM education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gender disparities are prevalent in the neurosurgical field, particularly for female trainees, despite the growing demand for neurosurgeons. The situation is bleaker in low-and middle-income countries, where gender disparities among neurosurgical trainees have not been evaluated. We aimed to gauge the gender differences in opportunities and perceptions of neurosurgery training in Pakistan by comparing responses between males and females. A nationwide web-based survey was conducted in Pakistan, covering 22 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan (CPSP) accredited neurosurgery training programs. Convenience sampling was used with a pilot-tested questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. A total of 120 trainees participated in our survey. The mean age of the participants was 30.4 ± 4.1 years, with 29.2% females and 70.8% males. Concerns about gender equity were more among females (34.3%) than males (27.1%). Poor work-life balance was reported by more females (34.3%) than males (30.6%). Burnout due to working hours was strongly agreed by more females (54.3%) than males (35.3%). More females (40%) acknowledged sufficient mentorship opportunities versus males (25%). Female respondents (65.7%) worked 50–100 hours per week, less than males (69.4%). Satisfaction with surgical exposure was lower among females (2.9%) compared to males (18.8%). More females reported access to teaching courses (82.9% vs. 77.6% males) and neurosurgical conferences (85.7% vs. 80.0% males), cadaver workshops (17.1% vs. 12.9% males), morbidity and mortality meetings (88.6% vs. 82.4% males), case-based sessions (82.9% vs. 75.3% males), and radiology discussions (82.9% vs. 74.1% males). Our study highlights substantial gender gaps in neurosurgical training, concerns over working hours, burnout, mentorship, work-life balance, and gender equity. These findings underscore the necessity for interventions to rectify these disparities and foster gender equity in neurosurgical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Rhinology is a progressive subspecialty within otolaryngology. Bibliometric analysis is a powerful method to survey the landscape of literature on a specific topic and identify publication trends. We aimed to analyze the 50 most impactful English-language rhinology manuscripts of all time to create a targeted reading list for otolaryngologists. Material and Methods: The Journal Citation Report within the Web of Science database was utilized to identify articles relating to rhinology. Web of Science Research categories were restricted to otolaryngology. The articles were then ranked by number of citations. The top 50 articles of all time ranked by number of citations were analyzed. The articles were analyzed for publication year, journal impact factor, citation density, first author (FA), and senior author (SA) name, country, and institution. Statistical analyses were performed. Results: Most articles were published in the 2000s (N = 22, 44%) and 1990s (N = 11, 22%). Male FA (N = 37, 74%) and SA (N = 43, 86%) published most articles. Most articles were clinical studies (N = 36, 72%) followed by clinical guidelines/expert opinions. Most articles were published in the United States (N = 28, 56%) and England (N = 9, 18%). There were more female FAs of guidelines/position papers than basic lab, reviews, and clinical studies. England had more female FAs than other countries, and the United States had more female SA. There was an average of 585.2 citations per study. Conclusion: This investigation highlights the most influential literature within rhinology. The most impactful studies are consensus statements, large multicenter studies, and technique studies. Significant gender disparities in authorship exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of communication training on the ability of medical learners to conduct goals of care (GOC) discussions with patients. Across 114 Internal Medicine residents, regardless of gender or residency year, communication training enhanced effectiveness in healthcare conversations and GOC recommendations. Gender disparities were noted in experiences practicing GOC discussions based on prior medical school training. Objectives: Communication skills are increasingly recognized as a crucial component of medical training; however, little is known about the efficacy of various training methods when considering diverse student backgrounds, such as gender and prior training experience (ie, year of residency). This study explores medical learners' perceptions of effective communication in conducting goals of care (GOC) discussions with patients after receiving communication training as well as assessing for differences in preparedness for GOC discussions by gender and prior training experience. Methods: This study included a sample of 114 residents in either their first, second, or third year of Internal Medicine residency. Participants took part in the communication training and completed pre- and postsurveys on perceived effectiveness in GOC discussions. We used multivariate analyses to examine residents' perceptions of preparedness as defined by residents perceived effectiveness of care, confidence in having GOC discussions with patients, confidence in making recommendations that align with patient values, and the perceived value of GOC training. Results: We found that after communication training, most residents, regardless of gender or year of residency, felt more effective in having healthcare conversations with patients and making GOC healthcare recommendations. The effect of training was statistically significant when considering either interaction with gender or year of residency. We have also discovered statistically significant differences in the experiences of male and female residents when it comes to engaging in GOC discussions, based on their prior training in medical school. Female participants reported an increased frequency of practicing GOC discussions between years 2 and 3, whereas male participants reported the increase occurring between years 1 and 2. Conclusions: The study shows that the same curriculum is effective for residents at each level of training, but more research on the interaction effect between prior training and gender is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between learning preferences and academic performance among third-year high school students in two Franciscan-managed schools in Negros Oriental, Philippines. Using the Felder-Silverman Learning Style Model and a descriptive research design, the profiles and preferences of 120 students were analyzed across four dimensions. Pearson's correlation revealed a significant relationship between gender and academic performance, with females outperforming males, while family size and income showed no significant impact. The sensing/intuitive learning style exhibited a weak but positive relationship with academic outcomes, highlighting the need for differentiated instructional strategies. The findings advocate for gender-sensitive and adaptive teaching approaches to enhance student engagement and holistic development in Franciscan-managed schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare clinical outcomes of patients treated by female surgeons versus those treated by male surgeons. Background: It remains unclear as to whether surgical performance and outcomes differ between female and male surgeons. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis to compare patients' clinical outcomes--including patients' postoperative mortality, readmission, and complication rates--between female versus male surgeons. MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, ICTRP, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to September 8, 2022. The update search was conducted on July 19, 2023. We used random-effects models to synthesize data and GRADE to evaluate the certainty. Results: A total of 15 retrospective cohort studies provided data on 5,448,121 participants. We found that patients treated by female surgeons experienced a lower postoperative mortality compared with patients treated by male surgeons [8 studies; adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 0.93; 95% CI, 0.88-0.97; I2=27%; moderate certainty of the evidence]. We found a similar pattern for both elective and nonelective (emergent or urgent) surgeries, although the difference was larger for elective surgeries (test for subgroup difference P=0.003). We found no evidence that female and male surgeons differed for patient readmission (3 studies; aOR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.83-1.74; I2=92%; very low certainty of the evidence) or complication rates (8 studies; aOR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-1.01; I2=38%; very low certainty of the evidence). Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that patients treated by female surgeons have a lower mortality compared with those treated by male surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization in outpatient total shoulder arthroplasties (TSAs) has increased significantly in recent years. It remains largely unknown whether utilization of outpatient TSA differs across gender and racial groups. This study aimed to quantify racial and gender disparities both nationally and by geographic regions. 168,504 TSAs were identified using Medicare fee-for-service inpatient and outpatient claims data and beneficiary enrollment data from 2020 to 2022Q4. The percentage of outpatient cases, defined as cases discharged on the same day of surgery, was evaluated by racial and gender groups and by different census divisions. A multivariate logistics regression model controlling for patient sociodemographic information (White vs. non-White race, age, gender, and dual eligibility for both Medicare and Medicaid), hierarchical condition category (HCC) score, hospital characteristics, year fixed effects, and patient residency state fixed effects was performed. The TSA volume per 1000 beneficiaries was 2.3 for the White population compared with 0.8, 0.6, and 0.3 for the Black, Hispanic, and Asian population, respectively. A higher percentage of outpatient TSAs were in White patients (25.6%) compared with Black patients (20.4%) (P <.001). The Black TSA patients were also younger, more likely to be female, more likely to be dually eligible for Medicaid, and had higher HCC risk scores. After controlling for patient sociodemographic characteristics and hospital characteristics, the odds of receiving outpatient TSAs were 30% less for Black than the White group (odds ratio 0.70). Variations were observed across different census divisions, with South Atlantic (0.67, P <.01), East North Central (0.56, P <.001), and Middle Atlantic (0.36, P <.01) being the 4 regions observed with significant racial disparities. Statistically significant gender disparities were also found nationally and across regions, with an overall odds ratio of 0.75 (P <.001). Statistically significant racial and gender disparities were found nationally in outpatient TSAs, with Black patients having 30% (P <.001) fewer odds of receiving outpatient TSAs than White patients, and female patients with 25% (P <.001) fewer odds than male patients. Racial and gender disparities continue to be an issue for shoulder arthroplasties after the adoption of outpatient TSAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines gender disparities in university student pathways in Italy, from initial enrolment to completion of a bachelor's degree and enrolment in a subsequent master's programme. While it is established that females generally outperform males in completion rates and final grades, little has been done to analyse retention up to the master's level due to a lack of longitudinal data covering the entire student university careers. We use discrete-time multi-state Markov models to investigate the key factors that influence students' decisions throughout their university careers. Our analysis reveals that factors related to previous high school performance and early academic choices affect the university pathways of male and female students differently. Data regards first-year students enrolled in 3-year programmes at Italian universities between 2008 and 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an extended review of Violence and Gender Disparities against Women: A Global Scenario, edited by Anupama Vohra, Jasbir Singh, Parveen Kumari, and Barbara Wejnert (Punjab, India: White Falcon, 2022), considering the multicultural and multi-perspective nature of its authors' research on gender disparities violence and against women and girls. The Western perspective on this pressing problem, dominant in public discourse, desensitizes us to the historical and socio-cultural aspects of violence against women and girls and its local specificity. The reviewed book is an attempt to expand this perspective to the Asian countries in a glocal approach, the result of collectively conducted and presented research effects "from home." Thus the book is the result of mapping the issues related to violence against women and girls different regions of the world. It is also an interventionist publication that points out what we as societies still have to do to address gender violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans have a tendency toward essentialization or tend to believe that group differences are biological and immutable (i.e., unchangeable). In the current study, we assessed biological explanations for a well-established gender disparity in the sexuality domain: the orgasm gap. Across three studies, we found that laypeople commonly endorsed biological explanations for the orgasm gap. Furthermore, biological beliefs about the orgasm gap were correlated with greater immutability beliefs about the orgasm gap (Studies 1–2) and greater gender essentialism (Study 2). In Study 3, we found that gender disparities in the sexuality domain were viewed as more biological and immutable than gender disparities in another domain. Thus, we conclude that some gender disparities are conceptualized differently than others. We identify a need to further investigate biological beliefs for gender disparities across domains and identify the sexuality domain as a potentially useful target for interventions to reduce essentialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mortality rates of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) have surged globally over the past two decades. While the underlying reasons remain largely unknown, understanding its epidemiology is crucial to address this escalating trend. This study aimed to identify disparities potentially influencing these rates, enhancing risk assessment tools, and highlighting areas necessitating further research. Methods: Using the CDC Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) database, this study assessed EOCRC mortality data from 2012 to 2020. Individuals under 50 years who succumbed to EOCRC were identified through the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes. Data interpretation and representation were performed using R 4.2.2 software. Results: Between 2012 and 2020, EOCRC mortality rates fluctuated marginally between 1.7 and 1.8 per 100,000. Male mortality rates increased from 1.9 to 2.0 per 100,000, while female rates varied between 1.5 and 1.6 per 100,000. Significant variations were observed across age groups, with the 40–49 years category experiencing an increase from 6.34 (2012) to 6.94 (2020) per 100,000. Racial category-based data revealed the highest mortality rates among African Americans. Geographically, Mississippi and Alabama exhibited elevated mortality rates. Age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) assessments indicated a marked decline for both genders from 2012 to 2020, with consistently higher rates for men. Conclusion: The findings highlight the evolving landscape of EOCRC mortality, revealing significant gender, age, and racial disparities. These results underscore the urgent need for tailored health strategies and intensified research efforts targeting these disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mukhtiar Baig,1 Zohair Jamil Gazzaz,2 Hazem M Atta,1,3 Mostafa Mohamed Mostafa,1,3 Tahir Jameel,2 Manal Abdulaziz Murad,4 Fahad Anwer,4 Hashim Mohammed Albuhayri,5 Yazeed Saed Alsulami5 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 4Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 5Medical Graduates, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Mukhtiar Baig, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia, Email drmukhtiarbaig@yahoo.comPurpose: Patient safety (PS) is a basic principle of healthcare worldwide. In Saudi Arabia, medical colleges have integrated PS modules into their regular curricula. This study investigated undergraduate medical students’ and interns’ attitudes regarding PS at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah.Methods: The survey was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, KAU, Jeddah. Data were collected using the APSQ-III online questionnaire from medical students and interns. The questionnaire comprises 26 items covering various PS issues across nine domains.Results: 493 students and interns participated (233 females, 47.3%, and 260 males, 52.7%). The participants were distributed as follows: 114 (23.1%) from the fourth year, 102 (20.7%) from the fifth year, 145 (29.4%) from the sixth year, and 132 (26.8%) interns. The participants’ scores on most items showed a negative attitude. A gender comparison showed that males mean score was significantly higher than females in the few key domains such as “patient safety training received” (p = 0.001), “working hours as a cause of error” (p = 0.002), “team functioning” (p < 0.001), “patient involvement in reducing errors” (p = 0.002), and the “importance of patient safety in the curriculum” (p < 0.001). No significant variance was noticed between interns’ and medical students’ mean scores across the nine key domains.Conclusion: The findings highlight that most participants’ attitudes needed to be more positive. Gender disparities were found in PS attitudes among Saudi medical students and interns, while no significant variance was noted between interns’ and medical students’ scores.Keywords: team functioning, attitudes, medical errors, PS training, gender disparities

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to address a gap in the existing literature on humanitarian service use by Ukrainian refugees in Slovakia. In particular, it examines the patterns of service use by different demographic groups and considers the implications of these patterns for the allocation of resources. Aims(s) – The principal aim is to analyse the variations in service utilisation across different demographic groups and service categories. Secondary objectives include the identification of trends in service delivery over time and the drawing of implications for future humanitarian response strategies. Design/methodology/approach – The study employs a quantitative, cross-sectional methodology, analysing data from a charitable organisation situated in the Slovakian midlands. The service delivery records of 1,033 cases, encompassing seven categories, were examined over the period from November 2023 to March 2024. The data analysis comprised descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and time series analysis. Findings – The results revealed a significant gender disparity, with women utilizing 73.3% of the services in question. With regard to age, the 45-60 age group constituted the largest proportion of service users (39.5%). The most frequently provided services were food assistance and hygiene support. The time series analysis revealed a peak in November 2023, followed by a gradual decline. Limitations of the study - The study is limited by its focus on a single organisation and region, which restricts the potential for generalisation. A five-month study period may not be sufficiently long to capture long-term trends or seasonal changes. Originality/value - The study provides evidence-based insights for more targeted and effective resource allocation in refugee assistance and contributes to the growing body of literature on demographic analysis in humanitarian contexts.

Abstract Background The prevalence of gender disparities in physical, mental, and cognitive disorders among elderly hypertensive individuals in rural areas remains unclear. This study evaluates these disparities and the factors contributing to multimorbidity in this demographic. Methods A face-to-face survey was conducted from July 1 to August 31, 2023, involving the hypertensive population registered with the National Basic Public Health Service Program in Jia County. Physical disorder was defined as having one or more self-reported chronic conditions other than hypertension. Participants experiencing anxiety or depression were as having a psychological disorder. The 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression symptomatology, and anxiety symptoms were evaluated using the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD-7). Cognitive disorders were assessed using the Brief Mental Status Examination Scale (MMSE). Multifactorial logistic regression models were used to analyze factors affecting different disorder combinations in both genders. The net difference in multimorbidity prevalence between genders was determined using the propensity score matching (PSM). Results Out of 18,447 hypertensive individuals aged 65 years and above (42.28% men), the prevalence of multimorbidity was 30.64% in men and 38.67% in women. Outcomes included seven categories: physical disorders, psychological disorders, cognitive disorders, and four different combinations of these disorders. The primary outcome was the presence of two or more disorders. The prevalence of physical, psychological, and cognitive disorders and their four combinations were higher in women than in men; Key factors influencing multimorbidity risk included subjective health status, illness duration, medication history, blood pressure control, and lifestyle behaviors in both men and women. Post-PSM analysis revealed that women had a 6.74% higher multimorbidity prevalence than men. Conclusions Physical, psychological, and cognitive disorders, along with their various multimorbid combinations, significantly impact the elderly hypertensive population. Prioritizing a healthy lifestyle is essential to mitigate multimorbidity risks. Considering that the prevalence of multimorbidity is higher in women than in men with hypertension, sufficient sleep, maintaining a healthy waist circumference, and medication adherence are vital for managing blood pressure and reducing multimorbidity risks.

Abstract Objective: This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the patterns of allergen detection positivity rates among different age and gender groups, and to explore cross-reactivity patterns among allergens. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent allergen testing at our hospital. The sample for this study included all patients who underwent allergen testing. We utilized immune blotting to detect specific IgE antibodies to 20 allergens in patient sera. Results: The study results showed a higher proportion of female samples (72.35%) compared to male samples (27.65%). Among all participants, the age distribution was primarily concentrated in the 25–35 age group, accounting for 37.43% of the total sample, followed by the 45 years and older age group, accounting for 27.00%. This indicates that allergic symptoms may occur not only in children and adolescents but also at any time after adulthood. We further observed significant influences of factors such as gender and age on individual sensitivity to specific allergens. For example, compared to males, females were found to be more sensitive to certain allergens such as cat hair, dust mites, and dog epithelium. Similarly, we also found variations in sensitivity to specific allergens among different age groups. Conclusion: Close monitoring of allergen distribution in populations facilitates active engagement of allergic individuals in self-management, while gender and age may be important factors influencing individual sensitivity to specific allergens. These findings provide valuable insights for understanding the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and designing more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Abstract Background Kerala is a state in south India, appreciated for its education, better health indicators and quality of life. However, there is a proportionately high prevalence of mental health illnesses and suicides reported in the state. It is unclear if there is any disparity in the gender categories in this. With this systematic review, we aim to systematically study the gender disparity in the prevalence of mental health (MH) issues among adolescents, younger and older adults in Kerala. Methods A search strategy was built and several databases like Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus, EMBASE, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, and ProQuest were used alongside grey literature to identify relevant articles. The study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines following a prespecified protocol. After relevant data extraction, the estimates were pooled using random effects model due to the high heterogeneity assessed by tau-squared, Cochran Q, and prediction interval. Subgroup analyses, and meta-regression were used to reduce heterogeneity. We also identified the influence and heterogeneity contributed by individual studies using influence plots, Baujat plot, clustering, and performed several sensitivity analyses. Results Twenty articles were included in the review and meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratio of mental health illnesses amongst females compared to males in Kerala was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.0 − 1.73) and falls within a prediction interval of 0.38 to 4.53. The individual studies showed high heterogeneity (I2 = 92%, p = p

Background: The prevalence of gender disparities in physical, mental, and cognitive disorders among elderly hypertensive individuals in rural areas remains unclear. This study evaluates these disparities and the factors contributing to multimorbidity in this demographic. Methods: A face-to-face survey was conducted from July 1 to August 31, 2023, involving the hypertensive population registered with the National Basic Public Health Service Program in Jia County. Physical disorder was defined as having one or more self-reported chronic conditions other than hypertension. Participants experiencing anxiety or depression were as having a psychological disorder. The 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression symptomatology, and anxiety symptoms were evaluated using the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD-7). Cognitive disorders were assessed using the Brief Mental Status Examination Scale (MMSE). Multifactorial logistic regression models were used to analyze factors affecting different disorder combinations in both genders. The net difference in multimorbidity prevalence between genders was determined using the propensity score matching (PSM). Results: Out of 18,447 hypertensive individuals aged 65 years and above (42.28% men), the prevalence of multimorbidity was 30.64% in men and 38.67% in women. Outcomes included seven categories: physical disorders, psychological disorders, cognitive disorders, and four different combinations of these disorders. The primary outcome was the presence of two or more disorders. The prevalence of physical, psychological, and cognitive disorders and their four combinations were higher in women than in men; Key factors influencing multimorbidity risk included subjective health status, illness duration, medication history, blood pressure control, and lifestyle behaviors in both men and women. Post-PSM analysis revealed that women had a 6.74% higher multimorbidity prevalence than men. Conclusions: Physical, psychological, and cognitive disorders, along with their various multimorbid combinations, significantly impact the elderly hypertensive population. Prioritizing a healthy lifestyle is essential to mitigate multimorbidity risks. Considering that the prevalence of multimorbidity is higher in women than in men with hypertension, sufficient sleep, maintaining a healthy waist circumference, and medication adherence are vital for managing blood pressure and reducing multimorbidity risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies have demonstrated patients hold different expectations for female physicians compared to male physicians, including higher expectations for patient-centered communication and addressing socioeconomic or emotional needs. Recent evidence indicates this gender disparity extends to the electronic health record (EHR). Similar studies have not been conducted with resident physicians. Objective: This study seeks to characterize differences in EHR workload for female resident physicians compared to male resident physicians. Design: This study evaluated 12 months of 156 Mayo Clinic internal medicine residents' inbasket data from July 2020 to June 2021 using Epic's Signal and Physician Efficiency Profile (PEP) data. Excel, BlueSky Statistics, and SAS analytical software were used for analysis. Paired t-tests and analysis of variance were used to compare PEP data by gender and postgraduate year (PGY). "Male" and "female" were used in substitute for "gender" as is precedent in the literature. Subjects: Mayo Clinic internal medicine residents. Main Measures: Total time spent in EHR per day; time in inbasket and notes per day; time in notes per appointment; number of patient advice requests made through the portal; message turnaround time. Key Results: Female residents received more patient advice requests per year (p = 0.004) with an average of 86.7 compared to 68, resulting in 34% more patient advice requests per day worked (p < 0.001). Female residents spent more time in inbasket per day (p = 0.002), in notes per day (p < 0.001), and in notes per appointment (p = 0.001). Resident panel comparisons revealed equivocal sizes with significantly more female patients on female (n = 55) vs male (n = 34) resident panels (p < 0.001). There was no difference in message turnaround time, total messages, or number of results received. Conclusions: Female resident physicians experience significantly more patient-initiated messages and EHR workload despite equivalent number of results and panel size. Gender differences in inbasket burden may disproportionally impact the resident educational experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the patterns of allergen detection positivity rates among different age and gender groups, and to explore cross-reactivity patterns among allergens. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent allergen testing at our hospital. The sample for this study included all patients who underwent allergen testing. We utilized immune blotting to detect specific IgE antibodies to 20 allergens in patient sera. Results: The study results showed a higher proportion of female samples (72.35%) compared to male samples (27.65%). Among all participants, the age distribution was primarily concentrated in the 25–35 age group, accounting for 37.43% of the total sample, followed by the 45 years and older age group, accounting for 27.00%. This indicates that allergic symptoms may occur not only in children and adolescents but also at any time after adulthood. We further observed significant influences of factors such as gender and age on individual sensitivity to specific allergens. For example, compared to males, females were found to be more sensitive to certain allergens such as cat hair, dust mites, and dog epithelium. Similarly, we also found variations in sensitivity to specific allergens among different age groups. Conclusion: Close monitoring of allergen distribution in populations facilitates active engagement of allergic individuals in self-management, while gender and age may be important factors influencing individual sensitivity to specific allergens. These findings provide valuable insights for understanding the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and designing more effective prevention and treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larynx cancer poses a significant public health challenge in China, with rising incidence and mortality rates over the past decades. Understanding the long-term trends and underlying factors is crucial for effective intervention and policy formulation. Data were utilized from the global burden of disease (GBD) Study 2021 to analyze the incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs) due to larynx cancer in China from 1990 to 2021. Joinpoint regression analysis identified key changes in trends, while age-period-cohort (APC) analysis and decomposition analysis quantified the contributions of aging, epidemiological changes, and population growth to these trends. Our study found a significant increase in the incidence and prevalence of larynx cancer in China, particularly among males. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for males were substantially higher than those for females. Decomposition analysis revealed that aging was the primary driver of increasing incidence and mortality rates, while epidemiological changes had a mitigating effect. Joinpoint analysis identified periods of rapid urbanization and economic growth as key turning points for increased incidence. Bayesian APC models projected a continued upward trend in incidence rates up to 2030. The rising burden of larynx cancer in China underscores the need for targeted public health interventions, including smoking cessation programs, environmental pollution control, and early detection strategies. Addressing gender disparities and implementing effective prevention measures are crucial to mitigating the impact of larynx cancer in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The number of women in academic medicine has increased over recent decades. However, the representation of women in anesthesiology is a subject of ongoing discussion. Materials and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study aims to determine gender balance on editorial boards (EBs) of anesthesiology journals indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded in the Web of Science. The gender of EB members and their titles were determined based on data obtained from the journal websites between March 10 and 25, 2024. Geographical characteristics of journals and publishers, journal metrics (including the 2022 impact factor, five-year impact factor, H-index, and publication count), journal quartiles, and categories were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U, chi-square, Fisher’s exact tests, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify independent factors. Results: Women comprised 24.4% of EB members and 5.0% in the role of editor-in-chief. The category of neurosciences (odds ratio [OR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15– 2.29; p=0.006) and employment as an associate editor (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.09–1.92; p=0.011) were independently associated with gender parity. Conversely, the role of editor-in-chief as a leadership position (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.04–0.71; p=0.015) and Japan as the publisher’s country (OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03–0.59; p=0.009) were independently associated with gender disparity on EBs of anesthesiology journals. Conclusion: To reduce gender disparity on the EBs of anesthesiology journals, further action is required. It is recommended that authorities in anesthesiology refine current policies through the implementation of objective measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate differential effects of neighborhood structure on the arrest rates of men versus women. Given potential disparities in the use of discretion by offense severity, we disaggregate crime to aggravated assaults, burglaries, and drug offenses. We employ negative binomial regression models to predict the number of arrests by sex for each crime type, and test for significant differences within and between sex across offense severity. We find few differences within and across sex, however, levels of disorder and the racial composition of a neighborhood are important structural factors in understanding arrests by sex and across offense type. Neighborhood composition is associated with differential rates of arrest by sex and across offense severity, which has implications for gender disparities in the criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the gender disparities in the potential creation of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP) for China. Using the latest available data, social accounting matrix for 149 sectors, combined with employment satellite accounts based on China's seventh census published in 2022, we analyse gender disparities in the potential job creation from the RCEP. The results show that the RCEP will potentially create more than 4.08 million jobs in China, with a particularly large increase in low-value-added sectors such as agriculture, light industry and low-end manufacturing. Imports are likely to create more jobs than exports. The potential job creation for females is more than 1.58 million, which is still 910,000 less than for males. While the RCEP may create jobs for females, it may expand the gender and skills disparities. The increased rate of tertiary education for Chinese females has not resulted in significant gains in current female employment. Therefore, measures to reduce taxes on imports and exports, share the cost of childbirth between employer and husband, and upgrade industries to create more high-skilled jobs are important to address the gender disparity in employment in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gulf of Mannar, a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve, faces severe overfishing and habitat degradation threats. In this study, we investigate the pivotal role of ecosystem services in sustaining local livelihoods and overall well-being. By conducting a comprehensive survey of 480 respondents across two districts, we gathered extensive data on demographics, livelihoods, fishing practices, reliance on ecosystem services, and community management participation. The analysis reveals a critical dependence on the Gulf's resources (income, food security, traditions) with gender disparities (men fish, women in pre-/post-harvest). Still, fishing is only allowed in the 10 km buffer zone (not the core zone). The findings emphasize the promise of community-based strategies, such as Marine Protected Areas and reviving co-management committees, for achieving sustainable fisheries management. However, we also identify gaps, including the need for more nuanced well-being indicators and improved models for community management participation. To address these challenges, we advocate for sustainable fishing practices, tackling social inequities, especially gender disparities in resource access and decision-making, and investing in fishing communities' healthcare, education, and social safety nets. Promoting alternative livelihoods can alleviate pressure on fish stocks, and empowering local communities through capacity building and community-based management initiatives is crucial for ensuring the long-term sustainability of the Gulf of Mannar ecosystem and the well-being of its dependent communities. This multifaceted approach holds significant promise for balancing ecological health with human prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nBackground: South Asia and Southeast Asia account for more than 40% of the global stroke burden, with differences in stroke risk factors, mortality, and outcomes compared to high-income countries. Sociocultural norms compound the preexisting biological risk differences, resulting in a disproportionate burden of stroke in women in this region. This review summarizes the sex and gender differences across the stroke care continuum in South Asia and Southeast Asia over the past 20 years. Summary: Despite a higher incidence of stroke in men than women in South and Southeast Asia, women have greater stroke severity and poorer outcomes after stroke. Higher levels of premorbid disability and poor physical health at baseline may be contributory. There is a high prevalence of vascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiac sources of embolism, as well as metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, among the women in this region. Smoking is uncommon among women; however, other forms of smokeless tobacco, such as tobacco leaf and betel nut chewing, are more prevalent, especially in the rural areas in these countries. Women are more likely to have delayed presentations to the hospital due to untimely recognition of stroke symptoms; however, with regards to door-to-needle times or intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) rates, we found equivocal data. Wide gaps exist in stroke awareness and healthcare-seeking behaviors, with women more commonly opting for public hospitals and low-cost wards, more likely to discontinue treatment, and less likely to adhere to poststroke rehabilitation. Key Findings: This review exposes the gender lacunae in stroke service provision across South Asia and Southeast Asia while acknowledging the many knowledge gaps in our understanding. Although the biological risk differences are non-modifiable, educational, policy, and economic measures to mitigate sociocultural barriers are much needed in the region. Sound epidemiological data are needed from more countries to better understand these differences and bridge this gap. It is imperative to advocate and implement policies and programs for stroke care viable for women, cognizant of the gender and cost bias, as well as the interplay of social and cultural structures specific to the regions. In South-and-Southeast Asia, women have greater stroke severity and poorer outcomes after stroke. This is attributable to a higher prevalence of conventional vascular risk factors such as high blood pressure, arrhythmias, and poor lipid regulation as well as hormone related sex-specific factors such as pregnancy, menopause and hormonal replacement therapy which can augment the risk of stroke in women. Women from this region were seen to have similar risk-factor trends with higher frequency of cardiac causes of stroke. Contrary to the rest of the world, tobacco smoking was less common among South-and-Southeast Asian women however, other forms of smokeless tobacco ie consumption of tobacco without burning such as tobacco leaf or betel nut chewing are prevalent especially in countries like Bangladesh and Pakistan. Less frequent forms of stroke like venous strokes are also more common in women in this region. Etiologically, sociocultural practices such as post-partum fluid restriction, dehydration and anemia have been associated although more recently hormonal contraception is also emerging as a cause. Poor awareness, delays in healthcare seeking behaviour, and inadequate availability of stroke services further compounded by disparities augmented by the sociocultural construct of gender, result in wide gaps in stroke care disfavoring women in South-and-Southeast Asia. Future directions to improve equity of care should target improved public awareness of stroke among women, policies cognizant of the existing gender-disparity with the intent of making them viable for women, and equal representation of women in stroke research to better understand gender-based differences in stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Kerala is a state in south India, appreciated for its education, better health indicators and quality of life. However, there is a proportionately high prevalence of mental health illnesses and suicides reported in the state. It is unclear if there is any disparity in the gender categories in this. With this systematic review, we aim to systematically study the gender disparity in the prevalence of mental health (MH) issues among adolescents, younger and older adults in Kerala. Methods: A search strategy was built and several databases like Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus, EMBASE, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, and ProQuest were used alongside grey literature to identify relevant articles. The study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines following a prespecified protocol. After relevant data extraction, the estimates were pooled using random effects model due to the high heterogeneity assessed by tau-squared, Cochran Q, and prediction interval. Subgroup analyses, and meta-regression were used to reduce heterogeneity. We also identified the influence and heterogeneity contributed by individual studies using influence plots, Baujat plot, clustering, and performed several sensitivity analyses. Results: Twenty articles were included in the review and meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratio of mental health illnesses amongst females compared to males in Kerala was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.0 − 1.73) and falls within a prediction interval of 0.38 to 4.53. The individual studies showed high heterogeneity (I2 = 92%, p = p < 0.01) and hence, subgroup analysis was done for several prespecified subgroups based on etiology, geography, demography, study settings, and age groups. Heterogeneity was significantly reduced by subgrouping based on etiology, study setting and age (p, 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.001). In etiologic subgrouping the highest pooled odds was in comorbidities associated MH issues (2.54) and least in non-specific (0.97). In age subgrouping, the highest pooled odds was in elderly (2.53) and least in adolescents (0.63). The odds was highest in health care facility (2.21) and least in educational institution (0.78) based studies. Meta-regression based on the size of the study failed to reduce heterogeneity. Interpretations: A gender disparity was evident in the prevalence of mental health issues, with a higher Odds in females especially among the elderly and adults. A Gender transformative approach in legislative, health systems and policy frameworks will be the answer to this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES To estimate gender disparities among first and last authorships in cardiothoracic randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and association of gender with publications in high-impact journals. METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE database was searched from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2020 using R statistical software via the 'easyPubMed' package to retrieve pertinent data. The 'gender' package was utilized to determine gender using the United States Social Security Administration Baby Name Data. The percentage of female first and last authors were computed along with determining the uniqueness of the names. The association of gender and publication in high-impact peer-reviewed journals was delineated. Jonckheere's trend was computed. RESULTS The database search retrieved a total of 4820 RCTs, of which gender was encoded for the first author in 3247 (67%) RCTs, among which 911 (28%) studies had women as first authors, with a similar trend across 7 years (P   =  0.23). Gender was encoded for the last author of 3204 (66%) RCTs, of which 622 (19%) studies had women as last authors, with a similar trend across 7 years (P   =  0.45). A total of 627 studies were published in high-impact-factor journals, among which 79 (16%) studies had female first authors and 67 (13%) studies had female last authors. CONCLUSIONS There is an obvious gender disparity of first and last authors in cardiothoracic surgery-related RCTs, with a similar trend across 7 years. However, the post-hoc analysis did demonstrate a positive trend with an increase in the number of female first authors, demonstrating progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Climate change adversely affects Africa's agriculture which would worsen the widespread food insecurity and nutritional deficiencies. Vulnerable populations, especially female farmers, women, and children are disproportionately affected. Methods: The paper synthesizes available peer-reviewed and grey literature on the intersections of climate change, food insecurity, agriculture, gender disparities, health, child nutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies in Africa. It explores the economic ramifications of these factors, particularly their impact on public health and economic stability. The work aggregates insights into the current and future challenges of agricultural sustainability and the expected human capital development and economic costs of climate variations. Results: The prevalence of hunger and undernourishment in Africa is notably higher compared to other regions. Climate change directly threatens agriculture, with anticipated reductions in crop and livestock yields, compounded by the negative impact of greenhouse emissions on the nutritional quality of staple foods. Female farmers contribute notably to agriculture, but their labor share is less dominant than previously assumed. Exposure to high temperatures, especially for outdoor workers and pregnant women, presents significant health risks, further impacting agricultural and economic output. These interdependencies are presented in a framework along with suggested interventions that could be contextualized to address the climate drivers and interconnectivity across agriculture, health, and livelihoods. Conclusion: The interdependence between food, agriculture, health, nutrition, and human productivity, all of which are exacerbated by the impacts of climate change in Africa, form a complex challenge with profound health and economic implications. A multifaceted strategy is needed, encompassing climate-resilient farming practices, gender-sensitive interventions, health-focused measures like micronutrient supplementation, and comprehensive economic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to identify which factors of an artist’s background and demographic characteristics (age, race, gender, education, location as a child, and family SES) correlate with successful career outcomes (quality of gallery representation, representation in museum exhibitions and collections). Using a sample of 930 artists, created by random sampling from a catalog of represented artists merged with public data on demographic, SES, and educational backgrounds, we conducted a multivariate analysis on differences in artist outcome. Findings suggest a substantial female penalty in gallery representation and museum exhibitions. While an education premium exists, measured by attending top-tier BFA/MFA programs, it does not affect all artists similarly – female artists do not receive gains in the same way that male artists do, while artists from lower SES backgrounds are less likely to attend such programs. We also find that previous cohorts of artists are more established in the modern art world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The REPRIEVE trial suggests that primary cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention could be considered among people with HIV at low CVD risk. We found cisgender women with low/moderate and high CVD risk are less likely to receive statins than cisgender men. Efforts are needed to guarantee equal access to statin-based CVD prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For children who show strongly deviant behaviour in the Netherlands, a distinction is made between behavioural problems and psychiatric problems. As a result, two different domains have emerged over time, each with its own legal frameworks and inclusion and exclusion criteria. Consequently, there is no well-organized, coherent system for youth mental health care in the Netherlands. This strong dichotomy raises the question whether patients are being admitted to facilities where they are receiving appropriate care. In addition, referral bias can arise, because the type of complaint with which a young person presents is often dependent on the type of coping of the individual and thus, in turn, the gender of the patient. In this Position Paper, we examined the gender distribution at a youth psychiatric high and intensive care (HIC-Y) and other streams of youth care in the Netherlands to explore possible inequities in access to psychiatric care among children and adolescents. Results show that girls are significantly more likely than boys to be admitted to the HIC-Y for suicidal thoughts, self-harm and emotional dysregulation. In fact, girls account for 80% of all admissions, while boys account for only 20%. In contrast, regional and national reports from youth services and probation show a majority of boys being admitted (56–89%). The way care is organized (lack of cross-domain collaboration and the interplay between gender-dependent coping and exclusion criteria) seems to play a role in the underrepresentation of boys in acute psychiatry and their overrepresentation in secure youth care. Based on our research results, the concern is raised whether boys have a greater chance of undertreatment for psychiatric problems. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying factors that contribute to gender bias in psychiatric admissions, and to develop interventions that promote gender equality in healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Women comprise nearly 19% of the U.S. military and now serve in almost all operational roles, increasing their risk of combat trauma and injuries.3 Data from the Joint Trauma Registry during Operation Enduring Freedom shows that battle-injured females had a higher case fatality rate at 36% compared to their male counterparts at 17%.1 The Tactical Combat Casualty Care curriculum is used to prepare battlefield medics to provide immediate care to wounded service members, but fails to address differences in the care of female versus male casualties. The students, who are presented with life-threatening injuries in simulated trauma scenarios, may be slower to assess, identify, and treat injuries in female patients as compared with male patients. Materials and Methods This observational program analysis was reviewed by the Uniformed Services University Human Research Protections Program and approved for execution as an exempt protocol under the provision of 32 CFR 219.104(d)(1). The study assessed the performance of male and female Mexican military personnel during a Tactical Combat Casualty Care course, using standardized trauma scenarios. Anatomically, correct male and female manikins were used to compare response time for different gender patients presenting with the same injuries. Results There was a statistically significant increase in time required to complete an initial blood sweep, identify a gunshot wound to the chest, and call for medical evacuation when treating a female patient compared to a male patient. Conclusions A lack of female representation in trauma training may have contributed to the higher case fatality rate of female soldiers compared to male soldiers during Operation Enduring Freedom. Female live actors and Gender Retrofit Kits can augment trauma casualty assessment and treatment training scenarios and better prepare our forces to respond to life-threatening emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]