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This study examines the effects of civil conflicts in Burundi on its economic performance. The analysis of the structural effects using a structural VAR model points to the long-lasting effects of a civil conflict shock on economic growth in Burundi. After 10 years, the effect on economic growth is still noticeable. The cumulative effect of a civil conflict shock is found to be a 7.1% decrease in economic growth over a horizon of 10 years. Using the Synthetic Control method, estimates indicate that the Burundian civil war led to an average GDP per capita decline of approximately 138 dollars per annum, compared to what it would have been in the absence of war. The average annual loss as a percentage of the counterfactual GDP per capita is 34%. The total monetary cost of the war during this period is estimated at USD 1514 per person and almost 10 billion USD for the entire country. The estimated effects are robust to placebo checks conducted. We compare these results with costs of conflict in other countries to better understand the relative financial burden of the civil war. The study highlights the need to consolidate peace to achieve long-term economic development in Burundi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the influences of biomass energy, fossil fuel, and some controlled variables on CO2 emission in African countries over the 1980–2014 period. The study employs pool mean group (PMG), mean group (MG), and dynamic fixed effect (DFE) estimators. In addition, it employs weighted fully modified ordinary least squares and weighted dynamic ordinary least squares to validate the robustness of estimates. The results reveal that the relation of fossil fuel with CO2 is positively significant. Conversely, biomass energy exerts a significant negative impact on CO2. In addition, the dampening effect of biomass energy utilization on CO2 emission helps to validate the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deleterious external consequences of various productive activities have impacted the quality of the environment in all countries worldwide. These productive activities damage the environment by emitting greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, excessively using natural resources and producing solid pollutants or waste. Since these significantly contribute to environmental deterioration, policymakers should take appropriate action to reduce the external effects of these three outcomes of productive activities. In light of this challenging situation, the present study considers environmental impact (EI)—a combined external effect of three factors—as a representative of ecological degradation and examines the impact of four driving forces on the environmental effect across all G-20 nations from 1990 to 2019 based on the STIRPAT model. This study employs several econometric methodologies, including ARDL-PMG and FMOLS, to investigate the causal relationship between the four forces and EI. The primary conclusion of the analysis is based on the ARDL-PMG results, which reveal that while urbanisation and gross capital formation (GCF) have positive effects, GDP per capita and population levels have a long-term negative impact on EI. The results also demonstrate that population growth and productive activities pose the most significant obstacles to long-term improvements in environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and the Global Hunger Index (GHI) over the past two decades. By analyzing data from various countries across different income levels, the research explores how economic growth intersects with hunger dynamics. The study utilizes reputable sources, including reports from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and the World Bank. The findings highlight that while GDP per capita is an important factor in reducing hunger, other elements such as income inequality, education, health expenditure, agricultural productivity, and governance significantly influence hunger outcomes. The research underscores the necessity for holistic approaches that integrate economic growth with social equity and effective policy interventions to eradicate hunger globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the development of the Global Knowledge Index (GKI) (published by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Foundation (MBRF)) for Arab countries according to their income levels and to assess the impact of the level of knowledge on economic growth and per capita GDP in Arab countries during the period (2017-2021). Methodology: The study covers a sample of the following Arab countries: (UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Jordan, Algeria, Lebanon, Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco). Two econometric models were conducted using panel data based on the (GKI) reports: the first model estimates the impact of knowledge on GDP in Arab countries, while the second model estimates the impact of knowledge on GDP per capita for the same sample. Findings: Although the study results reveal a noticeable decline in the level of knowledge in the Arab countries at their various income levels during the study period, the best performance was positively associated with income level. It is also found that the level of knowledge is statistically significant and positively affects the gross domestic product; meanwhile, it does not have a statistically significant impact on per capita GDP. Conclusions and Recommendations: Several factors could explain why the knowledge index has a statistically significant impact on GDP growth, while no significant impact on per capita GDP in Arab countries; among them: high population growth, structural issues like unemployment and skill mismatches, heavy reliance on specific sectors such as oil and gas, income inequality, weak governance, and cultural barriers. The study recommends that Arab countries should direct their economies towards more reliance on knowledge which will be reflected positively in their economic growth. In addition to creating partnerships with the private sector to convert research and innovations into successful economic opportunities that increase the knowledge-added value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the complex relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability through a multifaceted analytical approach. Utilizing a robust dataset that includes key economic and sustainability metrics from various countries, the research employs exploratory data analysis, regression analysis, time-series analysis, and clustering techniques to unveil these relationships. The findings of the research illustrate a significant correlation between gross domestic product and carbon dioxide emissions, supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, which proposes that initial economic growth worsens environmental degradation until a certain level of wealth is reached. Furthermore, the research emphasizes that while renewable energy consumption and electricity access are crucial, their current impact is insufficient to offset the environmental costs of economic growth. Through clustering analysis, the study identifies diverse national profiles, highlighting the necessity of tailored strategies to effectively address sustainability challenges. These insights emphasize the importance of integrated policies that promote both economic and environmental goals, supporting energy efficiency, cleaner technologies, and stringent environmental regulations. This comprehensive study lays the groundwork for informed policymaking aimed at achieving sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to demonstrate the impact of exchange rate changes on the velocity of money in the Egyptian economy, especially after the exchange rate underwent several changes that led to a significant depreciation of the Egyptian pound. The velocity of money has been influenced by various economic variables, including the interest rate, gross domestic product (GDP), per capita income, foreign reserves, exports and imports, the degree of financial development, and the broad money supply.Among these, the exchange rate is considered one of the most significant influencing variables, as it serves as a dual economic adjustment tool to achieve both internal and external balance.To achieve this goal, the study utilized annual time series data spanning from 2000 to 2024. It employed two approaches: the analytical approach, which encompasses economic theories that identify the key determinants of exchange rate fluctuations and the velocity of money, aiming to uncover the pathways through which the exchange rate influences the velocity of money. Additionally, the econometric approach was applied, using time series data for both independent variables and the dependent variable through the ARIMA model.The results of the study indicated a significant positive correlation between the exchange rate, per capita income, and the velocity of money. Conversely, the study found a significant negative correlation between foreign currency reserves, the broad money supply, and the velocity of money.

Information technologies have become an integral part of the modern economic environment and social life in Ukraine and the EU. The development of the IT industry in various countries demonstrates significant potential to stimulate economic growth. The article is aimed at assessing the impact of IT exports on the macroeconomic indicators of Ukraine, Poland, Estonia and Germany in order to formulate recommendations for the development of the IT industry in Ukraine. The study examines the impact of the export of IT services on GDP, GDP per capita, foreign direct investment and unemployment rate on the example of these countries by calculating the Fechner correlation coefficient. Based on the analysis of data from 2012-2022, it has been discovered that IT exports have a considerable positive impact on GDP and GDP per capita. In EU countries, the export of IT services also positively influences FDI attraction and the employment level. Despite the growth in the export of IT services, Ukraine shows adverse tendencies in the FDI volumes and increasing unemployment. In Ukraine, there is an inverse weak relationship between the amount of FDI and the IT service exports (Fechner correlation coefficient -0.2727) and a direct moderate relationship with the unemployment rate (Fechner correlation coefficient 0.4545). Considering the complexity of the challenges to the functioning of the economy during the war, the IT sector alone is unable to negate the impact of all threats to the economy of Ukraine. However, the share of IT exports in the total volume of service exports in Ukraine amounted to more than 45% in 2022. That is, on the one hand, the IT sector is developing despite the war (somewhat slower in 2022 compared to previous years); while on the other hand, a strong imbalance remains in Ukraine regarding the predominant increase in the export of IT sector services. According to the results of a comparative analysis with EU countries, we can say that the export of IT services can become a driver of investment attractiveness and decrease unemployment in Ukraine in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments internationally strive to balance environmental health and economic development. Modern economies, specifically emerging ones, emphasize the importance of eco-friendly progress, where the pace of economic growth limits the ecological footprint. The ecological footprint denotes both the trajectory of natural resource extraction in the economic process and how quickly these resources can be replenished, as well as the capacity of the ecological sector to absorb waste from this process. This study examines 38 countries from 1994 to 2020 to investigate the drivers of the ecological footprint and found that environmentally related technologies harmfully influence ecological deprivation but are positively affected by gross domestic product growth. Renewable energy diminishes pollution levels, while urbanization has an insignificant effect. Imports were only found to be significant with one econometric technique, and their impact on the ecological footprint was positive. Income level affects the influence of gross domestic product on the ecological footprint. Lower-income quantiles have a more significant impact than higher quantiles. The Granger causality test shows bidirectional causality between the ecological footprint and exogenous factors: eco-technologies, gross domestic product/capita, renewable energy, urbanization, and imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is one of the most used forms of energy nowadays. Electricity consumption increases each year with the industrial sector as one of the biggest consumers, and the industrial sector obviously correlates with the economy. One way to measure a country's economic power is through GDP per capita. Even though it cannot describe everything about a country's economy, it can be used to measure the general health of a country's economy. GDP per capita prediction can lead to some benefits such as making an educated plan for government officials and for investors to make decisions whether investing in a country is beneficial or not. We tried to predict a country's GDP per capita position using their electricity consumption and generation data with machine learning approach. We are categorizing the GDP per capita so each category represents the position of the country relative to others like top 10%, top 20%, et cetera. The correlation between variables that we use are generally quite good, and our best model can predict the GDP per capita position of a country with above 80% accuracy for 10 categories used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the nexus between socioeconomic indicators and the diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs), with a specific focus on India's transition to electric mobility amidst its distinct challenges and opportunities as a developing nation. Utilizing the Rogers framework of diffusion of innovation, the study examines fifteen socioeconomic indicators across 36 countries to discern their influence on EV adoption. The findings underscore the inadequacy of replicating diffusion models from developed economies for India, advocating instead for tailored strategies aligned with its unique socioeconomic context. Drawing insights from China's successful EV market, characterized by dedicated manufacturing hubs and forward-looking policies, the study recommends a nuanced approach addressing affordability, infrastructure, and incentives to ensure a seamless transition. However, the research acknowledges limitations due to the examination's narrow scope, prompting future investigations to expand the range of indicators and countries considered for a more comprehensive understanding. Ultimately, this study contributes practical recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of aligning EV transition strategies with India's socioeconomic realities to foster a sustainable and economically viable transportation landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed global data on epidemic control measures and economic conditions in different countries during different mutant strain epidemic periods, including the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron strains. The study estimated the elasticity coefficient through a log‐log model, which represents the percent change of the confirmed case number with respect to a percent change in the total number of screening tests in a country for epidemic control. The 7‐day rolling data of screening tests and confirmed cases from the Our World in Data database for the pandemic periods of Alpha strain in 2020, Delta strain in 2021, and Omicron strain in 2022, suggest that the magnitude of the elasticity was associated with the economic condition of a country. Compared with the results during either Alpha or Delta pandemic period, the Omicron pandemic has a much higher estimated elasticity coefficient of 1.317 (Alpha: 0.827 and Delta: 0.885). Further examining economic conditions categorized by quartile ranges, the results indicate that the elasticity is statistically significantly lower in countries with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita between $11,354 and $26,651, and in countries with GDP per capita above $26,651 than in countries with GDP per capita below $3,335. These results suggest that countries should consider not only epidemiological measures but also economic conditions when formulating epidemic control strategies. This study highlights the importance of assessing the appropriateness of epidemic control strategies within a country and provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of such strategies, particularly in the context of community screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Statistician / Wiadomości Statystyczne is the property of State Treasury - Statistics Poland and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research article will examine the gross domestic product (GDP), which is one of the most widely used indicators of national economic performance. GDP represents the total output of a national economy over a specified period, with seasonal fluctuations duly adjusted. The most comprehensive measure of GDP is also adjusted for inflation, thereby enabling the assessment of changes in output rather than changes in the prices of goods and services. The significance of this indicator can be demonstrated by the fact that GDP is frequently employed to assess the relative size of national economies. Governments, financial market participants, and business leaders are most interested in changes in GDP over time, as reflected in annual growth or decline rates, because this allows them to make assumptions and develop plans for the future. The government uses previous years' GDP figures to formulate policies on interest rates, taxes, and trade policy. The study of GDP in the G7 countries is particularly important and relevant, as these countries represent the central government of the whole world, have a great influence on the economy, discuss global problems and develop solutions in the shortest possible time. The object of the study is the 7 members of the G7, namely: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, while the subject is the basic indicators of the national economy of each individual country, analysed in the dynamics over the past 10 years.

The main purpose of present study is to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic variables and tax evasion using nonlinear approaches. . First of all, it was used Markov Switching Vector Autoregression method, statistics and information from 1969 to 2019 to find Kuznets’s hypothesis and nonlinear relationship between macro-economic variables and tax evasion, annually. Then, after confirming the existence of a nonlinear relationship, the Threshold Vector Autoregression was also used for further investigation. According to the results of the markov-switching, the existence of the Kuznets's law between per capita GDP and tax evasion is confirmed. Therefore, in order to reduce tax evasion, it is necessary to reduce the share of oil in GDP and increase the share of productivity in production. For variables of direct burden tax, public education expenditure, Government expenditure omitting education expenditure, Gini coefficient and currency outside the bank, Kuznets law is rejected. However, the existence of a nonlinear relationship is confirmed. Also, tax evasion, GDP per capita, direct tax burden and currency outside the bank was used for Threshold Vector Autoregression model. Tax evasion was selected as threshold variable and The threshold value of the tax evasion was specified 21906/1 Milliard Rials.The results of the Threshold Vector Autoregression model show that the impulses of per capita GDP and currency outside the bank have the greatest effect on increasing tax evasion. The results of the Threshold Vector Autoregression model show that the impulses of per capita GDP and currency outside the bank have the greatest effect on increasing tax evasion.

In recent years, the competition for economic dominance globally has led developed economies increasingly to focus on outward foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports to other developing nations. However, there has been a notable research gap, with most studies concentrating on assessing the significance of FDI and trade openness in developing countries, while less attention has been paid to developed countries. This study explores the relationship between FDI and trade openness with economic growth in six developed economies.

The article is devoted to the assessment of the level of innovativeness of the Ukrainian economy in comparison with the innovativeness of the economies of the European Union countries based on the Global Innovation Index 2023 and the justification of ways to increase it in the course of advancing to full membership in the EU. In the course of the study, the hypothesis that there is a close connection between the level of the country’s development, which is measured by the GDP per capita indicator in the model, and the absolute value of the global innovation index was confirmed (correlation coefficient is 0.868). However, Ukraine, which belongs to the group with a below-average GDP per capita indicator, is ahead of more than 30 countries with high and above-average GDP per capita indicators according to the Global innovation index. This strengthens the hope that the creation of the necessary conditions for the realization of innovative potential will be able to accelerate economic growth and lead to a significant increase in GDP in the post-war period. The comparison of the global index of innovativeness of Ukraine with the similar indicator of the EU countries carried out in the article showed a certain lag of our country, which arose in recent years, which can be explained by Russian aggression. However, this lag is not fundamental and can be overcome in a short time. Moreover, among the candidate countries for joining the EU, Ukraine ranks among the top three in terms of innovativeness. Therefore, such a lag should not become an obstacle on the way to the EU. A more detailed analysis of individual indicators that form the global index of innovativeness revealed significant heterogeneity of the innovative environment of the Ukrainian economy, because its rating according to these indicators ranges from 1 to 130. Ukraine’s achievements in performance indicators, which are calculated in relation to GDP, are quite good, which once again confirmed the conclusion that there is a disproportion between the potential and actual volumes of production. The biggest lag is recorded in the indicators related to the business environment, its stability and the legal norms that regulate it. A serious problem for Ukraine is the lack of market and organizational infrastructure. These issues should become the object of special attention of the state on the way to the EU.

The article examines the main economic conditions for the use and development of the economy of impressions in the countries of the world on the basis of the dynamics of official values of statistical indicators for 2018–2022: GDP per capita, according to which clustering of countries is carried out and clusters with low (in which Ukraine has fallen), medium and high values of this indicator are identified; the ratio of trade volumes (the amount of exports and imports) to GDP; the volume of foreign direct investment, and the unemployment rate. Based on the results of the analysis, it is concluded that in developed countries the economy of impressions has more favorable conditions for its development, while in Ukraine it is a necessary model for the post-war reproduction of socioeconomic relations, though the conditions for its development are complicated. Taking into account the above trends, the aim of the article is to identify the main economic conditions for the development of the economy of impressions in the countries of the world and in Ukraine and to formulate proposals for its spread in order to increase the activity of enterprises in the formation of added value and profit to improve the quality of life of the population in the post-war period. The economy of impressions develops when there is a sufficient level of competition between producers to make decisions about the purchase of products in their favor. Therefore, the article analyzes the index of global competitiveness of countries for 2022 and 2023, identifying the low place of Ukraine in this indicator, which can be increased on the basis of the development of institutional measures to improve the competitiveness of producers. The features of the formation of positive impressions are considered and conclusions are made about the need to increase their value in the price of products. The main conclusions of the article are as follows. The current stage of development of the world economic system is characterized by the emergence of new models of economic relations, which is associated with the globalization of economic flows, easier entry into foreign markets. One of the perspective models of world economic relations is the economy of impressions. The developed countries of the world have a more powerful potential for the development of the economy of impressions, while they need its development more due to the intensification of competition between national producers. In Ukraine, the socioeconomic situation before the war was quite favorable for the development of the economy of impressions, but still it was inferior to the developed countries of the world. As a result of the ongoing war, the situation has deteriorated significantly, therefore, in the period of post-war recovery, one of the national priorities should be the development of the economy of impressions as the most attractive model for intensifying economic and social relations, innovative development, and improving the quality of life of the population.

The article provides an analysis of changes in trends in the Russian economy based on macroeconomic indicators (gross domestic product per capita, inflation rate, unemployment rate). The key factors are the historically low unemployment rate (due to demographic trends in society) and the growing number of individual accounts on the Moscow Exchange. These factors force Russian enterprises and companies to change the extensive type of economic growth to the intensive one. The purpose of the study is to highlight main trends of the changes in the economy (on the basis of the analysis of macroeconomic indicators) and possible options for responding to them for domestic enterprises. The work used universal and general scientific methods of cognition, such as dialectical, analytical, and statistical methods. The result of the analysis of the Russian macroeconomic indicators is presented, basic trends that can have a significant impact on the strategies of enterprise development are identified. It is proposed to use elements of the ESG (environmental, social, governance) approach or process-flow model as ways to respond to them. The main tasks that enterprises face are outlined along with the criteria for choosing the direction of improvement.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of financial development (FD) on the share of renewable energy (RE) usage in Japan. The existing theoretical literature and empirical analyses covering different country cases reveal that FD might have positive, negative, or insignificant effect on RE use. Since there is no empirical investigation of the issue for Japan, the study aims to contribute to the literature. To that end, we used several time-series techniques to detect the association between RE usage and FD in Japan over the 1970–2020 period. The results obtained from the ARDL, Hatemi-J, Maki, Tsong et al. and NARDL cointegration tests showed that there is a significant cointegrated relationship between the share of RE use, FD, GDP per capita and trade openness. As for the long-run coefficients obtained from the ARDL, FMOLS, CCR and NARDL estimators revealed that increases in FD and trade openness raise the share of RE usage while increases in GDP per capita reduce it. Briefly, for the Japan case, we may suggest that improving the financial market structure of the country will bear fruit in terms of the share of cleaner and sustainable energy usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Swedish economist Knut Wicksell wrote at the beginning of the twentieth century that any basic book on political economy must begin with a chapter on population. Despite the importance of demography, Wicksell noted that it is often neglected in favor of other issues (Strøm & Thalberg, 1979). For years, the State of Israel has had the highest fertility rate among OECD countries. While many developed countries employ diverse measures--including immigration--in order to cope with manpower shortages and to support the economy, natural fertility in Israel is so high that it creates the opposite challenge for the economy. The "demographic anxiety" that characterized Israel in its first few years, which stemmed from being a small population surrounded by enemies that was forced to cope with military and economic challenges requiring significant population resources, no longer exists. The Israeli economy is now stretched by the effects of high natural population growth in a small country, along with technological changes that impact the labor market. This article examines demographic developments and their economic consequences in Israel according to recent trends and forecasts for the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life expectancy at birth is considered a parameter of the social development, health system, or economic development of a country. We aimed to investigate the effects of GDP per capita (as the economic factor), health care expenditure, the number of medical doctors (as social factors), and CO2 emissions (as the environmental factor) on life expectancy. We used panel data analysis for 13 Eastern European countries over the 2000–2020 period. After performing the analysis, we used a cross-country fixed-effects panel (GLS with SUR weights). According to our model, a one percent increase in health expenditure (as % of GDP) increases life expectancy at birth by 0.376 years, whereas each additional medical doctor per 10,000 inhabitants increases life expectancy at birth by 0.088 years on average. At the same time, each additional 10,000 USD per capita each year would increase life expectancy at birth by 1.8 years on average. If CO2 emissions increase by 1 metric ton per capita, life expectancy at birth would decrease by 0.24 years, suggesting that higher carbon emissions are capable of reducing longevity. Every European country has to make special efforts to increase the life expectancy of its inhabitants by applying economic and health policies focused on the well-being of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic & Regional Studies/Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The world has been rapidly globalizing, starting with communication protocols in 1970 and continuing today with internet technologies, and in the future, tools known as artificial intelligence and the metaverse. It is observed that technological change, especially in a high-uncertainty and hyper-competitive environment, has transformed more rapidly compared to past decades, directly affecting daily lives. This environment is described as economic, financial, and commercial globalization for companies and governments. Governments' development policies are encouraging companies that are Glocalization (think globally, act locally), transitioning from local to global, and benefiting the local areas, aligned with the investment strategies of companies in the home country. Our study examines concepts and relationships through a literature review within the theoretical framework of Dunning's eclectic paradigm, Porter's diamond model, Williamson's transaction cost theory, and strategic behavior theories. In the mentioned competitive environment, companies make their investment decisions outside their home countries considering four motives (resource seeking, efficiency seeking, market seeking, and strategic asset seeking). The aim of this study is to explain, from a competition perspective, why companies that want to gain competitive advantage in a globalizing world or avoid competition in the domestic market are investing out of their home countries. Planned to be conducted in 61 countries across 6 continents, according to the OECD classification, this study aims to contribute both to the companies' outward foreign direct investment decisions and to policymakers' process of creating sustainable development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic variables and tax evasion using nonlinear approaches. First of all, it used Markov Switching Vector Autoregression method, statistics, and information from 1969 to 2019 to find Kuznets’s hypothesis and the nonlinear relationship between macro-economic variables and tax evasion, annually. Then, after confirming the existence of a nonlinear relationship, the Threshold Vector Autoregression was also used for further investigation. According to the results of the Markov-switching, the existence of Kuznets's law between per capita GDP and tax evasion is confirmed. Therefore, to reduce tax evasion, it is necessary to reduce the share of oil in GDP and increase the share of productivity in production. For variables of direct burden tax, public education expenditure, Government expenditure omitting education expenditure, Gini coefficient, and currency outside the bank, Kuznets law is rejected. However, the existence of a nonlinear relationship is confirmed. Also, tax evasion, GDP per capita, direct tax burden, and currency outside the bank were used for the Threshold Vector Autoregression model. Tax evasion was selected as the threshold variable and The threshold value of the tax evasion was specified as 21906/1 Milliard Rials. The results of the Threshold Vector Autoregression model show that the impulses of per capita GDP and currency outside the bank have the greatest effect on increasing tax evasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to remark on the nine crucial economic factors that affect GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita as assess the importance, effect, or value of economic development for a sample of 31 years of economic data from Bangladesh for the period of 1992 to 2022. The research question is "What are the effects of these variables on GDP per capita?" To inquire into that business in detail we use multiple regression analysis in this paper as GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita is the regressand or dependent variable and the rest of the factors or variables are the regressors or independent variables. In this regard, we use nine independent variables in the regression analysis: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in current billions of USD, GDP growth rate (latest) per annum, Inflation (on consumer price index), Gross Savings (%GDP), Literacy rate, Unemployment rate, Investment rate, Population growth rate, Poverty Rate. After the data analysis we found that among the nine independent variables, five have a significant impact on GDP per capita. For instance, Inflation (% of GDP), GDP (current USD), GDP growth rate, Gross Savings rate, and Poverty rate play a vital role in determining GDP per capita. Since we use time series data, to identify an accurate estimation as being present we test the stationarity of data, to conduct the time series has no unit root problem we use first difference and log difference such that the data and the estimation will become acceptable. An assortment of statistical tests, such as Normality Test, Multicollinearity, Heteroskedasticity, Autocorrelation, Goodness-of-Fit (GoF) Test, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) Test, and Multiple Regression Analysis, were performed using GRETL (Gnu Regression, Econometrics and Time-series Library). We use CUSUM (cumulative sum) test and CUSUM (cumulative sum) square test to find out the stability of the coefficient or parameters. The research question is "What are the effects of these variables on GDP per capita?" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The process of digitizing businesses involves ongoing investments and additional costs, leading to the inevitable inquiry into the economic impact of digital transformation. Specifically, it's important to evaluate how this process contributes to the economic growth of nations. The article introduces a method for creating a ranking of European countries according to the economic benefits derived from digitalizing businesses of different scales. To achieve this, DEA models were developed to measure the effectiveness of digital adoption by small and medium-sized enterprises and larger corporations. For input variables, we selected metrics that reflect the extent of business digitalization, specifically, the proportion of SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises) with a high digital intensity index (DII), the percentage of SMEs utilizing cloud technologies, and the contribution of SME turnover to the overall e-commerce turnover. The output variables chosen were metrics indicative of a country's economic health: GDP per capita, the ratio of exports to GDP, and the international investment position. The evidence demonstrates that due to significant differences in size, economic advancement, and digitalization levels among EU countries, the VRS model more adeptly accommodates these disparities. This approach permits the evaluation of each country's performance based on its unique situation and potential for development, without consideration of its economic magnitude. In 2022, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Malta, and Belgium emerged as the frontrunners in digital intensity among SMEs, with nearly 40% of businesses exhibiting a high degree of digital engagement. Among these leaders, only Malta and the Netherlands achieved the highest efficiency in leveraging digitalization for economic growth, as determined by the VRS model that considers variable returns to scale. It was shown, that the economic effect of digital transformation on large enterprises in EU countries is more substantial than on small and medium-sized enterprises [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of macroeconomic factors offers insight into the performance of an economy. This study investigates the dynamic short- and long-term effect of trade openness, external debt, and foreign direct investment (FDI) within Ghana's economy. Utilizing Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing and Granger causality analysis, the study examines data spanning from 1991 to 2022. The results of the ARDL cointegration test reveal a long-term relationship among the variables. However, in the short term, the findings present a mixed effect of FDI and trade openness, with both positive and negative impacts. In the long run, FDI and external debt exhibit a positive influence, whereas trade openness appears to impede economic growth. Furthermore, the Granger causality test identifies a unidirectional causality relationship between the variables and economic growth. The study suggests that the government implement investment-oriented and trade policies to stimulate economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita is one of the most widely used socioeconomic indicators, serving as an integral component for climate change impact analysis. However, a national scale assessment may induce considerable bias because it conceals any internal variations within a country. The lack of a long-term sub-national scale GDP data is a substantive hinderance. Leveraging the close relationship between nighttime lights and GDP, we address this gap by developing a novel methodological framework in two steps. First, under the modeling philosophy of spatial statistics, we developed a novel approach based on deep and machine learning techniques to establish a complex mapping between two inconsistent nighttime lights (NTL) datasets: the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP) and the National Polar-Orbiting Partnership’s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The models achieve accuracies ranging from 0.945 to 0.980 (correlation coefficients). By taking the estimations ensemble of the two techniques, the time series of DMSP data was extended to 2021. Next, a novel modeling strategy based on multi-layer perceptron was developed to derive the non-linear relationship between NTL and GDP per capita at sub-national scale to alleviate scale effects at this granularity, while explicitly capturing regional heterogeneity effect. The trained models achieve average accuracies of 0.967, 0.959, and 0.959 on the training, validation, and test sets, respectively. We evaluate the developed dataset at the global, national, and sub-national scales from various perspective, and the results offer solid evidence on the reliability of the estimated economic data. By linking to historical global climate change data, we quantify global economic losses attributed to extreme heat to demonstrate how the estimated GDP data can be useful in the climate change impact analysis.

The impact of global warming is alarming, posing significant threats to human health and the environment. They were primarily caused by increased greenhouse gases (GHG), especially CO2, which accounts for 70% of emissions. This study analyzes the impact of the Human Development Index (HDI), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, and population on CO2 emissions in ASEAN countries using a panel data regression methodology and secondary data from the World Bank and Global Economy Website (2000-2020). Fixed Effect Model Result via E-views 10 reveals that HDI and population have positive but non-significant effects on CO2 emissions. In contrast, GDP per capita has a positive and significant effect, driven by increased consumption of fossil fuels. Governments play a crucial role in mitigating these effects through renewable energy, clean technologies, and environmental education to ensure sustainable development. Future research needs to design incentives to support environmental and economic sustainability.

Introduction ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) play a crucial role in improving efficiency and productivity in various economic sectors. The research focuses on measuring the impact of ICTs on the economic growth of Latin American nations during the period 2000-2020. Methods A fixed effects, panel data model covering 17 countries in the region has been applied using ordinary least squares methodology. The variables selected for the empirical exercise are: the number of individuals using the Internet, fixed and mobile telephone subscriptions, trade balance, domestic credit, foreign direct investment and gross domestic product per capita. Results The study’s findings show that ICTs have a positive impact on economic growth. That is, for every percentage point increase in the percentage of the population using the Internet, GDP per capita increases by US$16.82. Conclusion This highlights the unique influence exerted by digital connectivity in shaping the regional economic landscape. At the same time, mobile and fixed telephone subscriptions are not significant variables in the model.

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To lift the regional economic development and sustainability, foreign, domestic, and workers' remittance investment play their role in the progression of the economic cycle. By setting the objective, the current study examines the role of foreign direct investment inflows (FDI), private capital investment (PCI), and workers' remittance (RMTw) as independent variables and demographic pressure as a control variable on economic growth. Furthermore, considering Asia's regional perspective of 43 developing and emerging economies, the role of globalization as a proxy for regional integration has also been analyzed. GDP per capita has been taken as a proxy of sustainable economic growth (SEG), and time has been taken from 2006 to 2019. By applying the two-step system generalized method of moments (SGMM), results say that investment attributes, FDI, and PCI support and accelerate the SEG in Asia by adding infrastructure development and trading activities. On the other hand, it states that RMTw negatively affects the SEG by putting economic pressure and reducing the workforce and idle money. Furthermore, regional integration aggressively supports the SEG in Asia, promoting Asia's trade, social, and political activities. It concludes that Asian SEG is influenced by the foreign and domestic inflows and regional integration that actively promotes economic growth, which needs to be supported by the governments in relaxing the investment regulation. Furthermore, remittance should be channelized with financial institutions to show its active contribution to the economic cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Business Administration & Social Studies is the property of Aves Yayincilik Ltd. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Financing is the property of Financing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We provide empirical evidence and a theoretical analysis of the influence of production network diversification on countries' economic performance, reflected in their GDP per-capita levels. Using a panel sample of 55 countries, we find a strong positive association between the number of active links in the input-output network of a country and its GDP per-capita over time, even after controlling for several country characteristics. To complement and scrutinize our empirical finding, we advance economic theory on the link between network diversity and economic development by proposing a multisector model with input-output linkages, non-unitary elasticity of substitution in production, and a love of diversification in the bundle of intermediate inputs that rationalize our empirical results. In the long run, when labor and intermediates are substitute inputs, denser production structures enjoy higher productivity in the intermediate input bundle and also amplify positive shocks more strongly than less connected networks. Hence, our model predicts that economies with denser production structures display higher income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to quantitatively evaluate the impact of PT's governments on the GDP per capita of the Brazilian economy. To do that, we use a synthetic control approach to create a contrafactual of Brazil's GDP per capita and, after that, we compare the economic growth under PT's administration against the contrafactual. Once we estimate the standard model using one donor pool of emerging market economies, performed a placebo test and executed some robustness exercises, we did not find strong evidence that the effect of PT's governments on GDP per capita was negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]