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The Salford Twist Mill of 1799–1801 has attracted much attention as a pioneering example of an iron-framed building, the first textile mill in England to have benefited from steam heating and one of the earliest buildings in the world to have been permanently lit by gas. Aspects of the mill's development have been debated since its destruction in the mid-20th century, although several points of contention were clarified during an archaeological excavation and associated research conducted by the University of Salford in 2016–17. In particular, fragments of structural ironwork recovered from demolition layers yielded fresh evidence for the building's internal cast-iron frame, and excavation of the engine room enabled details of the power-transmission system to be elucidated. Whilst this article necessarily recites earlier work, it combines the key findings from the recent investigation with a review of previous studies to provide a definitive account of one of the first iron-framed mills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a comparative analysis of the capital cities of Argentina and Portugal, which, at the onset of the Great War, operated concession-based gas services for public lighting. The cases of Buenos Aires and Lisbon illustrate divergent pathways in public gas lighting, set against a backdrop of external dependence on coal and the burgeoning advancement of electric lighting. Despite these differences, we will highlight aspects that draw parallels and shed light on the abrupt cessation of public gas lighting precipitated by the First World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1850s, many optical sight rooms proliferated in Buenos Aires, in which images were presented from optical devices such as magic lanterns, dioramas, or cosmoramas. The events programs were announced in the local newspapers, which were updated weekly. Views of European and American cities were presented, as well as current events views and inventions or scientific experiments. This article analyzes optical, mechanical and luminous spectacles that took place in optical views saloons as a differential offer that emerged during 1850s among Buenos Aires public entertainment scene, that facilitated visual experiences of light, movement and space.It is noted that these spectacles emerged caused because of more accelerated times in production and distribution of merchandise and people internationally, of an already stated legitimacy of the new as a valuation criterion, and because of the commercial development of gas lighting. Also, it is stated that optical and luminous apparatus functioned as a reflection around these more intense experiences of movement, space and light that were developing in the city. They were technologies put at the service of a multisensory experience of virtual displacement, fun, and knowledge.

Gas lighting, part of a re-envisioning of cities as modern metropoles, was one of the first 'modern' technologies implemented in nineteenth century Bombay. The debates over the implementation of gas light to illuminate the streets of Bombay have largely been overlooked in the history and historiography of colonial Bombay. Yet, the illumination of Bombay's public streets with gas light was an important turning point in the transition of Bombay from a provincial outpost to a modern city. The article examines the related debates, presents the illumination of colonial Bombay with gas light as a metaphor for the emergence of the modern city and depicts how new processes regarding civic planning and development emerged from this gas light debate, which ultimately made the implementation of electrical light and other aspects of modern city life possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaslighting has been construed as the psychological manipulation of a person by another to gain control. This also plays out in the workplace. Although few studies on the effects of gaslighting on employees' performance have been conducted; there is a paucity of Nigerian indigenous studies in the gaslighting literature. Consequently, this study seeks to cover this knowledge gap by x-raying the effect of gaslighting on employees' sustainable performance in Nigeria. Towards achieving this end, two hundred copies of a well-structured questionnaire were administered to employees of Nestle Nigeria PLC. Regression analyses were carried out on the cross sectional data generated by the instrument in order to examine the different impacts of three nuances of gas lighting: psychological abuse of employees, depression and emotional abuse, on three measures of employees' sustainable performance: employees' commitment, employees' efficiency and employees' effectiveness. The result - B = -0.607, R2 = 0.544; F= 72.653; P value = 0.000 - for hypothesis one showed that psychological abuse has a significant influence on employees' sustainable performance. Also, the regression result - B = -0.007; R2 = 0.512; F = 65.653; P-value = 0.000 - for hypothesis two, revealed that depression has a significant impact on employees' sustainable performance. Lastly, regression result - B = 0.115; R2 = 0.579; F = 102.333; P-value = 0.000, indicates that emotional abuse has significant impact on employees' sustainable performance. Based on these results, the study concluded that gaslighting has an impact on employees' sustainable performance. Hence managers of organsations need to prioritise the detection and prevention of gaslighting behaviours; as they significantly undermine employees' commitment, employees' efficiency and employees' effectiveness. Implementing effective policies and interventions to address gas lighting could help foster employees' sustainable performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triclinic NaCe(WO4)2 with oxygen monovacancies and divacancies has been successfully prepared via a facile cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-assisted hydrothermal technique. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy have been employed to determine the unit cell and microstructure of the NaCe(WO4)2. The oxygen vacancies, structural distortion etc. have been investigated using Fourier-transform infrared, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The synthesized samples exhibit an intense blue emission at 434 nm due to the 5d–4f transition of Ce3+ within the CeO8 dodecahedra, while the emission at 485 nm is ascribed to the 5d–4f transition within CeO7. It has also been identified that two emissions at 451 and 520 nm come from CeO6. Additionally, we find that the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction guides the formation of CeO7 and CeO6. In contrast to a previous ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-assisted synthesis of NaCe(WO4)2 that results in a predominant green emission, our samples exhibit strong violet emissions indicating that less CeO7 and CeO6 is formed when using CTAB. We have also conducted ab initio calculations using density-functional theory, which reveals that the valence and conduction bands comprise of the O 2p orbitals and a O 2p–Ce 5d hybridization, respectively. The Ce 5dz2, 5dyz and 5dxz orbitals mostly facilitate the 5d–4f transition within the CeO7 and CeO6 polyhedra. Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage coordinates are found in the blue region with a correlated color temperature (CCT) of ∼7715 K indicating the potential for α-NaCe(WO4)2 to be used in cold solid state lighting applications. Finally, we also observe that the oxygen vacancies can act as active centers for the adsorption of molecular oxygen, which in consequence leads NaCe(WO4)2 to have gas sensing properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Academic resilience is seen as a positive attribute that supports academic attainment and protects against attrition and burnout. Studies have reported that UK pharmacy students have lower academic resilience and wellbeing than the general UK student population but the reasons for this have not been established. This study pilots the use of a novel methodology, love and break-up letter methodology (LBM), to explore these issues focusing on the lived experience of pharmacy students. Method: Final year undergraduate pharmacy study were purposely recruited to the study. Employing LBM, each participant was invited to write reflective love and break-up letters to their academic resilience in higher education during a focus group. Letters and transcripts of subsequent focus group discussion on the feelings and ideas expressed in the letters were thematically analysed. Results: Three meta-themes were identified within the data; the curriculum as gas lighting; the curriculum as abusive; and the curriculum as controlling. Students described how the curriculum diminishes academic resilience by working against their sense of agency and self-esteem. A constant threat of failure emerged as defining the student lived experience; students felt controlled by a curriculum with negative impacts on wellbeing and perseverance. Discussion: This is the first study to use LBM to explore academic resilience in UK pharmacy students. The results provide evidence that some students view the pharmacy curriculum as a source of relentless adversity that is responsible for promoting a hidden negative connection between students and their education. Further study is required to determine if the results can be generalised across the UK pharmacy student body to explain why UK pharmacy students have lower academic resilience than other UK university students and the steps needed to improve academic resilience in UK pharmacy students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gashanes, which were established to meet the lighting and heating needs of Dolmabahçe and Beylerbeyi Palaces, shared their surplus production with the outside to illuminate the surrounding districts. Thus, the lighting of Istanbul with gas started and the public lighting of its streets was first possible with gas. After the Dolmabahçe and Kuzguncuk gasworks established in the middle of the 19th century, Yedikule and Hasanpaşa Gashouses were put into service in the last quarter of the century. The use of gas in Istanbul, in its journey that has passed through many stages and reached a century and a half, experienced the biggest leap over the rate of increase in the number of subscribers after 1945, when Hasanpaşa and Yedikule Gasworks were nationalized, and entered a downward trend after 1965. The working range was determined between 1945-1967 after the nationalization, in which the use of coal gas was intense. Over the inter-year performance of the enterprise, the gas consumption of the society has been evaluated and the economic income-expenditure balance has been compared. It is aimed to determine the profit or loss of the gas company and to address the reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates the distribution of natural and artificial light in New York City during the mid-nineteenth century. Analysis centers on the interplay between social factors and morphological characteristics of the urban landscape in impacting New Yorkers' access to light. The article employs built environment data and geographic information systems (GIS) mapping methodology as its main approach. First, the article makes an exploration into the distribution of natural light. By analyzing the distribution of built features, the article demonstrates that natural light and darkness dispersed along lines of wealth and poverty, as sunlight commodified into a highly coveted resource. The second section of this article draws from archival sources to construct an unprecedented visualization of the street gas main network in mid-century Manhattan. Analysis demonstrates that spatial patterns of artificial light correlated strongly with commerce, as the new technology was prioritized along commercial streets over residential thoroughfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cluj was a medium-sized city in the middle of the 19th century, but it was lucky to be chosen the second university centre in Hungary, after Budapest. It is worth mentioning that the railway arrived in Cluj only in 1870, only two years before the re-establishment of the university, and that in 1873 the city was decimated by the cholera epidemic, and then in 1876 it was devastated by a huge fire, and in 1879 by floods. Thus, the infrastructural development of the city began only in the last two decades of the century. This infrastructural development was accelerated by the needs of the university and the intellectual capital imported by this institution into the city. For example, the city's water and sewerage network was due to the fact that the Minister of Education and Cults Treffort Ágoston initiated the construction of a water supply network for research institutes and laboratories of the university, and the City Council took advantage of this initiative and joined the project. Another example is the switching of public lighting from gas to electricity, a project carried out at the long insistence of a civil initiative led by professor Fabinyi Rudolf. In the study I tried to make a complete analysis of the direct and indirect influence of the university on the development of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Llull: Revista de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Tecnicas is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Tecnicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the technological challenges and solutions to defining a reproducible standard for light together with its measurement, from the 18th to 21st century. The arrival and subsequent need to quantify gas lighting led to development of improved measurement methods, which in turn demanded more reliable standards of light, evolving from candle and flame standards to incandescence, and eventually the current radiometric definition. The progression is similarly traced from the plethora of early comparative visual photometry methods through to modern semiconductor instrumentation. The problem of heterochromatic photometry is also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robert Stephenson's 'Rocket' was the first of its kind and intentionally preserved as an icon of railway history. The Fresnel fixed optic at Hartlepool was the last of its kind and was preserved by accident. Nevertheless, like 'Rocket' it is an extraordinary survival of an artefact representing a seminal moment of a technical achievement which had a lasting influence. It thus no less an icon than the famous locomotive. Hartlepool Heugh Lighthouse was built in the mid-1840s and lit by an optic and a gas lamp, seemingly a unique combination. The burner was apparently a completely new type, producing a flame large and steady enough to exploit the refracting and reflecting characteristics of the optic, something no previous gas burner had been able to achieve. The paper considers the optic and its lamp in the context of contemporary developments in lighthouse illumination and burner design and gives an account of the history of gaslit lighthouses before Hartlepool. The construction of the lighthouse provoked a clash between the Port authorities and Trinity House and the reasons for this are examined. The optic had an astonishingly long life of nearly 80 years, remaining in service until 1927, by which time it was perceived as an historic object which should not just be discarded. The paper concludes with the story of its preservation and subsequent display by the Hartlepool Museum service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Constantinople, the first gas lamp was lit in 1856. Until 1914, the Ottoman capital underwent a complex, but gradual process of introducing and distributing gas for public lighting, as part of the „European" modernisation of the city. It provided lighting mainly in the central parts of Pera-Galata, Stamboul, for the Asian Scutari and Kadiköy, and in some of its suburbs. In addition to street lighting, gas was also used in palaces, administrative and business buildings and in private homes. A comparison shows that on the eve of the First World War, Constantinople gave way to other capitals in the region such as Bucharest and Athens with respect to the distribution of public lighting. Unlike the capitals of Greece and Romania, in reality also until 1914, due to its late introduction, electricity was still not a real competition for gas. However, it can be noted that, in Constantinople, as in other cities in Southeast Europe, gas lighting contributed to urban modernisation and social life, as well as to increasing the security of its inhabitants in the dark part of the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A slit nozzle supersonic expansion containing acetylene [492 SCCM (SCCM denotes cubic centimeter per minute at STP)] and carbon dioxide (740 SCCM) seeded into Ar (837 SCCM) is investigated using cw-cavity ring-down spectroscopy, in the 1.5 μm range. The C2H2–CO2 van der Waals complex is observed around the ν1+ν3 acetylenic band. The rotational temperature is estimated to be close to 60 K from the comparison between observed and simulated spectra. The analysis of the main, perturbed B-type band centered near 6 549.280 cm-1, is performed. It is attributed to a dimer with the known planar, C2v geometry. The present overtone data, involving ground state levels with higher J/K states (J≤35 and Ka≤20) than previously reported, are combined to 3 μm data [D. G. Prichard, R. N. Nandi, J. S. Muenter, and B. J. Howard, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 1245 (1988); Z. S. Huang and R. E. Miller, Chem. Phys. 132, 185 (1989)] to determine improved ground state parameters. The major perturbations affecting the upper state are accounted for through C-type Coriolis resonances involving one dark state, whose symmetry must therefore be A1. Upper state constants are obtained for the bright and dark states. The dependence upon vibrational excitation is demonstrated to arise from excitation in the acetylene unit, only, for the former, but cannot be unravelled for the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ground state geometries and associated normal mode frequencies of the classical and nonclassical protonated acetylene ion, i.e., the vinyl cation C2H3+, are computed using the complete active space self-consistent field and improved virtual orbital (IVO) complete active space configuration interaction methods. In addition, the minimum-energy reaction path for the classical to nonclassical interconversion is determined (as are excitation energies) using the IVO modification of multireference Mo\ller–Plesset (MRMP) perturbation theory. The IVO-MRMP treatment predicts the nonclassical structure to be 4.8 kcal/mol more stable than the classical one, which is consistent with other high level theoretical estimates. The proton affinity of acetylene from the IVO-MRMP treatment (154.8 kcal/mol) also agrees well with experiment (153.3 kcal/mol) and with earlier CASPT2 calculations (154.8 kcal/mol). We further report geometries and vibrational frequencies of low lying excited states of C2H3+, which have not been observed and/or studied before. Comparisons with previous highly correlated calculations further demonstrate the computational efficiency of the IVO-MRPT methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ground state geometries and associated normal mode frequencies of the classical and nonclassical protonated acetylene ion, i.e., the vinyl cation C2H3+, are computed using the complete active space self-consistent field and improved virtual orbital (IVO) complete active space configuration interaction methods. In addition, the minimum-energy reaction path for the classical to nonclassical interconversion is determined (as are excitation energies) using the IVO modification of multireference Mo\ller–Plesset (MRMP) perturbation theory. The IVO-MRMP treatment predicts the nonclassical structure to be 4.8 kcal/mol more stable than the classical one, which is consistent with other high level theoretical estimates. The proton affinity of acetylene from the IVO-MRMP treatment (154.8 kcal/mol) also agrees well with experiment (153.3 kcal/mol) and with earlier CASPT2 calculations (154.8 kcal/mol). We further report geometries and vibrational frequencies of low lying excited states of C2H3+, which have not been observed and/or studied before. Comparisons with previous highly correlated calculations further demonstrate the computational efficiency of the IVO-MRPT methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elongation finite-field (elongation-FF) method is applied to donor/acceptor substituted polydiacetylenes (PDAs) for the estimation of substituent effects on nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The first hyperpolarizability (β) and the second hyperpolarizability (γ) of PDA with separated donor and acceptor substitution blocks have much larger values than those of the other substituted PDAs. For the PDAs with donor and acceptor substitution blocks, the relationship between the NLO properties and the block period is examined. It is shown, from the local density of states, that γ of a system with a quantum well structure has a maximum value at a certain block size. This indicates that by tuning the size of proper block it is possible to achieve the largest γ value in block polymers. Furthermore, the through-space/bond interaction analysis is performed to examine the π-conjugation effects on the NLO properties for particular substituted PDA. It is demonstrated by our quantitative analysis that β is affected by electron transfers in the molecule, and the quantum well structure is critical for γ improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty three vibronic levels of C2H2+, X 2Πu, with υ4=0–6, υ5=0–3, and K=0–4, lying at energies of 0–3520 cm-1 above the zero-point level, have been recorded at rotational resolution. These levels were observed by double resonance, using 1+1′ two-color pulsed-field ionization zero-kinetic-energy photoelectron spectroscopy. The intermediate states were single rovibrational levels chosen from the à 1Au, 4ν3 (K=1–2), 5ν3 (K=1), ν2+4ν3 (K=0), and 47 206 cm-1 (K=1) levels of C2H2. Seven of the trans-bending levels of C2H2+ (υ4=0–3, K=0–2) had been reported previously by Pratt et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 99, 6233 (1993)]; our results for these levels agree well with theirs. A full analysis has been carried out, including the Renner-Teller effect and the vibrational anharmonicity for both the trans- and cis-bending vibrations. The rotational structure of the lowest 16 vibronic levels (consisting of the complete set of levels with υ4+υ5≤=2, except for the unobserved upper 2Πu component of the 2ν4 overtone) could be fitted by least squares using 16 parameters to give an rms deviation of 0.21 cm-1. The vibronic coupling parameter [variant_greek_epsilon]5 (about whose magnitude there has been controversy) was determined to be -0.02737. For the higher vibronic levels, an additional parameter, r45, was needed to allow for the Darling-Dennison resonance between the two bending manifolds. Almost all the observed levels of the υ4+υ5=3 and 4 polyads (about half of the predicted number) could then be assigned. In a final fit to 39 vibronic levels with υ4+υ5≤=5, an rms deviation of 0.34 cm-1 was obtained using 20 parameters. An interesting finding is that Hund’s spin-coupling cases (a) and (b) both occur in the Σu components of the ν4+2ν5 combination level. The ionization potential of C2H2 (from the lowest rotational level of the ground state to the lowest rotational level of the cation) is found to be 91 953.77±0.09 cm-1 (3σ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2022 several GE Lighting retirees, including the authors of this commentary, were recruited as volunteers to find museums that would welcome many traditional lighting artifacts that had accumulated since 1913. In 1913 General Electric (GE) opened Nela Park, the US's first industrial park, outside of Cleveland, Ohio. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Hispania: Revista Española de Historia is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia Contemporanea is the property of Historia Contemporania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

'(Pre)Modern sleep' by Dr Gerrit Verhoeven is an innovative contribution that affords an intriguing glimpse of sleep duration and the impact of seasonality in a large early modern city. To be placed by Verhoeven among the 3% who awakened naturally, did deponents need to state specifically that they had been aroused before, during or after their "first" or "second sleep", or, for that matter, could they have employed in their testimony some similar term in Dutch hitherto unfamiliar to historians, including Verhoeven? How exactly Verhoeven's brief discussion of "chronic sleep deprivation" relates to a third factor that I have advanced pertaining to heightened sleep propensity arising from later sleep onset in the 1800s is unclear, if not irrelevant as he himself appears to conclude (Ekirch, 2015; Verhoeven, 2020). Verhoeven is incorrect, as was I in 2005, to assume that low-intensity candles or oil lamps might have been capable of altering circadian rhythms and, more specifically, people's sleep-wake cycle (Ekirch, 2005, 2015; Verhoeven, 2020). [Extracted from the article]

Gas lighting was born around the turn of the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries and was in general use indoors and outdoors until before WWII. Duchamp, in his early years, was impressed by the view of the Welsbach burner, a particular form of gas lighting device and included it in his installation Etant donnés... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 'cover' of Julio Cortázar's short story Axolotl, in which the narrator's obsession with salamanders is replaced by an obsession with Marcel Duchamp's Étant donnés. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography is a useful tool in geotechnical, hydrogeological or fluid/gas plume migration studies. It allows better characterization of deep subsurface structures and monitoring of the involved processes. However, due to the large amount of possible four-electrode combinations between boreholes, the choice of the most efficient ones for rapid plume migration experiments (real-time monitoring), becomes a challenge. In this work, a numerical simulation to assess the capabilities and constraints of the most common cross-hole configurations for real-time monitoring is presented. Four-electrode configurations, sensitivity, dependence on the body location and amount of data were taken into account. The analysis of anomaly detection and the symmetry of the sensitivity pattern of cross-hole configurations allowed significant reduction of the amount of data and maintaining the maximum potential resolution of each configuration for real-time monitoring. The obtained results also highlighted the benefit of using the cross-hole AB–MN configuration (with both current – or potential – electrodes located in the same borehole) combined with other configurations with complementary sensitivity pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tis article analyzes the environmental deterioration of forest resources resulting from the introduction of technical innovations in street lighting in the mid-19th century. It shows how, in the 1850s, the growing use of turpentine, obtained by distilling the natural resin secreted by some tree species, replaced the burning of animal fats and oils in street lamps. Tis change had a damaging impact on the forests of the volcano La Malintzi, which towers above the two cities.