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Chapter 45 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter deals with feeds and feeding livestock. It describes the chemical composition of the feed-stock. It also presents a discussion of the valuable feeding standards for farm animals including the Wolff-Lehmann Standards, the Armsby Standards and the Haecker Standard for Dairy Cows.

Chapter 80 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter discusses education and information resources for the farmer. It provides an overview of the history of agriculture in secondary schools in the U.S. The necessity for access to a library to farmers is stressed.

Chapter 79 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter discusses the housing and clothing of people living in farms. It describes the functions of various parts of the house including the kitchen, pantry and sleeping rooms. A farm woman is said to be responsible for ensuring that the members of her household are dressed economically.

Chapter 78 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter discusses the functions of food materials. The need of food is attributed to constant oxidizing processes in the body and the quantity of metabolic products produced and excreted. Also explained is the composition and functions of such foodstuffs as protein, fats and carbohydrates.

Chapter 77 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter provides information on insecticides and fungicides in agriculture. The two disadvantages of Paris green insecticide are its burning action and weight which causes it settle when used in water. It enumerates compatible combination of insecticides and fungicides including arsenate of lead and acids.

Chapter 76 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter deals with the principal insect pests of farm crops and their control. Among the general crop insects are caterpillars, locusts and plant lice. It recommends spraying plums and cherries with arsenate of lead to control grubs.

Chapter 75 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter discusses diseases of farm, garden and orchard crops. Among the causes of plant diseases are fungi and parasitic flowering plants. It stresses the need for farmers to report the presence of disease on crops to the agricultural experiment station of their respective state and seek advice regarding the treatment.

Chapter 74 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter provides insights on diseases of domestic animals and their management. It stresses the importance of a study of the efficacy of sound food and pure water, among others, to the success of animal management. Also cited is the need for stockmen to exercise common sense in health and disease management of domestic animals.

Chapter 73 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. This chapter discusses the need for farmers' markets, factors to consider in marketing agricultural products and the role of co-operative associations in the U.S. The cost of distribution of such products, the role of middlemen and of consumers are tackled. The pricing of agricultural products, and the pros and cons of direct-selling to consumers are also examined.

Chapter 72 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. This chapter discusses the importance of keeping farm records and accounts. The recommended approach to cost accounting and bookkeeping, and the classification of farm records and accounts are tackled. A sample set of farm accounts to demonstrate a proper record-keeping method is presented.

Chapter 71 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. This chapter deals with the factors to consider in securing capital for farming. The easiest way to secure capital for farming is said to be through becoming a tenant. The problems associated with agricultural credit in the U.S., the role of Germany-based Raiffeinsen Bank in financing farmers and the issues about farm mortgages are discussed.

Chapter 70 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. This chapter discusses various aspects related to farm labor in the U.S. The social relation of farm labor, its scarcity and the extent of employment in farms are tackled. The demand for labor, hours of work, wages and productivity are also discussed.

Chapter 69 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. This chapter discusses various aspects related to land rental and farm tenancy in the U.S. The three classes of land-owners who rent their land are said to include retired farmers, business men and speculators. The advantages of share rental as well as the importance of securing proper understanding between the landlord and tenant are explained.

Chapter 68 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. This chapter discusses the factors to consider in developing a plan for farm and farmstead. The farmstead is said to include the portion of the farm where the farm buildings and feedlots are located. The factors to consider to determine the best position for the farmstead include the size of the farmstead and grouping of the buildings.

Chapter 67 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. This chapter discusses cropping and livestock feeding systems on a farm. It tackles the relationships of crops and livestock on farm management. The advantages of two crop rotations on the same farm and the relationship of feeding system with cost of production are also discussed.

Chapter 66 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. This chapter discusses the relationship of size and diversity of farm with efficiency. The notion of diversified farming, which may pertain to the production of a selected products or of a large number of products, is explained. The advantages of special farming, which refers to the production of one produce, and of diversified farming are tackled.

Chapter 65 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. This chapter discusses the differences between intensive and extensive farming. The methods involved in intensive farming may include the use of better procedures for the improvement and maintenance of soil fertility. Extensive farming is said to require smaller amount of labor and capital per unit of area.

Chapter 64 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. This chapter discusses the factors that affect the cost of producing crops and animal products in farms in the U.S. Such factors include crop yields, labor of men and teams, equipment, land values, and taxes, insurance and depreciation. The measures to be taken in reducing the cost of production are tackled, particularly in terms of efficiency and expenses.

Chapter 63 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It focuses on the factors that identify best type of farming, such as the man, climate and topography. It notes that the supply and demand of all agricultural products are subject to greater fluctuation compared to any other line of production. It cites that climate and the grazing period affect the livestock production.

Chapter 62 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of farming as compared with other occupations. It discusses farm management, the application of the science and practice of soil management, crop production and the raising of domestic animals, to the business of farming. It says that the advantages of the farm as a home lie mainly in the lessened cost of living.

Chapter 61 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It focuses on farm drainage and irrigation. It discusses the engineering features of land drainage. It cites that one of the chief sources of irrigation water is perennial streams.

Chapter 60 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It focuses on farm sanitation. It discusses the five distinct branches of farm sanitation, namely, lighting, heating, ventilation, water supply and sewage disposal. Among the several sources of light for isolated farm homes are kerosene lamps, gasoline lamps and acetylene gas.

Chapter 59 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It focuses on farm engines, motors and tractors. It discusses the two distinct types of gas engines on the market which are utilized for agricultural purposes, namely, the four-stroke cycle and the two-stroke cycle engine. It cites the advantages and disadvantages of belts.

Chapter 58 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It focuses on agricultural machinery and implements. It explains the advantages of farm machinery. It notes that farmers in the U.S. spend over $100,000 yearly for the purchase of farm machinery.

Chapter 57 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It focuses on farm buildings, fences and gates. It stresses the need for the out-buildings of the farmstead, consisting of sheds, cribs and milk house to be grouped with reference to accessibility and appearance. It notes that the main purposes of farm fences and gates are for the confinement of stock and poultry and for ornamentation.

Chapter 56 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It focuses on farm butter-making in the U.S. It discusses the methods of ripening cream. It cites several things which must be taken into consideration in the selection of dairy apparatus, such as simplicity of construction, ease of cleaning and durability.

Chapter 55 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It focuses on the production of clean milk in the U.S. It discusses different classes of milk such as sanitary milk, guaranteed milk and standardized milk. It explains various equipment and methods used for milk production, including milkers, strainers and handling the milk.

Chapter 54 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It focuses on dairy cattle breeds. It discusses the origin, development and characteristics of several dairy breeds. It cites that among the U.S. dairy breeds are Ayrshire, Brown Swiss and Guernsey.