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The "Author Index" is a document that lists authors and their publications in the journal Contact Dermatitis. It includes authors from different countries and covers topics related to dermatitis and skin allergies. This index can be a valuable resource for library patrons conducting research in the field of dermatology, as it provides a comprehensive list of authors and their works. It is a useful tool for exploring specific topics within the field. [Extracted from the article]

Recent literature has argued that decentralization can create new forms of leverage for criminal gangs, increasing their territorial presence and levels of violence. In this article we reverse the causal arrow and analyze how gangs affect the performance of decentralized institutions. We study the case of El Salvador, a country with the ubiquitous presence of gangs. We find that the higher presence of gangs reduced municipalities' fiscal revenues, thereby increasing their dependence on transfers from the central government. This result is mostly driven by mid-size municipalities, as the effect is not significant for small and large municipalities. In addition to depressing revenues, gang presence was also associated with lower municipal spending and less service provision, effectively hollowing out municipal governance. The drop in municipal spending is particularly strong in capital spending and in small municipalities. The article also finds that gangs undermine economic activity – not just in the municipalities where they operate but through spill-over effects in neighboring jurisdictions as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminological imagination requires that criminologists adopt multiple perspectives on their study subjects, shifting backwards and forwards between the personal and remote, the micro and the macro, or the theoretical and the empirical. Criminology should thus be 'refractive' (Frauley 2015: 21), harnessing the multi-perspectivism of social life to produce fuller, sharper analyses that reveal links between individual lives, social structures, and historical context. One such perspective is fa'a Sāmoa criminology. Not much is known about this worldview or its relationship with criminology, let alone its application as a credible epistemology. This article argues that Western criminology is not the only way to generate new knowledge and recommended solutions and that instead fa'a Sāmoa criminology offers an alternative way. Two qualitative case studies demonstrate how Sāmoan thinking and doing applies in the contexts of Sāmoan young people's interaction with the youth justice system and hard-to-reach gang-involved Sāmoan peoples. Key implications are highlighted and recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This unique qualitative study updates current literature on gangs and sexual violence by incorporating digital practices. This study applies the framework of technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV) which combines cyberstalking, coerced sexting, online sexual harassment, and sextortion, to the lived experience of young people in and around gangs in London. Findings are generated from a study that took place January–July 2015, which involved 240 young people taking part in 12 focus groups. Data is triangulated with content analysis of social media sites belonging to local gangs. Exploration of patriarchal and gendered practices that normalize sexual violence in gangs on and offline will be discussed. The link between gangs, TFSV, and criminal exploitation will also be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, health criminology—the study of health outcomes for justice‐involved individuals and their families—has gained traction in the field. We extend health criminology to the study of street gangs by drawing on the stress process perspective. Gang membership is conceptualized as a primary stressor that leads to secondary stressors with direct and indirect adverse effects on mental health. Leaving a gang, we hypothesize, offers relief by shrinking the stress universe to improve mental health. We test the gang disengagement–mental health link using panel data from a sample of 510 active gang members in the Northwestern Juvenile Project, longitudinal entropy balancing models, and mental health outcomes related to both clinical diagnosis and functional impairment. The results indicate that gang disengagement leads to improvements in mental health and functioning. Compared with those who stayed in gangs, those who left experienced improvements in global functioning, overall mental health diagnosis, behavior toward others functioning, substance abuse functioning, and alcohol‐related diagnoses. Secondary stressors partially, but not fully, mediated this association. Our findings extend the inventory of research on the benefits of disengagement from gangs to health outcomes and support interventions designed to promote gang disengagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence and influence of gangs on adolescents and young adults remain a concern in Western Cape, South Africa—particularly as they have one of the largest gang presence. While less attention has been focused on young women, there is a need to elucidate the relationship between gang exposure and health behaviors, such substance use, in addition to understanding whether becoming a caregiver impacts this relationship. This study uses baseline data from 496 participants enrolled in a NIDA-funded R01 trial that recruited young women aged 16 to 19 who were out of school and reported recent alcohol or other drug use and sexual risk behavior. At enrollment, a risk behavior survey was administered, and urine drug screening was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine baseline associations between childbirth, a gang exposure index based on eight items, and positive drug screens of the most prevalent drugs in the Western Cape (marijuana, methaqualone, and methamphetamine). At enrollment, approximately 39% of the sample had a positive urine screen for marijuana, 17% for methaqualone, and 11% for methamphetamine. Additionally, 28% had ever given birth. While only 6% reported ever being a member of a gang, most reported exposure to gangs through their physical and social environments. For all three drugs, gang exposure was associated with statistically significantly higher odds of a positive screen. Every one-point increase in the gang exposure index was associated with a 31% increase in the odds of a positive marijuana screen (p <.001), a 26% increase for methaqualone (p = 0.005) and a 37% increase in the odds of a positive methamphetamine screen (p <.001). Ever given birth was associated with lower odds of marijuana use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.42–0.96), but it was not associated with methaqualone or methamphetamine use. The findings suggest that exposure to gangs through young women's social and physical environment is positively associated with drug use. Childbirth was also protective for marijuana use, indicating there may be something unique about this type of drug, such as one's ability to more easily stop use. Although very few young women reported gang membership, a majority reported some exposure, indicating the need to address how pervasive this exposure is and the potential risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study a gang territorial model consisting of two parabolic and two ordinary differential equations, where a taxis-type mechanism models that the two rivaling gangs are repelled by each other's graffiti. Our main analytical finding shows the existence of global, bounded classical solutions. By making use of quantitative global estimates, we prove that these solutions converge to homogeneous steady states if the initial data are sufficiently small. Moreover, we perform numerical experiments which show that for different choices of parameters, the system may become diffusion- or convection-dominated, where in the former case the solutions converge toward constant steady states while in the latter case nontrivial asymptotic behavior such as segregation is observed. In order to perform these experiments, we apply a nonlinear finite element flux-corrected transport method (FEM-FCT) which is positivity-preserving. Then we treat the nonlinearities in both the system and the proposed nonlinear scheme simultaneously using fixed-point iteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the 165,000 or so convicts transported from across the British Empire to Australia between 1788 and 1868, approximately 9,000 men entered the gates of the Port Arthur penal station in Van Diemen's Land. Over its lifetime (1830–1877) Port Arthur was reputed to be one of Australia's harshest places of incarceration. During its final years as a penal station (1856–1877), due to its aging and declining population, it earned a reputation for housing the old, decrepit, and useless dregs of the convict system. Despite the growing body of literature on Port Arthur's convict workers, there has been little discussion on the management of labour gangs after 1856. This article examines a cohort of 198 variously aged and skilled Port Arthur convicts discovered in six labour gang ledgers and places them within the broad landscape of the settlement's industrial activities. Through the examination of the Convict Department records, I will argue that despite its aging population Port Arthur was an efficient and productive place of industry. Moreover, I will show that many of these men were skilled and able-bodied workers and not just the aged and ailing remnants of the convict system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has indicated the relevance of gang membership and victimisation as risk factors for predicting the perpetration of gun violence. However, there is a dearth of research that has examined the potential that gang membership may moderate the impact of victimisation on gun violence perpetration. This study examined this prospect within a sample of justice-involved youth. The Pathways to Desistance dataset was analysed. Generalised estimating equations were used to test for direct and interactive effects of gang membership and victimisation while accounting for nested error corresponding to the repeated measures in this 11-wave longitudinal dataset. Results indicated that gang membership was associated with an increased risk of gun violence perpetration, but not victimisation. The hypothesised interaction effect was also nonsignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study examines how the public views gangs, surveying 1,000 US adults using a vignette of a teenage collective. Through a factorial design, elements crucial to gang definition debates were randomly manipulated: the name of the group, its racial composition, behavior severity, and organizational structure. Findings reveal that a name associated with known gangs significantly impacts perception, making it more likely for a group to be identified as a gang. The collective’s activity and organizational structure also swayed perceptions, with violent and structured groups more readily classified as gangs. Surprisingly, the group’s racial makeup did not markedly alter perceptions, although joint effects show it did affect the interpretation of other factors. These insights suggest a need to reassess how research shapes our understanding of gangs and, in turn, how public concerns inform policymakers; highlighting the nuances in public opinion that could factor into legal responsibility and guide future legislative decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a reflection upon Alexander's (2024. The Asian Gang Revisited: Changing Muslim Masculinities. London: Bloomsbury Publishers.) The Asian Gang Revisited, I highlight challenges with “revisits”. They rest on a colonialist anthropological assumption: that you can go back to your tribe, and as a primitive community you’re welcome to assume that they are largely stuck in place. It’s thereby easy enough to reevaluate your claims. Alexander provides us with a powerful solution to this troubling problem: “Salvage ethnography”. This approach suggests both treasures and wreckage. Salvage creates real challenges for explanation, but also evokes an archaeological approach fruitfully deployed in other epistemic communities. It opens the possibility for a broader archaeological ethnographic practice that can help us think through what we should do with data yielded from methods that might not get us to the truth but may achieve understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study discusses the assults of the Hilltop Youth gangs on Palestinians in the hills and mountains of the West Bank, using Khirbet Hassan in Biddya as a case study. The study will introduce the area, the Hilltop Youth gangs, their origins, goals, supporters, and their clashes with landowners. The study highlights the methods used by these gangs to uproot landowners from their lands in Khirbet Hassan. It also discusses the personal tactics and strategies used by farmers and landowners to defend against and monitor attacks by these armed gangs on them and their lands. Objectives: The study aims to highlight the role of the Zionist Hilltop Youth gangs in establishing settlement outposts in the hills and mountain tops of the West Bank, and their attacks on Palestinian lands, taking the lands of Khirbet Hassan in Biddya as a model. Methodology: The study utilized a combination of historical oral documentation, analytical methods, and qualitative approaches to demonstrate the daily suffering experienced by the agricultural landowners in Khirbet Hassan. Results: The study showed the brutality of these gangs, supported by the Israeli occupation, in bulldozing Palestinian farmers' lands, uprooting their planted trees, vandalizing retaining walls, and preventing them from accessing their lands. Conclusion: The study concluded that it is necessary for the farmers in Khirbet Hassan to cooperate and be present on their lands in groups to be able to defend the attacks of these gangs. It also concluded that it is essential for the Palestinian authority to support these landowners legally and financially and to raise their awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth gang membership is a significant public health concern linked to violent victimization. However, not all victimized youth join gangs, highlighting the need to study mitigating factors. Ethnic and racial identity (ERI) is a potential factor, but research has shown mixed results. This study used longitudinal self-report data from the Pathways to Desistance project to examine ERI's two facets – exploration and affirmation. Findings revealed that victimization increased both ERI aspects, but they had opposite effects on gang-joining. Higher affirmation reduced gang-joining odds and higher exploration increased them. These results highlight the importance of promoting ERI affirmation in gang involvement prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a breadth of U.S. scholarship on gangs/gang violence exists, there is currently scant research about the psychological/indoctrination processes used to transform civilians into gang members, especially from a Canadian perspective. To address this gap in the literature this article draws on the military scholarship relating to intense indoctrination to (a) inform our understanding of how youth are psychologically transformed/indoctrinated into a street/gang life, (b) the psychological/traumatic impact of such indoctrination, and (c) the role street indoctrination plays in young people's capacity to survive a gang life. This article draws on autoethnography to enable the author, a former gang/justice-involved person, to provide an up-close, reflexive, and intimate perspective into "street indoctrination." Such a perspective is often missing from the extant gang scholarship as few formerly gang-involved persons are able to speak about their experiences from the privileged space of academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweden, often cited as an exemplary welfare state, has experienced a significant increase in gang-related gun violence in recent years. In parallel, Finland debates the growing problem of youth violence and street gangs. The media discourse surrounding these issues often focuses on 'gangsta rap' and certain artists within the genre. Despite rap music's popularity and expression of underprivileged and racialised youth globally, it has earlier been subject to policing and criminalisation, now introduced in the Nordic countries. Using Finnish and Swedish media discourse and rap lyrics and videos as data, this article contributes to prior understanding by 1) linking narratives of 'gangsta rap' to the dismantling of the Nordic welfare state, 2) highlighting the racist targeting of ethnic minorities through the public discussions of rappers and 3) discussing similarities and differences between Sweden and Finland, adding nuance to understanding how rap and its criminalisation vary across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide expansion of community supervision has resulted in large-scale reliance on probation officers to facilitate change among both youth and adults. This is especially true for supervising high-risk populations, such as gang-involved individuals. To understand how probation officers balance the dual goals of public safety and rehabilitation, in-depth interviews with 12 youth and adult officers in Oregon were conducted. Results revealed that both groups had a shared understanding of gang pathways and desistance barriers. However, they held differing views on the factors that drive success and compliance. Youth officers utilize therapeutic philosophies and emphasize restoration through community resources to help youth desist from gang activity. Adult officers endorse law enforcement philosophies, emphasize accountability and personal choices, and center punitive strategies when using interagency collaboration. This study contributes to the literature on role perceptions and decision-making, and suggests that continuity of care in supervision philosophies can yield more successful outcomes for high-risk youth and adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminological imagination requires that criminologists adopt multiple perspectives on their study subjects, shifting backwards and forwards between the personal and remote, the micro and the macro, or the theoretical and the empirical. Criminology should thus be ‘refractive’ (Frauley 2015: 21), harnessing the multi-perspectivism of social life to produce fuller, sharper analyses that reveal links between individual lives, social structures, and historical context. One such perspective is fa’a Sāmoa criminology. Not much is known about this worldview or its relationship with criminology, let alone its application as a credible epistemology. This article argues that Western criminology is not the only way to generate new knowledge and recommended solutions and that instead fa’a Sāmoa criminology offers an alternative way. Two qualitative case studies demonstrate how Sāmoan thinking and doing applies in the contexts of Sāmoan young people’s interaction with the youth justice system and hard-to-reach gang-involved Sāmoan peoples. Key implications are highlighted and recommended.

In "The Biden Plan for Securing Our Values as a Nation of Immigrants" (hereinafter "Biden Plan"), then-candidate Joe Biden promised to "reassert America's commitment to asylum-seekers and refugees." Three years into his presidency, how far has the Biden Administration come in their efforts to create a more humane asylum system? And has the treatment of unaccompanied minors seen any significant improvements? This article examines the Trump Administration's attempts to permanently alter the US asylum system. After trying to categorically ban all claims that were based on persecution by "private actors," the Trump Administration seized on the COVID-19 pandemic as a convenient pretext for taking away even some of the most basic human rights protections that asylum-seekers have enjoyed for generations. This article will argue that the Biden Administration, despite their efforts to restore some basic protections, continues to criminalize and institutionalize many unaccompanied minors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an increased focus on the factors that influence gang continuity given the short- and long-term consequences associated with gang membership. Despite this, Asian gangs—notably the Hmong—have rarely been at the center of these academic inquiries. This is especially troubling given that their cultural and historical profile provides a unique vantage point for assessing how culture, diaspora, and immigration affect social deviance and crime. Considering these empirical gaps, the current study examines the motivations associated with gang persistence by analyzing life history interviews and ethnographic observations among a sample of 34 current and former Hmong gang members in the United States. Emergent themes suggest that brother love, perceptions of power, and a sense of obligation ensnare individuals in gang life for extended periods of time, with notable geographic and cultural distinctions. These findings highlight important avenues for future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knife crime in the UK is on the increase, prompting an emphasis in education policy on the role of secondary schools in addressing gang violence. Very little is known, however, about how teachers in secondary schools experience this new role. This article helps to fill this gap in the literature by foregrounding teachers' perspectives on gang violence in an East London secondary school. It analyses their teaching practices through an 'ethics of care' lens, understanding 'care' as an inherently relational practice based on mutuality and trust. The article shows how these qualities are being subverted by individualised approaches to care in education, which reproduce rather than challenge the violent care offered by gangs. It argues that the political dimensions of care must be reclaimed if efforts by schools to address gang violence are to be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the longitudinal dynamics of youth gang transformation in urban Nicaragua. On the basis of an overview of successive gang iterations that have emerged over the past 30 years in barrio Luis Fanor Hernández, a poor neighborhood in Managua, the capital city of Nicaragua, the article identifies key elements for the articulation of a political economy of both change and stability. In particular, drawing on Bourdieusian theory, it conceives of a gang as a "social field" rather than as a discrete organizational form. It traces how different processes of individual and collective capital accumulation underpinning the social order promulgated by distinct gang iterations emerge and interact with each other, and the consequences that this has for their evolution over time. In doing so, the article offers a better understanding of the logic of what might be termed "gang rule(s)". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interventional reality programmes often give rise to speculations about how they treat their contributors. However, little is known about the actual production practices that lie behind these complex and often contradictory media texts. Based on in-depth interviews with crew members of a variety of popular formats, this article explores how ordinary people are turned into subjects of emancipation and spectacular transformations. By analysing the ideals, tactics and constraints characterising this process, I address how particular discursive and organisational mechanisms support or hinder morally viable compromises in situations where the imperative of 'selling strong performances' and personal standpoints come into conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious groups and street gangs typically exhibit contrasting cultural systems that produce different behavioral consequences, especially relating to crime and violence. This study introduces and develops the isolated and integrated affiliation models to explain the potential intersection of gang membership and religious affiliation. The isolated affiliation model predicts that gang membership and personal religiosity are incompatible affiliations and will not overlap. The integrated affiliation model predicts that individuals can simultaneously embrace and negotiate gang and religious affiliations even when they seem opposed to each other. Using Add Health data, this study examines the intersection between religiosity, youth gang membership, and violence. Findings indicate that gang members do report being religious, although they are significantly less religious than non-gang peers on three of the four individual measures of religiosity, with a marginally significant difference on the overall religiosity scale. Among the full sample, religiosity is inversely associated with violence while gang membership is positively associated with violence. Among a gang-only subsample, personal religiosity is inversely related to the prevalence but not the extent of violence. These findings provide insight into potential role and identity conflicts experienced by religious youth gang members. Seemingly oppositional affiliations can overlap with religious life, influencing some forms of behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the mid-2000s, extortion has impacted social and economic development in El Salvador significantly. Against the grain of the extant literature, which predominantly takes for granted that extorted businesses are passive victims, we leverage business surveys and 103 interviews, primarily with 54 micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in the San Salvador metropolitan area, El Salvador, to explore (a) the impact of extortion and (b) how businesses operate in the face of extortion. We conducted some interviews before and others during the state of exception in force since March 2022, garnering unique insight into both impacts and business strategies. By way of statistical analyses, we elucidate the differential impact of extortion on Salvadoran MSEs, showing that the very smallest businesses suffer a disproportionately heavy burden. Drawing upon extensive fieldwork, we find that MSEs (a) act strategically in the face of extortion, (b) adopt a diversity of strategies to manage extortion on a continuum from avoidance to adaptation, negotiation, and resistance, and (c) have different ranges of strategies available to them, largely varying according to the businesses' mix of tangible and intangible resources, which MSEs leverage to manage extortion and ameliorate its impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a change in the Danish gang milieu in 2008, where ethnic minority street gangs challenged the established outlaw motorcycle gangs, the Danish government has formulated three anti-gang policy 'packages'. To unfold the development they represent to Nordic penology, this article analyses elements of both penal exceptionalism and excess. In this article, it is shown how the packages are based on the notion of gang membership as a choice, which legitimated the development of a parallel justice system for gang members. This foundation is built upon a gang-specific subsection that allows for the doubling of gang-related sentences and for restricting prisoner rights and traditional rehabilitative treatment for gang-related convicts. The packages, however, maintained 'a way out' for gang members who voluntarily entered a formal EXIT program, and thus gained access to traditional penal treatment and also support for leaving the gang milieu. It is argued that the packages represent a development of intended bifurcation based on status differentiation between citizen groups, a process also observed in regard to Danish anti-ghetto policies. Thus, rather than resembling a general turn to punitiveness, the packages indicate a penological development based on penal differentiation, which raises questions about access to justice for those found wanting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractExtant studies on gangs have primarily focused on the adverse effects of gang activity on communities and risk factors for involvement, while information on the impacts of engagement in deviant leisure activities associated with gangs on the health and well-being of gang members is lacking. Therefore, using constructivist grounded theory and the biopsychosocial model, this study explored the impacts of gang affiliation and related leisure on the physical and mental well-being and life prospects of former gang members. Data were collected through 39 in-depth interviews with 38 former gang members and recreation practitioners working with gangs. Findings revealed that gang-related leisure was detrimental to physical health, leading to acquired addictions, injuries, and disabilities. Mental health consequences included depression, suicidal ideation, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders, emotional detachment, and anger issues. These psychological traumas, guilt, self-doubts, trust issues, and the stigma of gang membership negatively affected their social relations and life prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happens to the gang ties of people when they leave prison and return to the community? There is much speculation but little empirical research concerning carceral gang spillover, which refers to the reproduction of prison gang associations, identities, politics, and structures in communities. This study examined continuity and change in gang embeddedness in a representative sample of 802 men in Texas interviewed in prison and reinterviewed twice upon release. Based on a series of multilevel models this study arrived at four main conclusions. First, prisons are a vector of gang activity. Embeddedness in gangs dropped markedly after release from prison and continued to recede with temporal distance from prison. Second, the residue of imprisonment was moderated by pre-release gang status. Negative linear trends were stronger for active gang members and weaker for former and never gang members. Third, a temporary surge in gang identification occurred for active and former gang members despite continued declines in gang associations, reflecting a behavioral-cognitive decoupling. Finally, the types of groups with which prisoners affiliated contoured trajectories of gang embeddedness. The declining significance of gangs with prisoner reentry opens productive lines of inquiry on carceral gang spillover and offers policy and practice guidance concerning reentering populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines an observed contradiction in a city with a high level of group-based youth violence and some juvenile justice stakeholders who deny the presence of gangs. Drawing on interviews and focus groups, we use framing theory to understand how definitions of gangs are constructed and contested. We attend to the language and rhetorical strategies used by stakeholders and find two distinct frames at work which we call "community health" and "community safety." Our findings have implications for those planning youth violence interventions or research, as the terminology and framing used during the early stages of these projects can impact the investment of necessary stakeholders as well as outcomes for youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two groups produce a network good perceived by a third party, such as a police or military institution, as a 'public bad', referred to as 'crime' for simplicity. These two groups, considered mafias, are assumed to be antagonists, whether they are enemies or competitors in the same market, causing harm to each other's activities. This paper provides guidelines for the policymaker, typically the police, seeking to minimize overall crime levels by internalizing these negative externalities. One specific question is investigated: the allocation of resources for the police. In general, we recommend a balanced crackdown on both antagonists, but an imbalance in group sizes may lead the police to focus on the more criminal group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Rap Rhyme, Prison Time: How Prosecutors Use Rap Evidence in Gang Cases" explores the use of rap lyrics and videos as evidence in criminal trials, particularly those involving gangs. The authors argue that this practice can lead to discrimination and misinterpretation of rap as evidence of criminal behavior. They call for a more nuanced approach that considers the history and conventions of rap music. The article also discusses the prevalence of this practice in California and the potential for stereotypes and prejudice to impact who is labeled as a gang member. It highlights the use of gang injunctions and criminal gang enhancements in California, which can violate constitutional rights. The article provides examples of cases where rap evidence was introduced and discusses the consequences, including severe sentences and First Amendment concerns. It emphasizes the need to recognize rap as an art form and to understand its complex relationship with gangs. The article also explores the motivations and linguistic practices of rap music, as well as the commercialization of violent themes in rap. It concludes by recommending a more careful and limited use of rap-related evidence in court, the inclusion of rap music experts as witnesses, and the recognition of rap as a legitimate art form. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the Cook gang, a group of outlaws that committed a string of robberies and other crimes in Indian Territory in the late 1800s. It examines the life of the gang's leader, Bill Cook, who had a troubled childhood and was associated with "reckless" men, and despite being praised for his service as a posse member and knowing the haunts of many outlaws, Cook turned to a life of criminal.

The article recounts the crimes committed by the Rufus Buck gang, a group of outlaws from the Creek Nation who went on a crime spree in Indian Territory in 1895. It mentions that provides details of some of the crimes committed by the gang, including the assault and rape of a young girl in front of her father and the brutal assault of a woman named Mrs. Wilson.

The article is about the Ingalls gunfight that took place on September 1, 1893, in Oklahoma Territory, between the U.S. marshals and a group of outlaws that included Bill Doolin, Tulsa Jack, Dynamite Dick, and Bitter Creek. It mentions that the gunfight resulted in the death of Bill Doolin, and several; other members of the gang.

Introduction: Gang‐involved youth experience greater disparities in sexual health compared to non‐gang‐involved youth. Yet, little is known about how and why sexual behaviors vary within the youth gang population. Developing relevant and effective service approaches requires an understanding of this variation and the environmental factors that influence patterns of sexual health risk. Methodology and Results: Using latent class analysis, we identified four sexual behavior classes within a school‐based sample of gang‐involved youth in Washington State (N = 2060): Non‐Sexually Active (54%), Limited Partners with Condom Use (14%), Multiple Partner with Sexting (19%), and High Sexual Vulnerability (13%). These classes were distinguished by age at sexual debut, number of sexual partners, condom use, and sexting. Interpersonal and macrosocial factors differentiated the classes, including multiform violence exposures, limited social support, and socioeconomic instability. We also found differences according to sexual identity and substance use. Discussion: Findings highlight the need for service approaches that are responsive to both the individual needs of gang‐involved youth and the factors that shape their living environments. We discuss the implications for research and practice, including the potential utility of a harm reduction framework to promote sexual health and reduce disparities in the youth gang population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the security policies and governance of President Nayib Bukele in El Salvador. It acknowledges that Bukele has consolidated power through his "war on gangs" and repressive tactics, which has led to concerns about democratic erosion. The article discusses Bukele's approach to combating crime, including his controversial "Territorial Control Plan" and the construction of a large prison complex. It also highlights the economic challenges faced by El Salvador under Bukele's administration and questions the long-term effectiveness of his policies. The article concludes by raising concerns about the future of democracy in the country. [Extracted from the article]