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Energy sources, one of the key elements of economic growth and development, have recently come to the forefront in terms of sustainability, security of supply, low cost, and environmental impact. Therefore, the diversification of energy sources is becoming more important; in this regard many countries are investing especially in renewable energy sources. This trend plays an important role in the decarbonization of the energy sector. The aim of this study is to analyze the convergence of electricity capacity in G20 countries, which account for two-thirds of the world population and have a dominant position in the world economy. Accordingly, the analysis was carried out for total electricity capacity and its sources (nuclear, fossil fuels, and renewables). Unlike other studies in the literature, this study utilizes nonlinear unit root tests with Fourier function, which models nonlinearity and structural break, the two main problems in unit root tests, within the framework of recent developments in time series analysis. According to the findings of the analysis, it was concluded that the converging countries are in line with the G20 policies in terms of electricity capacity and its sources and that there is no need for policy changes in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the sustainability of smart cities is crucial for promoting sustainable development. Traditionally, this evaluation process has traditionally been carried out using the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis approach. However, this approach relies upon a unified input dataset, which can lead to oversimplification, particularly in the context of sustainability. Further, the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis approach does not take account of how sustainability evolves over time. This paper introduces a time-based sustainability assessment technique that combines the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis approach with an established method of assessing performance variability, recognized as the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations. The resulting framework, called Enhanced Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations, was used to evaluate the sustainability of smart cities and communities across the G20 countries, based on aggregated data, individual sustainability dimensions, and scenarios. The results demonstrate the effectiveness, relevance, and applicability of the new approach, which provides a significant advance in the field of sustainable city evaluation by facilitating multi-period evaluations of sustainable cities and enabling multi-perspective evaluations of sustainability assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered one of the main factors responsible for one of the greatest challenges faced by the world today: climate change. On the other hand, with the increase in energy demand due to the increase in population and industrialization, the emission of CO2 has increased rapidly in the past few decades. However, the world's leaders, including the United Nations, are now taking serious action on how to minimize the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. Towards this end, accurate modeling and monitoring of historical CO2 can help in the development of rational policies. This study aims to analyze the carbon emitted by the Group Twenty (G20) countries for the period 1971–2021. The datasets include CO2 emissions, nonrenewable energy (NREN), renewable energy (REN), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Urbanization (URB). Various regression-based models, including multiple linear regression models, quantile regression models, and panel data models with different variants, were used to quantify the influence of independent variables on the response variable. In this study, CO2 is a response variable, and the other variables are covariates. The ultimate objective was to choose the best model among the competing models. It is noted that the USA, Canada, and Australia produced the highest amount of CO2 consistently for the entire duration; however, in the last decade (2011–2021) it has decreased to 12.63–17.95 metric tons per capita as compared to the duration of 1971–1980 (14.33–22.16 metric tons per capita). In contrast, CO2 emissions have increased in Saudi Arabia and China recently. For modeling purposes, the duration of the data has been divided into two independent, equal parts: 1971–1995 and 1996–2021. The panel fixed effect model (PFEM) and panel mixed effect model (PMEM) outperformed the other competing models using model selection and model prediction criteria. Different models provide different insights into the relationship between CO2 emissions and independent variables. In the later duration, all models show that REN has negative impacts on CO2 emissions, except the quantile regression model with tau = 0.25. In contrast, NREN has strong positive impacts on CO2 emissions. URB has significantly negative impacts on CO2 emissions globally. The findings of this study hold the potential to provide valuable information to policymakers on carbon emissions and monitoring globally. In addition, results can help in addressing some of the sustainable development goals of the United Nation Development Programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies examined sustainability-innovation and banking-innovation linkages separately. This research addresses that gap by jointly analyzing the relationships between environmental sustainability, five banking performance metrics, and technology innovation in G20 nations from 1990 to 2022. The study constructs a banking performance index from five indicators, including return on assets, equity, deposits as a percent of GDP, risk scores, and market capitalization. A comprehensive IV-GMM approach controls for endogeneity using lagged variables as instruments in a two-step GMM model, along with the Lewbel method. Additional robustness is provided by cross-sectional, time-series FGLS regression. Results show sustainability consistently boosts innovation directly. However, examining individual banking metrics reveals that the performance index negatively correlates with innovation, excluding risk scores. Most interaction terms mirror sustainability’s influence, though returns and concentrations diverge. Introducing interaction terms also inverts prior index relationships at times. Analyzing direct, interactive, and net impacts offers different views than indexing alone. The performance index positively links to net analyses versus other specifications. Overall, the findings provide empirically grounded insights into these dynamics within influential nations. Non-linearities are observed between aggregate and disaggregate banking indicators. Considering metrics from diverse analytical angles through a multidimensional lens informs optimized policy balances.

This study investigates the impact of energy consumption, military spending and information and communication technology (ICT) on CO2 emissions for the Group of Twenty (G20) countries using panel data covering the period from 1980 to 2019. This study employs cross-sectional dependence tests, unit root tests, and the Westerlund co-integration tests to explore the reliable, consistent, and unbiased long-run associations between the variables. Moreover, it uses the panel ARDL approach and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation to confirm the robustness of the findings, as well as addresses the endogeneity issue. This study reveals the significant and positive impact of military spending, energy consumption and ICT on CO2 emissions. The results imply that higher military expenditure, energy consumption, and technological advancement in ICT cause greater CO2 emissions, which affect the environmental sustainability. The findings have several implications for the governments of G20 countries, regulatory bodies and international organizations, and advises the policymakers to take appropriate action to control the CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the background of unbalanced global energy distribution and increased exogenous shocks to energy trade, major countries bear special responsibilities for energy security and the achievement of greenhouse gas emission reduction under the Paris Agreement. Stabilizing energy supply chains and deploying renewable energy on a large scale are seen as fundamental ways to address both issues. To this end, this paper uses a sample of G20 countries covering the period 1980–2020 to estimate the links between energy import dependence, renewable energy deployment, and carbon emissions per capita. The results indicate that the energy import dependence of G20 countries can act as a combined brake on carbon emissions in large developed countries and emerging market countries, suggesting that global energy trade also has an additional role in reducing carbon emissions. Oil import dependence as one of the robustness check strategies further confirms these findings. The impact mechanism estimates imply that the channel for reducing carbon emissions of energy import dependence was to prompt countries to accelerate renewable energy deployment. Within the established framework of energy demand and economic growth, the universal deployment of renewable energy is a fundamental way to achieve environmental friendliness. These findings provide insights into multinational coordinated policies that ensure open and cooperative international energy markets and a transnational energy trading system that puts humanity on a path to global carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impacts of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, urban population, and population size on economic growth. This study utilizes the Panel Unit Root Test, Pedroni's Residual-based Cointegration Test, and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) techniques to analyze data from 2010 to 2021 for 19 countries within the Group of Twenty (G20). The cointegration test indicates that renewable energy consumption, nonrenewable energy consumption, urban population, and total population are long-term associated with GDP growth. According to FMOLS estimates, renewable energy consumption has a positive impact on GDP growth in G20 countries. The impact of renewable energy consumption on GDP growth varies; natural gas consumption does not affect GDP growth, but petroleum consumption significantly affects GDP growth in G20 countries. Furthermore, the study identifies the urban population as a control variable that harms GDP growth. The empirical evidence derived from this study posits that it would be judicious for G20 policymakers to proactively institute a suite of policies that invigorate the advancement of renewable energy sources, given that such a course of action has been demonstrated to engender a notable augmentation in GDP growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important issues in recent years has been the issue of population aging and its effects on the economy. It is clear that aging leads to increased healthcare costs, decreased productivity, saving, investment, risk taking, etc.; finally, the economic growth will slow. On the other hand, it is necessary to address the issues of sustainable development, namely inequality, life expectancy, and green life for enhancing the quality of life. The application of artificial intelligence approaches such as machine learning (ML), artificial neural network (ANN), and deep learning (DL) can create condition that make the life easier for humans and make things easier. The aim of article is to pay attention to the importance of population aging and sustainable development goals in G20 countries and the potential application of artificial intelligence to increase the quality of life. Centralized programs can be considered to reduce the negative consequences of population aging and lack of attention to sustainable development goals. As a case study and in order to show the benefits of artificial intelligence, we have tried to predict the population changes in England. The main contribution of this article is that we have integrated the issue of sustainable development and aging problem in G20 countries in terms of theoretical and analytical study as a complementary method. We have tried to fill the gap between social science subjects such as aging and SDGs in G20 countries using AI-based potential applications. We used artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) as prediction methods. Some economic indicators such as GDP, inflation rate, and import are used as input variables. GA is used as feature selection and finding the most important variables. The results show that the rate of fertility is decreasing and the rate of aging is increasing. So, AI-based production and approaches can be impactful in achieving SDGs and improving elderly life. We can conclude that by investing and identifying potential threats, the effects of reduced economic growth and productivity can be prevented or reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Economic & Social Research is the property of Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evaluating the sustainability of smart cities is crucial for promoting sustainable development. Traditionally, this evaluation process has traditionally been carried out using the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis approach. However, this approach relies upon a unified input dataset, which can lead to oversimplification, particularly in the context of sustainability. Further, the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis approach does not take account of how sustainability evolves over time. This paper introduces a time-based sustainability assessment technique that combines the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis approach with an established method of assessing performance variability, recognized as the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations. The resulting framework, called Enhanced Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations, was used to evaluate the sustainability of smart cities and communities across the G20 countries, based on aggregated data, individual sustainability dimensions, and scenarios. The results demonstrate the effectiveness, relevance, and applicability of the new approach, which provides a significant advance in the field of sustainable city evaluation by facilitating multi-period evaluations of sustainable cities and enabling multi-perspective evaluations of sustainability assessments.

The study aims to extend the understanding of environmental and economic considerations on tourism activities in achieving sustainable development goals. The motivation of the study is to provide the empirical inference of variables based on study topicality and the implications to achieve SDG 8 and SDG 9 specifically. The study used panel data from 2000 to 2021 to check for cross-sectional dependency and performed various panel unit root tests to verify the unit root properties of the variables. With the help of Pedroni and Kao's statistical results, we confirm variables are integrated. The results from OLS modified and dynamic demonstrate the correlation between transformation, measured by patents and publications, and higher economic performance and lower environmental hazard, emphasizing the role of transformation. The results also show that tourism arrivals have a significant positive effect on reducing pollution hazards and increasing economic performance, which shows progress toward sustainable development. Based on the study, it was determined that the contribution of asylum seekers did not positively impact the host countries' economic conditions or environmental improvement initiatives. It was found that higher levels of education play a crucial role in promoting sustainable development through economic growth and mitigating environmental risks. To achieve sustainable development in the G20 economies, promoting tourism, undertaking transformational measures, and enhancing higher education are recommended. These results have significant implications for policymakers, firms, and an agenda of the United Nations sustainable development program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Since the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, the promotion of health equity including the health of various population sub-groups has been compromised, human rights jeopardised, and social inequities further exacerbated. Citizens worldwide, including in the Group of 20 (G20) countries, were affected by both global health governance (GHG) processes and decisions and public health measures taken by governments to respond to COVID-19. While it is critical to swiftly respond to COVID-19, little is known about how and to what extent the GHG is affecting population health priorities for health equity in global economies such as the G20 countries. This scoping review synthesised and identified knowledge gaps on how the COVID-19-related GHG is affecting population health priorities for policy, programme, and research in G20 countries. We followed the five-stage scoping review methodology promoted by Arksey and O’Malley and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. We searched four bibliographic databases for references conducted in G20 countries and regions and published in English and French, between January 2020 and April 2023. Out of 4,625 references and after two phases of screening, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. G20 countries included in the review were Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the European Union. We found insufficient collaboration and coordination and misalignment among governance actors at multiple levels. In most cases, equity considerations were not prioritised while unequal consequences of COVID-19 public health measures on population groups were widely reported. COVID-19-related population health priorities mainly focused on upstream and midstream determinants of health. Our scoping review showed the stark inequities of COVID-19 public health outcomes, coupled with a prevalent lack of coherent collaboration and coordination among governance actors. Moreover, governance as an object of empirical study is still emerging when examining its intersection with global health and population health policy, programme, and research. An urgent shift is required to effectively act upon structural health determinants that include transformative and comprehensive policies for prevention, equity, resilience, and sustainable health.

Since the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, the promotion of health equity including the health of various population sub-groups has been compromised, human rights jeopardised, and social inequities further exacerbated. Citizens worldwide, including in the Group of 20 (G20) countries, were affected by both global health governance (GHG) processes and decisions and public health measures taken by governments to respond to COVID-19. While it is critical to swiftly respond to COVID-19, little is known about how and to what extent the GHG is affecting population health priorities for health equity in global economies such as the G20 countries. This scoping review synthesised and identified knowledge gaps on how the COVID-19-related GHG is affecting population health priorities for policy, programme, and research in G20 countries. We followed the five-stage scoping review methodology promoted by Arksey and O'Malley and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. We searched four bibliographic databases for references conducted in G20 countries and regions and published in English and French, between January 2020 and April 2023. Out of 4,625 references and after two phases of screening, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. G20 countries included in the review were Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the European Union. We found insufficient collaboration and coordination and misalignment among governance actors at multiple levels. In most cases, equity considerations were not prioritised while unequal consequences of COVID-19 public health measures on population groups were widely reported. COVID-19-related population health priorities mainly focused on upstream and midstream determinants of health. Our scoping review showed the stark inequities of COVID-19 public health outcomes, coupled with a prevalent lack of coherent collaboration and coordination among governance actors. Moreover, governance as an object of empirical study is still emerging when examining its intersection with global health and population health policy, programme, and research. An urgent shift is required to effectively act upon structural health determinants that include transformative and comprehensive policies for prevention, equity, resilience, and sustainable health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the trade data between China and other G20 countries from 2001 to 2019, this paper analyzed the evolution of bilateral trade pattern, analyzed the interdependence of bilat‐ eral trade by using trade intensity index and HM index, and analyzed the trade decoupling situa‐ tion between China and other G20 countries by using decoupling model and catch-up decoupling model. The results show that: (1) China and other G20 countries show asymmetric trade interde‐ pendence. China's trade intensity with other G20 countries is greater than that with China, while other G20 countries are more dependent on China's market;(2) The trade decoupling relationship between China and other G20 countries has changed from weak negative decoupling to expansionary negative decoupling. The trade sensitivity has decreased first and then increased. It has experienced four evolution stages: weak negative decoupling, expansionary negative decoupling, relative decoupling I and expansionary negative decoupling;(3) The United States and South Korea have achieved absolute catch-up with Japan, and most countries have achieved relative catch-up with Japan and Saudi Arabia. China's economic and trade relations with other G20 countries tend to be negatively decoupled for a long time. The "relative decoupling" of China's economic and trade relations with other G20 countries exists objectively, but it will not be "fully decoupled". China should deepen cooperation in low sensitivity areas with trade decoupled countries, tap the potential of cooperation with trade connected countries, and actively build a "decoupled discourse system" with "adjustment of interaction and dependence" as the core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The G20, representing the world's major developed and developing countries, is experiencing a unique situation with a troika of developing countries – Indonesia, India, and Brazil – holding significant positions for the first time. India, holding the G20 presidency, has a unique opportunity to strengthen its ties while assuming the responsibility of leading the world towards economic recovery. To understand India's priorities regarding trade and supply chain resilience within the G20, it is essential to examine the background of India's trade relationships with G20 member countries. This paper explores the connection between technology-intensive exports and global value chain (GVC) participation for the period 1995 to 2018 using advanced time-series analysis. The results point towards the importance of forward linkages for India's exports of both high and low-tech exports and the backward linkage for medium-tech exports. The results show a connection between technological capabilities and exports to G20 nations through India's participation in the GVC. In light of these findings, the paper offers guidance for the development of timely and well-informed sector-specific strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct and moderating impact of digitalization on the gender gap in the labor force participation rate is explored in this study. By analyzing the panel data of the G20 countries for the period of 2006–2021, we find that (1) the rising level of digitalization tends to narrow the gender gap in the labor force participation rate, with a greater gender gap‐narrowing effect in high‐income countries than in upper‐middle and lower‐middle income countries. (2) The interaction between digitalization and globalization has a small impact on the gender gap in the labor force participation rate in the full sample of the G20 countries, but the results are significantly different in countries divided by income level: the interaction is more likely to narrow the gender gap in the high‐income countries but widen the gender gap in upper‐middle and lower‐middle income countries. The gender gap‐widening effect is greater in upper‐middle income than in lower‐middle income countries. (3) Digitalization is more likely to increase the female employment rate and reduce the female unemployment rate, while it has the opposite effect on males; the female employment improvement effect is observed in the services sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lung cancer is a significant health concern in China. There is limited available data of its burden and trends. This study aims to evaluate the trends of lung cancer across different age groups and genders in China and the Group of Twenty (G20) countries, explore the risk factors, and predict the future trends over a 20-year period. Methods: The data were obtained from the GBD study 2019. The number of cases, age standardized rate (ASR), and average annual percentage changes (AAPC) were used to estimate the trend in lung cancer by age, gender, region and risk factor. The trend of lung cancer was predicted by autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model by the "xtarimau" command. The joinpoint regression analysis was conducted to identify periods with the highest changes in incidence and mortality. Additionally, the relationship between AAPCs and socio-demographic index (SDI) was explored. Results: From 1990 to 2019, both the incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China and G20 significantly increased, with China experiencing a higher rate of increase. The years with the highest increase in incidence of lung cancer in China were 1998-2004 and 2007-2010. Among the G20 countries, the AAPC in incidence and mortality of lung cancer in the Republic of Korea was the highest, followed closely by China. Although India exhibited similarities, its AAPC in lung cancer incidence and mortality rates was lower than that of China. The prediction showed that the incidence in China will continue to increase. In terms of risk factors, smoking was the leading attributable cause of mortality in all countries, followed by occupational risk and ambient particulate matter pollution. Notably, smoking in China exhibited the largest increase among the G20 countries, with ambient particulate matter pollution ranking second. Conclusion: Lung cancer is a serious public health concern in China, with smoking and environmental particulate pollution identified as the most important risk factors. The incidence and mortality rates are expected to continue to increase, which places higher demands on China's lung cancer prevention and control strategies. It is urgent to tailor intervention measures targeting smoking and environmental pollution to contain the burden of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a major part of global development governance, G20 countries account for 80% of global carbon emissions. In order to achieve the goal of "carbon neutrality" proposed by the United Nations, it is important to compare and analyze the drivers of carbon emissions in G20 countries and provide recommendations for their carbon emission reduction. Based on the data of 17 G20 countries in the EORA database, this paper compares the drivers of carbon emissions of each country from 1990-2021 using weighted average structural decomposition and K-mean model. This paper focuses on four drivers, including carbon emission intensity, final demand structure, export structure, and production structure. Carbon emission intensity and final demand structure are the main factors of carbon emission reduction, and the other two factors have little influence. Among the G20 countries, the UK is in the first category because it does the best job on the four factors of carbon emissions, yet Italy is in the last category because it does not take full advantage of the four factors. Therefore, improving supply energy efficiency and adjusting demand, export, and industrial structure have become important tools for countries to transform and achieve carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, as a renewable source of energy, biofuel, wind, solar, and hydro energy have been increasingly valued by a range of businesses. There is no denying the advantages of using renewable energy in terms of preventing climate change and protecting the environment. Therefore, this article investigates the relationship among hydro, solar, biofuel, wind, coal consumption, and CO2 emissions in 19 G20 member countries between 2000 and 2019. The results of dynamic fixed effects and the system-generalized method of moments suggest that solar energy and biofuel usage have a negative and statistically significant influence on carbon emissions. On the other hand, the impact of wind energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions is positive and statistically significant. However, hydro energy consumption is statistically insignificant. The significance of this study is to include wind energy, solar energy, and hydro energy as new indicators for a group of 19 G20 member countries. Furthermore, this research paper also includes coal consumption in the existing model to confirm that CO2 emissions may rise if more coal is consumed. Growing the solar-hydro-biofuel-wind industry can reduce nonrenewable energy consumption and has tremendous potential to diminish carbon dioxide emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to compare the cash flow profiles of companies in 8 selected G20 countries, based on countries, sectors, and years, in order to identify prevalent business types. For this purpose, 50,910 observations of cash flow statements of 5,091 companies are examined for the years 2012-2022. The findings reveal that the most common profile across the countries is Model 6, Start-up/Young Businesses, while the least observed profile is Model 1, Stagnant Businesses. The countries deviating from this general pattern are the United Kingdom and Turkey for which Model 2, Successful Businesses is the most prevalent profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The G20 countries are the locomotives of economic growth, representing 64% of the global population and including 4.7 billion inhabitants. As a monetary and market value index, real gross domestic product (GDP) is affected by several factors and reflects the economic development of countries. This study aimed to reveal the hidden economic patterns of G20 countries, study the complexity of related economic factors, and analyze the economic reactions taken by policymakers during the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic recession (2019–2020). In this respect, this study employed data-mining techniques of nonparametric classification tree and hierarchical clustering approaches to consider factors such as GDP/capita, industrial production, government spending, COVID-19 cases/population, patient recovery, COVID-19 death cases, number of hospital beds/1000 people, and percentage of the vaccinated population to identify clusters for G20 countries. The clustering approach can help policymakers measure economic indices in terms of the factors considered to identify the specific focus of influences on economic development. The results exhibited significant findings for the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on G20 countries, splitting them into three clusters by sharing different measurements and patterns (harmonies and variances across G20 countries). A comprehensive statistical analysis was performed to analyze endogenous and exogenous factors. Similarly, the classification and regression tree method was applied to predict the associations between the response and independent factors to split the G-20 countries into different groups and analyze the economic recession. Variables such as GDP per capita and patient recovery of COVID-19 cases with values of $12,012 and 82.8%, respectively, were the most significant factors for clustering the G20 countries, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 91.8%. The results and findings offer some crucial recommendations to handle pandemics in terms of the suggested economic systems by identifying the challenges that the G20 countries have experienced.

The primary objective of this study is to explore the links between fossil fuel energy consumption, industrial value-added, and carbon emissions in G20 countries over the period 1990–2020. Panel unit root test, co-integration test, and CS-ARDL estimator were used to determine the relationship among variables. The empirical results suggest that the driving force of carbon emissions in G20 countries varies significantly in advanced versus emerging economies. Evidence in a whole sample of G20 countries and advanced economies supports environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, while no evidence emerging economies supports EKC hypothesis. Apart from this, the empirical results show trade opens, FDI, government expenditures on health and education, research and development, and information and communication technology are other determinators of carbon emissions in G20 countries. Our results suggest that countries upgrade industrial structures by shifting their energy structures away from fossil fuels toward renewable energy sources in order to achieve sustainable environmental goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışmanın amacı, G20 ülkelerinde fiziki sermaye, beşeri sermaye ve doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının, ekonomik büyümeye etkisini ölçmektir. Araştırma 2000-2019 yılları arasındaki 20 yıllık süreyi kapsamaktadır. İlgili dönemlerde, G20 ülkelerine ait yıllık finansal veriler, panel veri analiz yöntemi kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Ampirik sonuçlar, ülkelere ait, beşeri sermaye harcamaları kriterlerinden olan, Sağlık Harcamaları (SAGH) ve fiziki sermaye harcamaları kriterlerinden olan, Sabit Sermaye Harcamaları (SSH) ile Ekonomik Büyüme Göstergesi olan Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla (GSYİH) arasında, istatistiksel olarak güçlü ve negatif bir ilişki olduğunu, Kişi Başına Düşen Sağlık Harcamaları (SAGHKB) ile Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla (GSYİH) arasında ise yine istatistiksel olarak güçlü, fakat pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir.

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the performance of the G20 nations in terms of efficiency and productivity concerning achieving the seventh Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 7) of providing affordable and clean energy between 2010 and 2019 under a circular economy framework. The diagnostic tools to measure included the output-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA, SBM) to determine efficiency and the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) to measure productivity. In the DEA model, renewable energy is the primary energy source as inputs and outputs as total Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions, electricity consumption, and renewable energy consumption. The results indicated that the efficiency and productivity of developed and emerging countries towards the 7th SDG targets were heterogeneous throughout the analysis. The results showed that among the G20 countries that ranked as efficient were emerging countries (South Africa, Brazil, India, and China). Developed countries have more to gain in efficiency by designing strategies with sustainable development and environmental policies consistent with CE actions than emerging countries. In addition, since productivity gains increased more due to efficiency changes than technology gains, as indicated by the MPI analysis, it seems reasonable to infer that strengthening research and development of resource-efficient technologies could help to reach the 7th SDG faster by increasing productivity through adopting new technologies. In the short run, all countries could benefit from a multilateral effort to reduce climate change and GHG emissions if developed countries provided technological support to emerging countries and the latter offered carbon credits to the former in exchange for measures to mitigate the emissions resulting from their rapid economic growth driven by capital investment. • This work evaluated the G20's progress on the 7th SDG via Circular Economy perspectives. • Econometric techniques, DEA–SBM, and MPI were used to evaluate efficiency and productivity. • This work can help design strategies using circular economy practices to advance the 7th SDG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving agricultural total factor productivity is essential to achieving the high-quality and sustainable development of agriculture. As major global agricultural producers, the G20 countries play an important role in agricultural product trade and development. As such, it is well-positioned to play a positive role in improving agricultural total factor productivity. This paper uses the DEA-Malmquist index method to measure agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) in G20 countries from 2010 to 2019, and analyzes the impact of agricultural trade on TFP using the two-way fixed effects model. It finds that (1) the main source of agricultural TFP growth in G20 countries is technical progress, while the effect of technical efficiency on agricultural TFP is not obvious. (2) Agricultural trade can significantly improve agricultural TFP growth in G20 countries, and the effect is more obvious in developed countries. From the perspective of trade flow, the positive effect of export trade on agricultural TFP is stronger. (3) The institutional environment strengthens the improvement effect of agricultural trade on agricultural TFP. Thus, this study not only provides valuable insight into the relationship between agricultural trade and agricultural productivity, but also offers a strong argument in favor of the formulation of relevant policies to improve agricultural productivity and promote a more sustainable agricultural sector.

The G20 countries are the locomotives of economic growth, representing 64% of the global population and including 4.7 billion inhabitants. As a monetary and market value index, real gross domestic product (GDP) is affected by several factors and reflects the economic development of countries. This study aimed to reveal the hidden economic patterns of G20 countries, study the complexity of related economic factors, and analyze the economic reactions taken by policymakers during the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic recession (2019–2020). In this respect, this study employed data-mining techniques of nonparametric classification tree and hierarchical clustering approaches to consider factors such as GDP/capita, industrial production, government spending, COVID-19 cases/population, patient recovery, COVID-19 death cases, number of hospital beds/1000 people, and percentage of the vaccinated population to identify clusters for G20 countries. The clustering approach can help policymakers measure economic indices in terms of the factors considered to identify the specific focus of influences on economic development. The results exhibited significant findings for the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on G20 countries, splitting them into three clusters by sharing different measurements and patterns (harmonies and variances across G20 countries). A comprehensive statistical analysis was performed to analyze endogenous and exogenous factors. Similarly, the classification and regression tree method was applied to predict the associations between the response and independent factors to split the G-20 countries into different groups and analyze the economic recession. Variables such as GDP per capita and patient recovery of COVID-19 cases with values of $12,012 and 82.8%, respectively, were the most significant factors for clustering the G20 countries, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 91.8%. The results and findings offer some crucial recommendations to handle pandemics in terms of the suggested economic systems by identifying the challenges that the G20 countries have experienced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth has become a global issue, especially after Covid-19, and attain the focus of recent studies and policymakers. A question that repeatedly arises when compulsion of sustainability is sought in a system and economies are obligated to strive for creative outcomes in order to increase economic efficiency. Meanwhile, green financing and sustainable economic development are also expected to be a part of the requirement as they are directly or indirectly indicators of economic growth. Thus, the current research examines the role of the Covid-19 outbreak along with green finance, sustainable economic development and creativity on the economic recovery in the context of G20 economies. This study has used the World Development Indicators (WDI) to extract the data of the selected countries from 2016 to 2020. The present study has also executed the robust standard error along with the fixed-effect model (FEM) to examine the nexus among the variables. The results revealed that green finance (green credit and renewable energy production), sustainable economic development environmental dimension (GHG emissions) and creativity have a positive association with economic growth in G20 countries. These outcomes are suitable for the new researchers while studying this area in the future and helpful for the regulators while developing the regulation related to the economic recovery.

This study investigates the heterogeneous impact of air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport on air transport carbon emissions in G20 countries for the period of 1990-2016. The paper employs a robust and advanced fixed-effect panel quantile regression model that considers unobserved discrete and distributional heterogeneity. Our empirical results show that the impact of the independent variables on air transport carbon emissions is quite heterogeneous across various quantiles. More specifically, the effect of air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport on carbon emissions is positive and becomes more assertive with the increasing trend at upper quantiles and is quite heterogeneous across all quantiles. Economic growth, urbanization, and tourism are significant contributing factors in enhancing air transport CO2 emissions, while crude oil price significantly reduces CO2 emissions. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test estimates indicate that a bidirectional relationship extends from air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport to air transport CO2 emissions. The findings underline the need for cleaner, renewable, and environmentally sustainable energy sources for air transport operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicides represent an encompassing measure of psychological wellbeing, emotional stability as well as life satisfaction, and they have been recently identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a major global health concern. The G20 countries represent the powerhouse of global economic governance and hence possess the ability to influence the direction of global suicide rates. In applying the sequential panel selection method (SPSM) to three generations of unit root testing procedures, the study investigates the integration properties of suicides in G20 countries between 1990–2017. The results obtained from all three generations of tests provide rigid evidence of persistence within the suicides for most member states of the G20 countries, hence supporting the current strategic agenda pushed by the WHO in reducing suicides to a target rate of 10 percent. In addition, we further propose that such strategies should emanate from within G20 countries and spread globally thereafter.

This study investigates the relationship between financial technology (fintech) and environmental efficiency across G20 countries, emphasizing the moderating effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) from 2010 to 2022. Employing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) through both Slack-Based Measure (SBM) and Epsilon-Based Measure (EBM), alongside Tobit regression and the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) for analytical rigor, the research reveals that fintech exerts a positive influence on environmental efficiency within these countries. Furthermore, it demonstrates that FDI contributes to enhancing environmental efficiency. However, when FDI is combined with fintech investments, it yields a negative impact. This detrimental effect stems from FDI's emphasis on short-term gains, rapid expansion, and a globally oriented supply chain that favors cost efficiency at the expense of sustainability. The study highlights the necessity for investments in fintech that comply with environmental standards and offers policy recommendations to improve environmental efficiency. It urges policymakers to promote environmentally sustainable investment practices within the fintech sector to aid in achieving sustainable development goals. • Fintech improves environmental efficiency in G20 nations. • Foreign direct investment boosts environmental efficiency independently. • Study urges sustainable fintech investments to meet development goals. • Policy recommendations focus on eco-friendly fintech sector investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiently utilizing natural resources (NRs) and enhancing their productivity growth are crucial factors for sustainable economic growth in major global economies. Further production technologies heterogeneity among developed and developed G20 countries is vital to natural resource utilization efficiency (NRUE). To this end, the estimation of NRUE, natural resources total factor productivity, and technological gap ratio (TGR) is worth investigating. This study employed Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Super-SBM, Meta-frontier analysis, and the Malmquist productivity index to evaluate NRUE, TGR, and productivity changes among G20 countries from 1995 to 2020. The average Natural Resource utilization Efficiency (NRUE) among G20 countries is 0.7071, indicating an improvement potential of around 29.29% in natural resource conversion. Developed G20 economies have a natural resource utilization efficiency (NRUE) of 0.9528, higher than that of the NRUE (0.506) of developing G20 countries. Developed countries have a TGR of 0.9962, which is significantly higher than the TGR of developing countries at 0.6746, indicating a significant gap in production technology. Total factor productivity growth of 0.8 % was witnessed in developed countries while developing countries demonstrated a decline of 0.6 percent in Total Factor Productivity Change (TFPC) over the study period. Analyzing the decomposition of TFPC reveals technological change as the predominant factor influencing productivity change in G20 economies instead of efficiency changes. A Mann-Whitney U test has proved the existence of significant statistical differences in average NRUE, TGR, and technological change (TC) levels between developed and developing G20 countries. [Display omitted] • Natural resource utilization efficiency is estimated for G20 countries. • Total factor productivity and technology gap ratio are evaluated. • The natural resources efficiency of developed G20 countries is higher than developing. • A giant production technology gap was found between the developed and developing G20. • Technological change is the main determinant in the total factor productivity change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustenance of a clean, natural, and relatively less tampered environment is one of the most important apprehensions of contemporary households, firms, and governments in the globalized world. Both developing and developed countries rely heavily on foreign direct investments (FDI) and institutional arrangements for economic prosperity and have feedback repercussions about environmental quality. Thus, the current paper attempts to explore such a triplex integrated linkage among bilateral FDI, institutional quality, and environmental quality proxied by CO2 emissions intensity on each other for 19 selected G20 countries during 2009–2017. The empirical estimation of this paper takes into account three equations that jointly address the endogeneity problem by employing both static (such as seemingly unrelated regression and three-stage least square) and dynamic simultaneous econometric techniques (such as the system generalized method of moments) with a panel dataset considering host and source countries with 342-panel pairs for the selected sample time. The empirical results confirm that bilateral FDI reduces CO2 emission intensity and strengthens the institutional quality of G20. It also supports the idea that institutional quality has a favorable and considerable impact on bilateral FDI. This paper confirms a positive and considerable feedback between environmental and institutional quality. Further, this study establishes a triplex relationship between these three factors. This study argues that governments should use incentives like tax cuts and additional subsidies to promote greener FDI in G20 nations. This is because it facilitates the employment of more modern technology and clean energy-efficient technologies to minimize emissions and spur economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present an overview of the G20 member states in relation to the measures and policies adopted in the field of trade and investment, all in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects. As we know, the COVID-19 pandemic affected the allocation of resources (financial, human, material) during this period and led to a decrease in productivity. Relating to G20 trade-facilitating and trade-restrictive measures, data presented by WTO (2020) show that during this period the G20 member states have implemented 154 new trade measures, of which 93 were related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The investment policy measures of the G20 states have been divided into the following categories: - measures specific to foreign direct investments; - measures related to national security; - nonspecific measures for foreign direct investment; - international investment agreements.

The purpose of the study is to determine the factors for increasing the representation of the Ukrainian scientific community in the international scientific community and raising the international scientific authority of Ukraine. Used Results of the annual G20 evaluation - the effectiveness of research in 2019, conducted by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI), part of the Web of Science Group. The principles of introduction of scientometric methods of research of publishing activity of scientists in the international and Ukrainian scientific space are considered. Based on the processing of statistical material and the obtained quantitative estimates, a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of research in the G20 and Ukraine according to the Web of Science. In this area, some differences between Ukraine and countries that are world leaders in the organization of the research process are shown. Recommendations for increasing the representation of the Ukrainian scientific community on the Web of Science platform and raising the international scientific authority of Ukraine are offered.

G20 countries are responsible for more than 80% of global energy consumption and the largest CO2 emissions in the world. Literature related to the energy consumption-environmental quality-subjective wellbeing nexus is limited and lacks consensus. This paper analyses the impact of energy consumption and environmental quality on subjective wellbeing in G20 countries from 2006 to 2019 using a panel-corrected standard error (PCSE) model. Cantril life ladder data is used as a proxy of subjective wellbeing. For robustness, the Newey-West standard error model is used. The findings reveal that renewable energy consumption and environmental quality, i.e. lesser carbon emissions, enhance subjective wellbeing in G20 countries. In contrast, non-renewable energy consumption degrades subjective wellbeing. Moreover, the study also finds bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth. The policymakers of these countries should encourage renewable energy production and its consumption to reduce carbon emissions for conserving the environment and enhancing their people's subjective wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the impact and degree of compliance with Green Bond Principles (GBPs) on investor demand for Green Bonds (GBs) in G20 countries by employing cross‐sectional regression to analyse data over the period 2007–2016. After controlling for common bond‐specific and macroeconomic variables, we find a significant positive impact of higher compliance with principles on investor demand, as measured by bid‐ask spread and yield spread. We show that GBs issued by government institutions are able to minimise the adverse effects of low compliance with GBPs and the investor demand for fixed‐coupon GBs is higher than float‐coupon GBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a quantitative assessment of carbon pricing and other mitigation policies for G20 countries in 2030. Emissions prices implicit in countries' Paris Agreement pledges vary from above $70 per ton of CO2 in eight countries to less than $35 in seven countries. A $70 carbon price raises revenues of 1.5% of GDP or more for most countries. The efficiency costs of a $70 carbon price are typically well below 1% of GDP while domestic environmental cobenefits (e.g., reductions in air pollution deaths) typically offset, or greatly exceed, efficiency costs. The emissions and fiscal benefits of other policies (e.g., partial pricing, taxes on individual fuels) are generally well below those of comprehensive pricing, although coal taxes are relatively effective in some cases. A combination of measures to improve energy efficiency and lower power generation emission rates has an effectiveness of around 60%–75% relative to comprehensive carbon pricing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present an overview of the G20 member states in relation to the measures and policies adopted in the field of trade and investment, all in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects. As we know, the COVID-19 pandemic affected the allocation of resources (financial, human, material) during this period and led to a decrease in productivity. Relating to G20 trade-facilitating and trade-restrictive measures, data presented by WTO (2020) show that during this period the G20 member states have implemented 154 new trade measures, of which 93 were related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The investment policy measures of the G20 states have been divided into the following categories: - measures specific to foreign direct investments; - measures related to national security; - non-specific measures for foreign direct investment; - international investment agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the globalized situation of environmental damage, increasing scarcity of resources, and uncertainty about their costs, challenges have been imposed for the saving of energy and inputs used, the transition to green energy and pollution reduction. Green innovation can be assimilated as a radical solution to meet these challenges and make the production process greener. The present study aims at examining the ecological effects of green innovation and the human capital by using the double-threshold model and the quantile regression method to the case of G20 over the period 1998–2017. Therefore, the objective of the study is to scrutinize the impact of environmental-related technology and the human facet on the ecological footprint (ECF), and to examine whether these effects are conditioned by the different thresholds of human capital index (HCI). The existing literature has not sufficiently analyzed these effects in the presence of different levels of environmental degradation and human capital, especially when human capacities and green technological innovation are integrated in a single model as mitigators of ECF. The results of the panel quantile regression revealed that the green technological innovation is an important mitigator of ECF whatever the level of environmental degradation of G20 economies. In addition, panel threshold technique disclosed that the positive repercussions of green innovation and human capital on environmental quality are only recorded above a threshold level of the HCI. Our findings revealed beside that the impact of lagged green innovation on the ECF are moderated by human capital, but only above a given threshold of human capital, which reflects that the latter plays an awareness-raising and non-functional role to reduce ECF when it is below the threshold level. The insights provided by this study can serve policy makers on actions that need to be directed with respect to green innovation and human capital development for global environmental policy tracers. • The direct effects of green innovation and those conditioned by the levels of human capital were investigated • Green technological innovation is environmentally beneficial for G20 countries under all quantiles • A minimum threshold of the human capital is required so that green innovation can minimize damage to the environment • Human capital played an awareness-raising role to mitigate ecological footprint when it is below the threshold level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the nexus amid economic growth, energy consumption and carbon emissions in G20 countries for the period 1992 to 2014. In order to obtain valid and reliable outcomes, more robust econometric techniques were employed. From the results, the studied panel was heterogeneous and cross-sectionally dependent. Also, the series of observed variables were first-differenced stationary and co-integrated. The key findings from the CCEMG and the AMG regression estimators adopted showed that economic growth and energy consumption promoted the emission of carbon in the countries. In addition, urbanization and foreign direct investments as control variables escalated the rate of the countries' CO2 emissions. From the discoveries of the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test, a feedback causality between economic growth and CO2 emissions; energy consumption and CO2 emissions; and between urbanization and CO2 emissions were correspondingly unveiled. Howerver, a one-way caual link was evidenced from foreign direct investments to CO2 emissions. This exploration is vital because it will propel the countries to formulate policies that could help them to minimize their dependence on environmentally unfriendly energy sources, while promoting the usage of clean energies like solar, wind, biogas, biomass and hydropower among others. The study is also pertinent because it will aid the countries to plan, organize and implement environmental policies in compliance to their macroeconomic objectives. When this is accomplished, energy conservation policies implemented to minimize the emanation of CO2 will improve the countries' economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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