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1. Monitoring litter and microplastics in Arctic mammals and birds

Author

A.L. Lusher, J.F. Provencher, J.E. Baak, B.M. Hamilton, K. Vorkamp, I.G. Hallanger, L. Pijogge, M. Liboiron, M.P.T. Bourdages, S. Hammer, M. Gavrilo, J.C. Vermaire, J.F. Linnebjerg, M.L. Mallory, and G.W. Gabrielsen

Subjects
marine litter, debris, plastic, wild food, contamination, déchet marin, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Environmental engineering, TA170-171
Abstract

Plastic pollution has been reported to affect Arctic mammals and birds. There are strengths and limitations to monitoring litter and microplastics using Arctic mammals and birds. One strength is the direct use of these data to understand the potential impacts on Arctic biodiversity as well as effects on human health, if selected species are consumed. Monitoring programs must be practically designed with all purposes in mind, and a spectrum of approaches and species will be required. Spatial and temporal trends of plastic pollution can be built on the information obtained from studies on northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus, 1761)), a species that is an environmental indicator. To increase our understanding of the potential implications for human health, the species and locations chosen for monitoring should be selected based on the priorities of local communities. Monitoring programs under development should examine species for population level impacts in Arctic mammals and birds. Mammals and birds can be useful in source and surveillance monitoring via locally designed monitoring programs. We recommend future programs consider a range of monitoring objectives with mammals and birds as part of the suite of tools for monitoring litter and microplastics, plastic chemical additives, and effects, and for understanding sources.

Published
2022
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2. Demographic responses of Arctic seabirds to spring sea-ice variations

Author

C. Sauser, F. Angelier, P. Blévin, O. Chastel, G.W. Gabrielsen, W. Jouanneau, A. Kato, B. Moe, F. Ramírez, S. Tartu, and S. Descamps

Subjects
Rissa tridactyla, Uria lomvia, Alle alle, survival, breeding success, sea-ice concentration, Evolution, QH359-425, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

The Arctic experiences a rapid retreat of sea-ice, particularly in spring and summer, which may dramatically affect pagophilic species. In recent years, the decline of many Arctic seabird populations has raised concerns about the potential role of sea-ice habitats on their demography. Spring sea-ice drives the dynamics of phytoplankton blooms, the basis of Arctic food webs, and changes in spring sea-ice have the potential to affect the demographic parameters of seabirds through bottom-up processes. To better understand the effects of spring sea-ice on Arctic seabirds, we investigated the influence of spring sea-ice concentration on the survival and breeding success of three seabird species with contrasted foraging strategies in two Svalbard fjords in the high Arctic. We examined these relationships using long-term demographic data (2005–2021) from black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), Brünnich guillemots (Uria lomvia), and little auks (Alle alle). Spring sea-ice concentration was positively related to both the survival and breeding success of little auks, suggesting a higher sensitivity of this species to spring sea-ice. By contrast, the two other species were not particularly sensitive to changes in spring sea-ice, even though a potentially spurious negative effect on the breeding success of black-legged kittiwakes was observed. Overall, the study suggests that spring sea-ice may be involved in the demography of Arctic seabirds, but probably does not play a major role.

Published
2023
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3. Five decades of terrestrial and freshwater research at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard

Author

Å.Ø. Pedersen, P. Convey, K.K. Newsham, J.B. Mosbacher, E. Fuglei, V. Ravolainen, B.B. Hansen, T.C. Jensen, A. Augusti, E.M. Biersma, E.J. Cooper, S.J. Coulson, G.W. Gabrielsen, J.C. Gallet, U. Karsten, S.M. Kristiansen, M.M. Svenning, A.T. Tveit, M. Uchida, I. Baneschi, E. Calizza, N. Cannone, E.M. de Goede, M. Doveri, J. Elster, M.S. Giamberini, K. Hayashi, S.I. Lang, Y.K. Lee, T. Nakatsubo, V. Pasquali, I.M.G. Paulsen, C. Pedersen, F. Peng, A. Provenzale, E. Pushkareva, C.A.M. Sandström, V. Sklet, A. Stach, M. Tojo, B. Tytgat, H. Tømmervik, D. Velazquez, E. Verleyen, J.M. Welker, Y.-F. Yao, and M.J.J.E. Loonen

Subjects
biogeochemical cycles, climate change, ecosystem structure and functioning, environmental change, high arctic, human impacts, soil, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Oceanography, GC1-1581
Abstract

For more than five decades, research has been conducted at Ny-Ålesund, in Svalbard, Norway, to understand the structure and functioning of High-Arctic ecosystems and the profound impacts on them of environmental change. Terrestrial, freshwater, glacial and marine ecosystems are accessible year-round from Ny-Ålesund, providing unique opportunities for interdisciplinary observational and experimental studies along physical, chemical, hydrological and climatic gradients. Here, we synthesize terrestrial and freshwater research at Ny-Ålesund and review current knowledge of biodiversity patterns, species population dynamics and interactions, ecosystem processes, biogeochemical cycles and anthropogenic impacts. There is now strong evidence of past and ongoing biotic changes caused by climate change, including negative effects on populations of many taxa and impacts of rain-on-snow events across multiple trophic levels. While species-level characteristics and responses are well understood for macro-organisms, major knowledge gaps exist for microbes, invertebrates and ecosystem-level processes. In order to fill current knowledge gaps, we recommend (1) maintaining monitoring efforts, while establishing a long-term ecosystem-based monitoring programme; (2) gaining a mechanistic understanding of environmental change impacts on processes and linkages in food webs; (3) identifying trophic interactions and cascades across ecosystems; and (4) integrating long-term data on microbial, invertebrate and freshwater communities, along with measurements of carbon and nutrient fluxes among soils, atmosphere, freshwaters and the marine environment. The synthesis here shows that the Ny-Ålesund study system has the characteristics needed to fill these gaps in knowledge, thereby enhancing our understanding of High-Arctic ecosystems and their responses to environmental variability and change.

Published
2022
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4. List of Contributors

Author

B. Abbas, A. Abreu, R. Adams, M. Adolfsson-Erici, A. Afonso, C. Afonso-Olivares, E. Agirbas, J.M. Aguiló, L. Airoldi, H. Aksoy, M. Albentosa, L. Alcaro, S. Aliani, I. Al-Maslamani, C. Alomar, D. Altin, E. Álvarez, L.A. Amaral-Zettler, E. Amato, A. Anderson, A.L. Andrady, G. Andrius, D. Angel, F. Ariese, H.P. Arp, M. Asensio, K. Assidqi, C.G. Avio, U. Aytan, T. Bahri, M. Baini, A. Bakir, H. Ball, C. Baranyi, L.G.A. Barboza, U. Barg, L. Bargelloni, H. Barras, C. Barrera, P. Barria, A. Barrows, A. Barth, A. Batel, J. Baztan, P. Baztan, R. Beiras, M. Benedetti, A.A. Berber, N. Berber, M. Bergmann, M. Berlino, S. Berrow, F. Bessa, E. Besseling, B. Beyer, M. Binaglia, T. Bizjak, K.A. Bjorndal, R. Blust, M. Boertien, A.B. Bolten, A.M. Booth, B. Bounoua, P. Bourseau, N. Brahimi, M. Bramini, N. Brennholt, E. Breuninger, J. Bried, A. Broderick, E. Broglio, M.A. Browne, S. Bruzaud, J. Buceta, S. Buchinger, S. Budimir, H. Budzin-ski, E. Butter, J. Cachot, M. Caetano, A. Callaghan, A. Camedda, S. Capella, L. Cardelli, S. Carpentieri, A. Carrasco, R. Carriço, A. Caruso, A.-L. Cassone, A. Castillo, R.O. Castro, A.I. Catarino, P.W. Cazenave, İ. Çelik, P. Cerralbo, G. César, O. Chouinard, I. Chubarenko, I.P. Chubarenko, A.M. Cicero, G. Clarindo, B. Clarke, C. Clérandeau, M. Clüsener-Godt, M. Codina-García, M. Cole, F. Collard, A. Collignon, T. Collins, M. Compa, P. Conan, M. Constant, M. Cordier, W. Courtene-Jones, X. Cousin, P. Covelo, A. Cózar, E. Crichton, O. Crispi, M. Cronin, P.L. Croot, M.J. Cruz, G. d’Errico, C. Dâmaso, K. Das, L.F. de Alencastro, F.V. de Araujo, J.F. de Boer, G.A. de Lucia, P. Debeljak, A. Dehaut, S. Deudero, L. Devrieses, S. Di Vito, A. Díaz, J. Donohue, P. Doumenq, T.K. Doyle, R. Dris, J.-N. Druon, C.M. Duarte, G. Duflos, M. Dumontier, E. Duncan, C. Dussud, A. Eckerlebe, M. Egelkraut-Holtus, D.P. Eidsvoll, C. Ek, S. Elena, A. Elineau, H. Enevoldsen, G. Eppe, M. Eriksen, R. Ernsteins, M. Espino, N. Estévez-Calvar, C. Ewins, P. Fabre, M. Faimali, D. Fattorini, F. Faure, S. Ferrando, J.C. Ferreira, M. Ferreira-da-Costa, E. Fileman, M. Fischer, A.B. Fortunato, M.C. Fossi, V. Foulon, A. Frank, M. Frenzel, L. Frère, J.P.G.L. Frias, H. Frick, P.W. Froneman, V.M. Gabet, G.W. Gabrielsen, J. Gago, T. Gajst, F. Galgani, M. Gallinari, T.S. Galloway, E.G. Gamarro, C. Gambardella, F. Garaventa, S. Garcia, J. Garrabou, P. Garrido, S.F. Gary, J. Gasperi, W. Gaze, T. Geertz, M.D. Gelado-Caballero, M. George, J. Gercken, G. Gerdts, J.-F. Ghiglione, E. Gies, B. Gilbert, L. Giménez, D. Glassom, M. Glockzin, B. Godley, K. Goede, A. Goksøyr, M. Gómez, A. Gómez-Parra, D. González-Marco, J. González-Solís, S. Gorbi, E. Gorokhova, G. Gorsky, M. Gosch, J. Grose, G.M. Guebitz, R. Guedes-Alonso, B. Guijarro, L. Guilhermino, T. Gundry, L. Gutow, M. Haave, M. Haeckel, K. Haernvall, S. Hajbane, M. Hamann, J. Hämer, T. Hamm, B.H. Hansen, B.D. Hardesty, B. Harth, S. Hartikainen, M. Hassellöv, S. Hatzky, M.G. Healy, H. Hégaret, T.B. Henry, L. Hermabessiere, J.J. Hernández-Brito, A. Hernandez-Gonzalez, G. Hernandez-Milian, G. Hernd, A. Herrera, C. Herring, D. Herzke, S. Heussner, V. Hidalgo-Ruz, C. Himber, M. Holland, N.-H. Hong, A.A. Horton, P. Horvat, T. Huck, M. Huhn, A. Huvet, M. Iglesias, C. Igor, I.A. Isachenko, J-A. Ivar do Sul, A. Jahnke, B. Janis, K. Janis, U. Janis, A. Jemec, J.C. Jiménez, H. Johnsen, B. Jorgensen, J.H. Jørgensen, H. Jörundsdóttir, Y.-J. Jung, M. Kedzierski, S. Keiter, P. Kershaw, P. Kerhervé, K. Kesy, F. Khan, L.I. Khatmullina, J. Kirby, K. Kiriakoulakis, R. Klein, T. Klunderud, C.M.H. Knudsen, T.B. Knudsen, C. Kochleus, A.A. Koelmans, T. Kögel, A. Koistinen, K. Kopke, Š. Korez, N. Kowalski, B. Kreikemeyer, F. Kroon, T. Krumpen, A. Krzan, A. Kržan, M. Labrenz, C. Lacroix, L. Ladirat, C. Laforsch, F. Lagarde, E. Lahive, C. Lambert, C. Lapucci, G. Lattin, K.L. Law, F. Le Roux, K. Le Souef, V. Le Tilly, L. Lebreton, E. Leemans, M. Lehtiniemi, M. Lenz, J. Leskinen, H. Leslie, H.A. Leslie, C. Levasseur, C. Lewis, P. Licandro, K. Lind, P. Lindeque, P.K. Lindeque, I. Lips, A. Liria, A. Liria-Loza, O. Llinás, S.A. Loiselle, M. Long, C. Lorenz, S.M. Lorenzo, K. Loubar, G. Luna-Jorquera, A.L. Lusher, V. Macchia, S. MacGabban, K. Mackay, M. MacLeod, T. Maes, E. Magaletti, A. Maggiore, K. Magnusson, A.M. Mahon, P. Makorič, O. Mallow, J. Marques, L. Marsili, E. Martí, M. Martignac, J. Martin, I. Martínez, J. Martínez, M. Martinez-Gil, H.R. Martins, M. Matiddi, N. Maximenko, R. Mazlum, R. Mcadam, L. Mcknight, A.W. McNeal, J. Measures, M.S. Mederos, J. Mendoza, M.S. Meyer, A. Miguelez, M. Milan, T. Militão, R.Z. Miller, M. Mino-Vercellio-Verollet, G. Mir, D. Miranda-Urbina, F. Misurale, S. Montesdeoca-Esponda, J. Mora, S. Morgana, B. Moriceau, B. Morin, A. Morley, L. Morrison, F. Murphy, T. Naidoo, P. Näkki, I.E. Napper, B.E. Narayanaswamy, R. Nash, A. Negri, H.A. Nel, M.S. Nerheim, I.L. Nerland, J. Neto, V. Neves, H. Nies, M. Noel, N.H.M. Nor, F. Noren, B. O’ Connell, I. O’ Connor, J.P. Obbard, S. Oberbeckmann, R. Obispo, R. Officer, M. Ogonowski, A. Orbea, M. Ortlieb, A.M. Osborn, P. Ostiategui-Francia, T. Packard, S. Pahl, A. Palatinus, A. Palmqvist, P. Pannetier, C. Panti, E. Parmentier, P. Pasanen, T. Patarnello, C. Pattiaratchi, M. Pauletto, M. Paulus, K. Pavlekovsky, H.B. Pedersen, M.-L. Pedrotti, I. Peeken, D. Peeters, E. Peeters, D. Pellegrini, J.A. Perales, E. Perez, V. Perz, S. Petit, M. Pflieger, C.K. Pham, V. Piazza, M. Pinto, O. Planells, M. Plaza, O. Pompini, A. Potthoff, L. Prades, S. Primpke, M. Proietti, G. Proskurowski, C. Puig, M. Pujo-Pay, K. Pullerits, A.M. Queirós, B. Quinn, E. Raimonds, J. Ramis-Pujol, R. Rascher-Friesenhausen, E. Reardon, F. Regoli, A.M. Reichardt, G. Reifferscheid, K. Reilly, J. Reisser, I. Riba, D. Ribitsch, E. Rinnert, N. Rios, S.E. Rist, M.M. Rivadeneira, G. Rivière, J. Robbens, C.J.R. Robertson, V. Rocher, C.M. Rochman, M. Rodrigues, Y. Rodriguez, A. Rodríguez, G. Rodríguez, J.R.B. Rodríguez, S. Rodríguez, Y. Rodríguez, E. Rogan, E. Rojo-Nieto, T. Romeo, P.S. Ross, A. Roveta, S.J. Rowland, N.A. Ruckstuhl, A-C. Ruiz-Fernández, L.F. Ruiz-Orejón, J. Runge, M. Russell, C. Saavedra, R. Saborowski, B.E. Sahin, S. Sailley, K. Sakaguchi-Söder, I. Salaverria, A. Sánchez-Arcilla, J. Sánchez-Nieva, W. Sanderson, J.J. Santana-Rodríguez, S. Santana-Viera, M.B. Santos, M.R. Santos, M.R. Sanz, R. Sardá, H. Savelli, R. Schoeneich-Argent, B.M. Scholz-Böttcher, F. Sciacca, R.P. Scofield, O. Setälä, M. Selenius, R. Sempere, Y. Senturk, Y. Shashoua, P. Sherman, C. Sick, D. Siegel, J.P. Sierra, F. Silva, C. Silvestri, G. Sintija, O. Sire, B. Slat, A. Smit, P. Sobral, J. Sorvari, Z. Sosa-Ferrera, M.G. Sotillo, P. Soudant, L. Speidel, D.J. Spurgeon, M.K. Steer, C.C. Steindal, R. Stifanese, A. Štindlová, L. Stuurman, G. Suaria, C.G. Suazo, A. Sureda, C. Surette, C. Svendsen, K. Syberg, Z. Tairova, J. Talvitie, B. Tassin, M. Tazerout, M.B. Tekman, A. ter Halle, M. Thiel, K.V. Thomas, R.C. Thompson, T. Tinkara, V. Tirelli, P. Tomassetti, E. Toorman, J. Toppe, A. Tornambè, R. Torres, M.E. Torres-Padrón, A.J. Underwood, M. Urbina, A. Usategui-Martín, R. Usta, L. Valdés, A. Valente, T. Valentina, K. van Arkel, C. Van Colen, N. Van Der Hal, J.A. van Franeker, L. Van Herwerden, M. Van Loosdrecht, A. van Oyen, F. Vandeperre, J-P. Vanderlinden, D. Vani, L. Vasconcelos, D. Vega-Moreno, A. Ventero, A.D. Vethaak, A. Vianello, M. Vicioso, L.R. Vieira, M.K. Viršek, M. Vos, M. Wahl, N. Wallace, A. Walton, J.J. Waniek, A. Watts, L. Webster, C. Wesch, E. Whitfield, A. Wichels, A.M. Wieczorek, C. Wilcox, R.J. Williams, P. Wong-Wah-Chung, S. Wright, K.J. Wyles, R. Young, M. Yurtsever, U. Yurtsever, L. Zada, N.P. Zamani, and G. Zampetti

Published
2017
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5. Message in a belly : Plastic pathways in Fulmars

Author

Susanne Kühn, Wageningen University, H. Lindeboom, G.W. Gabrielsen, and J.A. van Franeker

Subjects
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, WIMEK, Business Manager projecten Midden-Noord, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Life Science, Aquatische Ecologie en Waterkwaliteitsbeheer, Business Manager projects Mid-North
Abstract

In the framework of the EU JPI PLASTOX project, this PhD project focused on the effects of ingested plastic on marine wildlife and in particular the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). Plastic ingestion by fulmars was studied on Iceland and on Svalbard. Trophic transfer of plastic between predators and their prey was explored, by quantifying plastics ingested by prey fish from the Arctic Ocean and the North Sea. Ingested plastics were categorized according to their material characteristics. A mixture of relevant microplastics was created to be used in environmental impact studies. Experiments were conducted to investigate the transfer of chemicals from ingested plastic to northern fulmars. Furthermore an updated literature overview of species affected by plastics is provided.

Published
2020

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