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A continuous study of ambient air quality is necessary for determining a regional environmental condition, mainly air pollutants. Pollutant concentrations, sources and weather conditions all have an impact on the quality of the air we breathe. The current study attempted to investigate the air quality in Gwalior city by using two separate locations. In urban areas, the contribution from automobile sources has the most significant impact on air quality. High levels of air pollution have a variety of harmful health consequences. The air quality inside/outside of the university campus is evaluated in this study. Air pollution has serious health consequences for humans, animals and plants. It is difficult to predict the health effects of low-level exposure. The World Health Organization has specified the various criteria gases that affect human health and crops. Different pollutants, mainly Particulate Matters, i.e. PM10, PM2.5, SOx, NOx and SPM, are investigated and their concentration is also estimated for comparative study.

The Beijing Dance School was founded in 1954 by China's Ministry of Culture to develop the dance arts through professional training in Chinese classical dance, the folk dances of the ethnic minorities and Han Chinese, and ballet and character dance. Ol'ga Aleksandrovna Il'ina's report, filed with the USSR Ministry of Culture, is the only known Soviet account, covering both the intense preparations for the school and the complexities of its first year of operation. Aspects of her report provide insights into 1) the Soviet model of dance propagation and the nuts and bolts of how it produced the ballet-inflected Chinese dance genres, 2) the convergence of the military dance performance system with the professionalization of civilian dance training, and 3) China's role in the dance history of the Cold War, specifically the tours of Moiseyev Dance Company and Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko Musical Theatre. This article translates Il'ina's report and provides an introduction and notes.

Aileron to Rudder Interconnect (ARI) gain is implemented on most fighter aircraft, primarily to reduce the side slip produced due to adverse yaw from pilot lateral control stick input and to improve the turn rate response. A systematic and non-iterative design procedure for ARI gain is proposed herein based on the evaluation of a transfer function magnitude at the aircraft roll mode frequency. The simplicity of the proposed method makes it useful for real-time flight control law reconfiguration in situations where the aileron control authority is diminished due to damage. This is demonstrated by a simulation example considering an aileron surface damage scenario.

Serial peripheral interfaces (SPI) are widely used to provide economical board level interfaces between different devices such as microcontrollers, Digital to Analog Converter's, Analog to Digital Converter's and other. Many Integrated Circuit manufacturers produce components that are compatible with SPI. Serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a link. A serial connection requires fewer interconnecting cables (e.g., wires/fibers) and hence occupies less space. For high performance systems, FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays) also uses SPI to interface as a slave to a host, as a master to sensors. In this work, an approach is proposed for the design and verification of configurable Intellectual Property (IP) module of Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) protocol using Verilog and System Verilog.

Voltage sag can have significant economic consequences for different types of industries. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) is originally developed for transmission networks but similar ideas are now starting to be applied in distribution systems. FACTS devices have become popular as a cost effective solution for the protection of sensitive loads from voltage sag. This paper presents the modeling of FACTS devices to minimize the voltage sag induced financial losses. The overall system financial losses due to voltage sag could be significantly reduced depending on the type of FACTS devices used. The short circuit analysis approach is used to incorporate the effect of these devices on financial losses. Voltage sag produced by balanced and unbalanced short circuits is analyzed by means of an analytical approach using system impedance matrix (ZBus) which incorporates FACTS devices. Two types of FACTS devices, which are most often used in practical applications, are considered in this study: Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) and Static VAR Compensator (SVC). Case studies based on a real Indian distribution system are used to illustrate the modeling method and the effectiveness of these devices in minimization of financial losses.

The developments in the power electronics field have lead to an ever-increasing use of static switching devices to control the torque and speed of ac motors. Invariably, the output voltage and current waveforms of these devices contain numerous harmonics and these harmonics have detrimental effects on the motor performance in form of derating and torque pulsation, especially at low speed. The order and magnitude of these harmonics depend on the design as well as nature of load being supplied. The extensive research has been underway for a long time in order to assess the effects these harmonics have on induction motor performance, and to investigate the various issues related to the use of induction motor to improve the drive performance and reduce the losses. This paper, therefore, presents a comprehensive review of research and developments in the induction motor operation with non-sinusoidal supply waveforms since its inception. Attempts are made to highlight the current and future issues involved in the development of induction motor drive technology to impart good dynamic stability with improved performance. A list of 167 research publications on the subject is also appended for a quick reference.

Preventing runway incursions and conflicts is amongst the most critical problems in airport ground movement operations. Despite being on the NTSB's ‘ Most Wanted ’ list of desired safety improvements for over a decade now, it remains a persistent issue. The paper looks at some system architectures that may be used to prevent/reduce runway incursions. The existing approaches to the problem are looked into. We propose a new pseudo-series system architecture that not only provides the pilot/driver with an independent source of direct information for operations on/across the runway, but also keeps the controller in the loop so as to significantly reduce the chances of an operational error. It also addresses some of the shortcomings of the earlier approaches. The system ‘secures’ the runway before any takeoff /landing/crossing operations are to be cleared by the controller. The ‘securing’ of the runway is done based on an evaluation of the current traffic scenario and uses a simple logic. The concept may be easily extended for more realistic runway-taxiway configurations.

This note presents a new result for the guaranteed stability of polynomials under uniform non-negative polynomial mapping on the coefficients.

An infant had a rare type of vascular ring comprising a left aortic arch, a retroesophageal transverse aorta, a right descending aorta, and a right ligamentum arteriosum. Noninvasive studies including echocardiography with Doppler color flow mapping and magnetic resonance imaging were diagnostic of a vascular ring. However, only angiography prospectively established the exact type of ring. This report discusses the pitfalls of noninvasive studies used to diagnose unusual arch anomalies.

Extreme sub-zero temperature in winters (15 °C to -25 °C), high velocity winds and wind-chill factor pose risk to those who resides at the high altitude environment to develop cold related injuries like chilblains and frostbite. The aim of this study was to study the patterns of chilblains in high altitude region like Ladakh.The study was conducted at Dermatology outpatient department of Military Hospital, Leh from 1 Sep 2009 to 31 May 2010. Patients, satisfying clinical criteria for the diagnosis of chilblains were included into the study. Detailed history and thorough clinical examination was conducted. Complete blood count and Urine routine examination was carried out in every patient. Anti Nuclear Factor tests were carried out in only those who had history suggestive of connective tissue disease.Total 108 (5.75%) were diagnosed to have chilblains. Only a single case of chilblain was found in a local resident (p 0.005). Family history of chilblains was present in 10 (9.2%) patients, there was recurrence in 12 (11.1%) and 21 patients (19.4%) were smokers. Most (63.8%) of the patients, had BMI between 20 and 22 kg/m(2) (mean = 20.03 kg/m(2); 95% CI = 19.68-20.38 and SD 1.82). 42.1% of cases of chilblains also had hyperhidrosis (p 0.05).In a HA area like Ladakh, the non-natives suffer maximum from chilblains. This could be explained by the protective genetic adaptability of natives to extreme cold environment and their protective life style against cold. Low body mass index (BMI) and hyperhidrosis are important associations for development of chilblains.

This paper presents a simple method to determine the performance of a Self-regulated, Self-Excited Six-Phase Induction Generator. The problem is formulated as multivariable unconstrained non linear optimization problem. The admittance of the equivalent circuit of the Six-Phase Self-Excited Induction Generator (SPSEIG) is taken as an objective function. Attention is focused on the influence of the different capacitor connections on the generator overload and output power capabilities. The generator voltage with simple shunt excitation connection collapses when it is overloaded. With short shunt excitation connection, the generator is able to sustain the load but at lower operating voltage and larger load current. The frequency and magnetic reactance or speed and magnetic reactance or frequency and capacitive reactance are selected as an independent variables depending upon the operational condition of the machine. The optimization problem is solved using Fmincon method. The developed mathematical model is quite simple and can be implemented for any type of load such as resistive or reactive with capacitor connected either across single three-phase winding set or both the winding sets. The computed results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.

The augmented Lagrangian method has been applied to the optimum engineering design problem. Four approaches have been outlined for the solution of a constrained optimization problem by formulating it as an exact or approximate unconstrained problem with combinations of exact and approximate line searches. The minimum weight design of an aircraft wing box has been used as a test problem for these methods. Constraints imposed on the design include the maximum bending and shear stresses, tip displacements, minimum gauge requirements and the fundamental frequency. The structure has been analysed by the displacement formulation of the finite element method. A study of the comparative performances of the four methods on the test problem has been presented.

Over the last three decades, the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the etiological mechanisms underlying the excessive drinking of ethyl alcohol. Recently, the 5-HT2 antagonist amperozide was found to reduce selectively the high intake of alcohol in the cyanamide-induced drinking rat without any adverse side effects. The purpose of the present study was to determine the action on alcohol drinking of the novel second-generation amperozide-like drug, which is a mixed 5-HT1 agonist/5-HT2 antagonist, FG 5893 (2-[4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]-1-piperazinyl]-3-pyridinecarb oxylic acid methyl ester). To induce preference for alcohol in Sprague-Dawley rats, the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase was inhibited by cyanamide administered in the absence of alcohol in a dose of 10 mg/kg twice a day over three days. A standard three-bottle preference test was used in which water and a maximally preferred concentration of alcohol were offered to each animal. Following control tests of alcohol preference for 3 days, either a saline control vehicle or FG 5893 in a dose of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.5 mg/kg was administered subcutaneously at 1600 and 2200 for 3 consecutive days. Whereas control injections of saline were without effect on alcohol consumption, all doses of FG 5893 significantly reduced the 24-h intake of alcohol in terms of both absolute g/kg and proportion of alcohol to total fluid intake. Further, the 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg doses of FG 5893 continued to suppress alcohol consumption over two 4-day tests immediately following the injection sequence and after a 40-day interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

With the continual growth in power generation, trends towards large unit plant capacity and remote siting of power plants, and the necessity of interconnection, transmission systems have assumed greater importance than ever before. Conventionally, increasingly higher voltages have been the main technological drive for enhancing the power transfer capability of overhead AC lines. This has brought about the transmission of electrical power at the UHV level. However, because of the several drawbacks and technological problems associated with such extremely high voltages, research has been underway for the last two decades to investigate transmission of power by multiphase (also referred to as high phase order or polyphase) lines employing more than three phases as a potential alternative to the conventional three-phase systems. This paper reviews the progress made in multiphase transmission research and development since its inception. Attempts are made to highlight the current and future issues involved for the development of this transmission technology for future applications.

The majority of the data mining algorithms are applied to data described by discrete or nominal attributes. In order to apply these algorithms effectively to any dataset the continuous attribute need to be transformed to discretized ones. This paper presents an approach using clustering and rough set theory (RST). The experiments are performed on four datasets from UCI ML repository. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with some common discretization methods based on the two parameters - the number of intervals and the class-attribute interdependence redundancy (CAIR) value. The results of the proposed method show a satisfactory trade off between the number of intervals and the information loss due to discretization

Austin-Moore and Thompson monobloc prostheses are both commonly used for hemiarthroplasty for displaced fractures of the neck of femur in adults. There is an ongoing debate about, which of these prostheses should be preferred. We present a comparison of two groups of patients with this fracture treated using cemented Thompson prosthesis and uncemented Austin-Moore prosthesis. Mortality, morbidity and patient satisfaction in the two groups were compared. Cemented Thompson hemiarthroplasty was associated with significantly better patient satisfaction scores. There was no difference in the mortality rates and hospital stay. Patients preferred cemented unipolar Thompson hemiarthroplasty over the uncemented unipolar Austin-Moore hemiarthroplasty. A larger randomised prospective trial is needed to confirm this finding.

Phase-redundancy is a simple and unique technique for improving the reliability of large adjustable-frequency AC drives. As the name suggests, this technique is based on the inherent feature of a general n-phase AC motor to continue operation following loss of excitation to one or more of its many stator phases during open circuit or short circuit at stator terminals. This technique can, also be used to increase the horse power ratings of the machine in particular and AC drive systems in general, and the induction motor due to its simple and rugged construction is a perfect candidate for application of this technique. This paper, therefore, presents some experimental results conducted on a laboratory prototype to assess the increase in power rating under steady state condition. The results of this investigation are very promising and support the basic soundness of the phase-redundancy concept.

This paper deals with the stochastic analysis of a standby system having two main units and two spare units.A spare unit is only used for operation when both main units fail and if it fails,it is replaced by the new one until the repair of the failed main unit is completed. The system fails when the last spare unit fails while one main unit is under repair and the other has failed. Using renewal theoretical arguments, certain characteristics of the system are derived and using them the cost of the system is calculated. Particular cases of the model are also considered. © 1995.

Voltage sags and supply interruptions cause major economic loss due to loss of production or data; there is also a loss of market, client trust, comfort, etc. This incites consumers to implement mitigation device for their systems. Many solutions exist to minimise financial losses caused due to voltage sag, varying from modification within the industrial process itself to restructuring the supplying grid. In many cases, the only possibility to minimise financial losses is to install mitigation devices between the grid and the sensitive process. Use of FACTS devices has generally provided efficient solution to voltage sag problems in industry. This paper, therefore proposes a simple methodology for the placement of FACTS devices in distribution systems to reduce voltage sag induced financial losses. Two types of FACTS devices, D-STATCOM and SVC have been considered for the analysis. Case studies based on a real Indian distribution system are used to illustrate the modelling method, and the effectiveness of these devices for voltage sag mitigation.

The paper presents a methodology for minimising financial losses due to voltage sags by the reconfiguration of a distribution network. The developed methodology starts with a selected number of isolators which generate various topologies. Load flows are then performed to evaluate the feasibility of topologies. For each feasible topology, fault analysis is performed to first calculate the voltage sags at different buses in the network and then to calculate the financial losses incurred by voltage sags at buses with sensitive industrial processes. The result of the optimisation is the topology which yields the lowest voltage sag cost to customers. The developed methodology is applied to an Indian distribution system.

A voltage sag can cause tripping of sensitive electronic equipment and cause production stops in many industries. Therefore, it can have significant economic consequences for different types of industries. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices were originally developed for transmission networks but similar ideas are now starting to be applied in distribution systems. FACTS devices have become popular as a cost-effective solution for the protection of sensitive loads from a voltage sag. This paper, therefore, presents the modelling of the FACTS device Static VAR Compensator (SVC) to minimise voltage sag-induced financial losses. The overall system financial losses due to a voltage sag could significantly be reduced depending on the type of FACTS devices used. The short circuit analysis approach is used to incorporate the effect of these devices on financial losses. Voltage sags produced by balanced and unbalanced short circuits are analysed by means of a new analytical approach using the system impedance matrix (ZBus), which incorporates SVC. Case studies based on a real Indian distribution system are used to illustrate the modelling method and the effectiveness of these devices in voltage sag mitigation.