Search

Background As proven to reflect the work state of heart and physiological situation objectively, electrocardiogram (ECG) is widely used in the assessment of human health, especially the diagnosis of heart disease. The accuracy and reliability of abnormal ECG (AECG) decision depend to a large extent on the feature extraction. However, it is often uneasy or even impossible to obtain accurate features, as the detection process of ECG is easily disturbed by the external environment. And AECG got many species and great variation. What’s more, the ECG result obtained after a long time past, which can not reach the purpose of early warning or real-time disease diagnosis. Therefore, developing an intelligent classification model with an accurate feature extraction method to identify AECG is of quite significance. This study aimed to explore an accurate feature extraction method of ECG and establish a suitable model for identifying AECG and the diagnosis of heart disease. Methods In this research, the wavelet combined with four operations and adaptive threshold methods were applied to filter the ECG and extract its feature waves first. Then, a BP neural network (BPNN) intelligent model and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) improved BPNN (PSO-BPNN) intelligent model based on MIT-BIH open database was established to identify ECG. To reduce the complexity of the model, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to minimize the feature dimension. Results Wavelet transforms combined four operations and adaptive threshold methods were capable of ECG filtering and feature extraction. PCA can significantly deduce the modeling feature dimension to minimize the complexity and save classification time. The PSO-BPNN intelligent model was suitable for identifying five types of ECG and showed better effects while comparing it with the BPNN model. Conclusion In summary, it was further concluded that the PSO-BPNN intelligent model would be a suitable way to identify AECG and provide a tool for the diagnosis of heart disease.

Understanding the relationship between land use and water quality at different scales is essential in the restoration and protection of water quality. On March 2014, we collected 97 samples in highly urbanized Taihu Basin and analyzed their water quality characteristics. Spatial differences in water quality were evident in sub-basins. The Hu Xi zone with the largest forest area had the best water quality among all the sub-basins. The correlation analysis indicated that the proportions of forest and construction land were significantly associated with multiple water quality variables from buffer to sub-basin scale. Farmland was significantly related to NO3–N at the sub-basin scale. The impact of landscape metrics at the sub-basin was insignificant. Forest and construction land in the 1–2 km buffer zone appeared to have a greater influence on the water quality than the buffers with smaller distance. These results are beneficial toward the understanding of water quality status in highly urbanized watersheds and provide a reference for water quality conservation and land use management in the future.

The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical value of low-dose spiral CT (LDCT), plasma miR-200b, and miR-200c combined screening for lung cancer screening in the physical examination population.From January 2016 to December 2018, the Physical Examination Center of our hospital underwent low-dose spiral CT lung cancer screening for 10,823 people aged ≥40 years. The quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the relative expressions of miR-200b and miR-200c in plasma, analyze the imaging characteristics of suspicious nodules in the lung and the relative expressions of miR-200b and miR-200c in plasma.A total of 2,919 pulmonary nodules were detected in the 10823 physical examination population, with a total detection rate of 26.97%, including 1523 males and 1396 females. 1081 positive nodules were detected with a detection rate of 9.99%. According to the Lung-RADS classification, the number of type 2 nodules was the highest, with a detection rate of 22.13%. Meanwhile, the rate of type 3 nodules was 3.15%, and the rate of type 4 nodules was 1.69%. The sensitivity, accuracy, and negative predictive value of LDCT, miR-200b, and miR-200c in the diagnosis of lung cancer were significantly improved compared with the individual tests, which were 94.74%, 90.16%, and 95.88%, respectively.Low-dose spiral CT combined with plasma miR-200b and miR-200c for lung cancer screening in the physical examination population can help to detect lung cancer patients with early symptoms that are not significant, and achieve early diagnosis and early treatment.

Close attention was paid to contact effect between dam body and dam foundation of high earth rockfill dams. A soil–bedrock interface model is developed based on hyperbolic hardening rule of coarse-...

The maintenance requirements of net energy and net protein were assumed to represent the most accurate and important values totally for the animal’s utilization. The objective of this experiment was to determine the net energy and net protein requirements for maintenance of growing arctic foxes. The experiments was evaluated using regression models estimated from data collected by means of indirect calorimetry, nitrogen balance trials, and digestion and metabolism experiments. Thirty-six growing arctic foxes (3 487 ± 261.7 g) at the age of 85 days were randomly assigned to four groups with 9 animals in each group. Arctic foxes were fed a complete formula diet at four intake levels (100%, or 80%, 60%, and 40% of feed requirements) from 24 July 2017 to 23 September 2017. Arctic foxes in each treatment were kept individually in respiration chambers after 1-d adaptation at day 2 for a 3-d balance trial and then at day 5 followed by a 3-d fasting period. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI), heat production in the fed state (HP), and retained energy (RE) of arctic foxes significantly decreased (P < 0.01) as the feed intake level decreased. Fasting heat production (FHP) of arctic foxes was not influenced by feed intake level (P > 0.05). The metabolizable energy maintenance requirement (MEm) and net energy maintenance requirement (NEm) estimated from the linear relationship between RE and MEI were 230 and 217 kJ/kg of body weight BW0.75/d, respectively. The MEm and NEm estimated by logarithmic regression of HP on MEI were 225 and 209 kJ/kg BW0.75/d, respectively. The net N maintenance requirement (NNm) and net protein maintenance requirement (NPm) estimated from the linear relationship between retained nitrogen (RN) and daily nitrogen intake (NI) were 179.6 mg/kg BW0.75/d and 1.123 g/kg BW0.75/d, respectively. It is concluded that NEm and NPm values obtained fill the net energy and protein requirements shortage, and provide the basic data for establishing the standard of nutrition demand of breeding arctic foxes in China.

To explore the mode of"one-day outpatient"based continuous management and examine its feasibility and preliminary effects for improving menopausal syndrome and mood among menopausal women.Clinical intervention study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynecology Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from May 2020 to May 2021.The continuous management mode of "one-day outpatient service" for menopause was constructed in terms of multidisciplinary resources, including offline "one-day outpatient" health education, online 7-week group continuous intervention on "healthy lifestyle" and offline half-day focus group interview. Pre-and post-scores of the modified Kupperman scale and the positive/negative emotional scale (PANAS) were measured to compare the status of menopausal syndrome and emotional experience of Seventy-eight female participants (40-60 years old), meanwhile, before and after comparison of the blood lipid and body composition indexes of participants were also performed. Paired通过构建基于更年期“一日门诊”的持续性管理模式，探讨其对改善女性更年期综合征及情绪的可行性及初步成效。2020年5月至2021年5月在重庆医科大学附属第三医院妇产中心开展临床干预研究。整合多学科资源构建基于“一日门诊”的持续性管理模式，包括线下更年期“一日门诊”健康教育、线上7周团体式“健康生活方式”持续性干预和线下半日焦点团体访谈。对参与基于“一日门诊”的持续性管理的78例女性患者，年龄为40~60岁，采用改良Kupperman量表和PANAS量表测量比较干预前后的更年期综合征程度及情绪体验水平，并对患者参加持续性管理前后的血脂和人体成分指标进行对比分析。采用配对

The effect of the gut microbiome on the central nervous system and its possible role in mental disorders have received increasing attention. However, knowledge about the relationship between the gut microbiome and brain structure and function is still very limited. Here, we used 16S rRNA sequencing with structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) and resting-state functional (rs-fMRI) to investigate differences in fecal microbiota between 38 patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 38 demographically matched normal controls (NCs) and explored whether such differences were associated with brain structure and function. At the genus level, we found that the relative abundance of Ruminococcus and Roseburia was significantly lower, whereas the abundance of Veillonella was significantly higher in SZ patients than in NCs. Additionally, the analysis of MRI data revealed that several brain regions showed significantly lower gray matter volume (GMV) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) but significantly higher amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in SZ patients than in NCs. Moreover, the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota showed a strong linear relationship with the values of both GMV and ReHo. In SZ patients, the ReHo indexes in the right STC (r = − 0.35, p = 0.031, FDR corrected p = 0.039), the left cuneus (r = − 0.33, p = 0.044, FDR corrected p = 0.053) and the right MTC (r = − 0.34, p = 0.03, FDR corrected p = 0.052) were negatively correlated with the abundance of the genus Roseburia. Our results suggest that the potential role of the gut microbiome in SZ is related to alterations in brain structure and function. This study provides insights into the underlying neuropathology of SZ.

To evaluate metabolic parameters of primary lesions examined by 18F-FDG PET/CT (18Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography /Computed Tomography), including maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG).79 patients with endometrial cancer were selected as the subjects. They were diagnosed by histopathology in our hospital for the first time from January 2016 to December 2018. All the patients were examined by 18F-FDG PET/CT. Retrospective statistical analysis was carried out to evaluate different expression of metabolic parameters examined by 18F-FDG PET/CT of different clinicopathologic factors in endometrial cancer. Spearman correlation analysis was also used.SUVmax, TLG and MTV were correlated with FIGO staging, tissue grading, depth of myometrial invasion, and lymph node metastasis. SUVmax, TLG and MTV in lymph node metastasis group had high clinical staging, low differentiation and myometrial invasion depth1/2, which were significantly higher than those in no lymph node metastasis group (low clinical staging, high differentiation and myometrial invasion depth ≤1/2). TLG had the greatest difference(p0.001). TLG and MTV were correlated with histopathological classification (p0.05). The expression levels of SUVmax, MTV and TLG of primary lesions were negatively correlated with the positive expression of ER and PR in tumor tissues (p0.05), and significantly positively correlated with positive expression of HER -2 and Ki-67 (p0.01). The expression of ER, PR, HER-2 and KI-67 in tumor tissues was correlated with tissue grading, clinical staging, depth of muscular layer infiltration, cervical tissue involvement and lymph node metastasis (p0.05).Metabolic parameters of primary lesions examined by 18F-FDG PET/CT has a good correlation with its clinicopathological features. They can provide reference for the preoperative formulation of treatment plan for endometrial cancer, so as to reduce the risk of surgery and improve the prognosis of patients.

Finding effective and objective biomarkers to inform the diagnosis of schizophrenia is of great importance yet remains challenging. However, there is relatively little work on multi-biological data for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. This was a cross-sectional study in which we extracted multiple features from three types of biological data including gut microbiota data, blood data, and electroencephalogram data. Then, an integrated framework of machine learning, consisting of five classifiers, three feature selection algorithms, and four cross-validation methods was used to discriminate patients with schizophrenia from healthy controls. Our results showed that the performance of the classifier using multi-biological data was better than that of the classifiers using single biological data, with 91.7% accuracy and 96.5% AUC. The most discriminative features (top 5%) for the classification include gut microbiota features (Lactobacillus, Haemophilus, and Prevotella), blood features (superoxide dismutase, monocyte-lymphocyte ratio, and neutrophil), and electroencephalogram features (nodal local efficiency, nodal efficiency, and nodal shortest path length in the temporal and frontal-parietal areas).The proposed integrated framework may be help in understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and developing biomarkers for schizophrenia using multi-biological data.

儿童多系统炎症综合征于2020年4月首先由英国儿科医生报道，患儿的临床表现类似川崎病且合并多器官功能损伤。该病多见于6~15岁，黑种人和白种人为主，部分患儿2019新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）核酸或血清学抗体检测呈阳性结果，或曾与2019-nCoV感染者有密切接触。发病机制尚不清楚，可能与2019-nCoV感染后引起的异常免疫反应相关。经过以抗炎药物为主的综合治疗后整体预后良好。应继续对儿童2019-nCoV感染常态化防控，推进儿童多系统炎症综合征的基础和临床研究，加强宣传教育，提高我国儿科医生对该病的认识。.

Variable-temperature single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) has been used to probe the structure and dynamics of two solid adducts, viz. toluene : hexafluorobenzene (C6H5CH3 : C6F6) and p-xylene (1,4-dimethyl benzene) : hexafluorobenzene (p-C6H4(CH3)2 : C6F6). A combination of PXRD patterns and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) traces of the solid adducts reveal two solid-state phase-transitions in each adduct: at 200 K and 246 K in C6H5CH3 : C6F6 and at 230 K and 297 K in p-C6H4(CH3)2 : C6F6. The crystal structures of all three solid phases in each adduct have been solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXD). The structures of both adducts are based on close-packed parallel columns of alternating methyl benzenes and hexafluorobenzene molecules packed face to face. The fundamental difference between the two adducts involves the presence or absence of rotational disorder of the methyl-substituted benzene rings. Whereas in p-xylene the presence of two methyl groups locks the orientation of the molecule with respect to the column axis in all phases, the single methyl group of toluene fails to define a unique orientation except in the lowest temperature phase III. At higher temperatures, C6H5CH3 : C6F6 transforms to an adduct with, initially, two-fold disorder (in phase II) and then dynamic six-fold disorder that dominates the highest temperature phase (phase I). Differences in structure between the phases as a function of temperature illustrate the subtle interplay of quadrupole versus bond–dipole electrostatic interactions.

本文报道了1例发生于咽旁间隙的促结缔组织增生性纤维母细胞瘤患者，病理检查为促结缔组织增生性纤维母细胞瘤，镜下检出瘤组织包绕神经。随访5个月症状无复发。.

Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of solar magnetic activities is intrinsic to dynamo mechanism, but still far from fully understood. In this work, the phase and amplitude asymmetry of solar QBO of Hα flare activity in the northern and southern hemispheres is studied by the ensemble empirical mode decomposition, the cross-correlation analysis, and the wavelet transform technique. The following results are found: (1) solar QBO of Hα flare index in the two hemispheres has a complicated phase relationship, but does not show any systematic regularity; and (2) the solar cycle mode of solar Hα flare index in the northern hemisphere generally leads that in the southern one by nine months for the time interval from 1966 to 2014. The possible origin of these results is discussed.

Many studies have recently suggested that dendritic cell (DC) vaccine contributes to the immunotherapy of various types of human tumors. It has been proved that the tumor antigen sensitizing and the gene silencing are effective methods for the preparation of the DC vaccines. The aim of this study is to investigate the specific anti-laryngocarcinoma immune response for the suppression of cytokine signaling1 (SOCS1) silencing and Hep-2 sensitizing DC.The dendritic cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were induced by cytokines GM-CSF, IL-4, and TNF-α in vitro, and the morphological characteristics of dendritic cells were observed under a microscope, indicating that they successfully differentiated into dendritic cells. The RNA interference vector was used to transfect dendritic cells. The expression of SOCS1 was detected by Western blot and the effective target sequence for inhibiting the expression of SOCS1 was screened. The expressions of CD83, CD86, and HLA-DR on dendritic cells were detected by flow cytometry. The content of IFN-γ in the supernatant was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) was used to evaluate the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate T cell proliferation and induce the killing activity of cytotoxic T cells.The result of PCR and Western blot analysis shows that the expression of SOCS1 significantly decreased under the influence of the 5th interference sequence. The flow cytometric analysis results show that SOCS1 silencing and Hep-2 sensitizing dendritic cells had high expressions of CD83 (85.61±0.96)%, CD86 (96.86±1.20)%, and HLA-DR (98.02±0.94)%. The DC vaccine could increase the production of IFN-γ according to the ELISA assay results. The MTT assay results show that the DC vaccine could also stimulate the proliferation of the T cells and effectively and eventually enhance the specific killing effect of CTL.SOCS1 silencing and Hep-2 sensitizing DC vaccine could induce an effective and specific anti-laryngocarcinoma immune response.

Three commercial bio-aid samples have shown good troubleshooting capabilities earlier during several biological wastewaters processing, but their microbial contents were still unclear. This study was aimed to assess eubacteria contents for the three bio-aids based on sequence comparisons of 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA). Majority of target 16S rDNA sequences of bacteria within or cultured from bio-aids were obtained via pyrosequencing-based approach, and few sequences were from isolation- or cloning-sequencing approaches. Results showed that a total of 8114, 2327, and 5402 sequences were retrieved from pyrosequencing-based methods for the three bio-aids, respectively, which were affiliated with 100, 80, and 59 bacterial species based on sequence comparison using Ribosome Data Project (RDP) Classifier and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Target sequences matched Bacillus sp., Enterococcus sp., and Clostridium sp. of Firmicutes phylum were the most abundant for the bio-aids, while some sequences identical to bacteria of phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, and Proteobacteria were also found. Additionally, most of sequences from the isolation- or cloning-sequencing-based methods were not retrieved by the pyrosequencing-based methods. Culture media appeared to potentially select several bacteria species within phyla Firmicutes and/or Proteobacteria, but sequences from the culture-based methods did fulfill some absences for the uncultured method. Based on principal coordinate analysis, bacteria community structures of the three bio-aids were different. This study provided insights into bacteria contents for the three bio-aids as fundamental information in attempts for future selection or formulation of suitable bio-aids for solving various troubles during wastewater biological processing.

Plasma source nitriding is a relatively new nitriding technology which can overcome those inherent shortcomings associated with conventional direct current plasma nitriding technology such as the arcing surface damage, the edging effect and the hollow cathode effect. There is considerable study on the properties of nitrided samples for laboratorial scale plasma source nitriding system; however, little information has been reported on the industrial-scale plasma source nitriding system. In this work, AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel samples were nitrided by an industrial-scale plasma source nitriding system at various nitriding temperatures (350, 400, 450 and 500 °C) with a floating potential. A high-nitrogen face-centered-cubic phase (γN) formed on the surface of nitrided sample surface. As the nitriding temperature was increased, the γN phase layer thickness increased, varying from 1.5 μm for the lowest nitriding temperature of 350 °C, to 30 μm for the highest nitriding temperature of 500 °C. The maximum Vickers microhardness of the γN phase layer with a peak nitrogen concentration of 20 at.% is about HV 0.1 N 15.1 GPa at the nitriding temperature of 450 °C. The wear and corrosion experimental results demonstrated that the γN phase was formed on the surface of AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel by plasma source nitriding, which exhibits not only high wear resistance, but also good pitting corrosion resistance.

Phytophthora sansomeana E.M. Hansen & Reeser is a newly described species and infects Douglas-fir, alfalfa, and soybean (1). Soybean production is an important part of the local economy in Yili State in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwest China. Unfortunately since 2005, root and stem rot disease has emerged on a number of farms. To identify the causal agent, plant samples with symptoms, including whole plant wilting or yellowing and stunting, were collected from fields during 2005 and 2008. Tissue from the edges of stem lesions was placed on selective lima bean agar (LBA) at 20°C for 3 to 4 days (2,3). Four single zoospore isolates of Phytophthora were obtained and maintained on LBA or 10% V8 juice liquid medium for examination of morphological and physiological characteristics. The colonies on LBA were aerial and rosaceous. The isolates were homothallic, and oogonia and oospores were readily produced in culture after 7 days on LBA plates. Oogonia averaged 38 μm and oospore width ranged from 23 to 48 μm and averaged 31 μm. Antheridia were approximately 15 × 12 μm and predominantly amphigynous in V8 juice. Sporangia were terminal or paragynous on persistent sporangiophores, nonpapillate, ovoid to obpyriform, and measured 52 × 35 μm with an average length/breadth ratio of 1.5. Hyphal swellings were produced in V8 juice 2 days after inoculation. The optimum temperature for growth was approximately 25°C and none occurred at 0 or 35°C. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of this Phytophthora species (GenBank FJ966880) agreed 100% with sequences of P. sansomeana isolates deposited in GenBank (GQ853880 and EU925375). Pathogenicity tests were performed by hypocotyl inoculation method (2) using isolate Yili71 and potted soybean cv. Williams. Plants were grown in a growth chamber for 10 days before inoculation in 16-cm-diameter pots (2). Plants were inoculated with 2- × 2-mm plugs of mycelium grown for 4 days on LBA at 25°C, the plugs were adhered to the sides of wounded lower hypocotyls. As controls, plants were inoculated with LBA agar plugs without mycelium (2). Inoculated plants were maintained in a growth chamber at approximately 25°C with a 10-h dark/14-h light cycle and 50% relative humidity and symptom development was monitored daily for 1 week. Wounded stems inoculated with mycelium developed water-soaked lesions, which were similar to those seen on naturally infected plants. A Phytophthora sp. was reisolated from the margins of expanding lesions on wounded stems. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. sansomeana infection of soybean in China and the threat it may pose to soybean production is unclear. References: (1) E. M. Hansen et al. Mycologia 101:129. 2009. (2) Z. Y. Wang et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 43:826, 2006. (3) X. B. Zheng. Methods in Phytophthora. Chinese Agriculture Press. Beijing, China, 1995.

The Chinese dwarf banana (Ensete lasiocarpum) is one of the ornamental bananas that belongs to Musaceae family. The plant is native to the southwestern China, where it grows semi-wild in the mountains between 1,500 and 2,500 m above sea level. During July 2011, a leaf spot disease on this plant was observed in the campus and parks in Kunming, Yunnan Province. The incidence level was about 22%, mainly on the old leaves. The leaf symptoms were irregular spots with gray to off-white centers surrounded by dark brown margins, and usually also surrounded by chlorotic halos. Leaf tissues (3 × 5 mm), cut from the margins of lesions, were surface-disinfected (95% ethanol for 3 min, 0.1% HgCl2 for 2 min, rinsed three times with sterile water), plated on potato sucrose agar (PSA), and incubated at 26°C under natural lights. The same fungus was consistently isolated from the diseased leaves. Colonies of white-to-dark gray mycelia formed on PSA that were black on the underside. The colonies were further identified as Alternaria sp. based on the dark brown, obclavate to obpyriform catenulate conidia with longitudinal and transverse septa tapering to a prominent beak attached in chains on a simple and short conidiophore (2). Conidia were 5.26 to 30.26 μm long and 3.95 to 15.79 μm wide, averaging 10.21 (±3.17) × 20.02 (±5.75) μm (n = 50), with a beak length of 0 to 7.89 μm, and had 3 to 8 transverse and 0 to 3 longitudinal septa. PCR amplification was carried out by utilizing universal rDNA-ITS primer pair ITS4/ITS5 (1). The ITS region of isolate DY1 (GenBank Accession No. KF516556) was 572 bp in length. BLAST search revealed 99% identity with two Alternaria alternata isolates (JF440581.1 and GQ121322.2). Phylogenetic analysis (MEGA 5.1) using the neighbor-joining algorithm placed the isolate in a well-supported cluster with other A. alternata isolates. The pathogen was identified as A. alternate (Fr.:Fr.) Keissler based on the morphological characteristics and rDNA-ITS sequence analysis. To confirm pathogenicity, Koch's postulates were performed on detached leaves of E. lasiocarpum inoculated with mycelial plugs with ddH2O and agar plugs as a control. Leaf spots identical to those observed in the field developed in 9 days on the inoculated leaves but not on the control. The inoculation assay used three leaves, totaling 72 spots for control and 36 spots for inoculation. The experiments were repeated once. A. alternata was consistently re-isolated from the inoculated leaves. The symptom developed easier with wounds. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. lasiocarpum leaf spot disease caused by A. alternata in China and the world. References: (1) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990. (2) T. Y. Zhang. Flora Fungorum Sinicorum, Vol. 16: Alternaria. Science Press, Beijing, China, 2003.

Mulberry leaf was first recorded in the桑叶作为附药始载于《神农本草经》，以"桑叶"单独入药始载于《本草拾遗》。梳理桑叶采收加工和临床应用的本草文献发现：清代以前桑叶夏秋皆可采收，清代至今桑叶采收期以秋冬为佳，称"霜桑叶"或"冬桑叶"；民国以前桑叶以阴干和炙干为主，民国至今桑叶以晒干为主。可见桑叶的采收加工随着时代的变迁，发生了较大变化临床应用形式多样，不同用法疗效也不同。.