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Little research exists on what works in the supervision of offenders with debt problems. This qualitative study aims to provide insight into the barriers probation officers and clients experience during supervision regarding debt and the support that clients need. Interviews were conducted with 33 Dutch probation officers and 16 clients. The results show that debt often negatively influences clients’ lives and hinders their resocialization. Probation officers lack effective methods to support clients with debt problems. To adequately help clients with debt problems, probation officers should obtain more knowledge about effective interventions and collaborate more closely with debt specialists from the probation supervision outset.

Background Inflammatory bowel disease, comprising Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is driven by aberrant host-microbial immune interactions. Disease heterogeneity and severity hamper effective treatment, thus new therapeutic strategies tailored to the patient’s underlying immune defect are required. In mice, upon epithelial barrier breach and microbiota driven inflammation, colonic intestinal epithelial cells increase Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) expression. SLPI can exert anti-microbial activity and inhibit NF-kB activation. Therefore, we hypothesized that SLPI expression is increased in the intestine of IBD patients and may differentiate a subgroup of patients with a distinctive underlying immune disease. Methods Intestinal biopsies and plasma from therapy-naive pediatric patients (age 6-18) with CD (n=41), UC (n=22) or IBD-negative controls (n=15) were collected. Intestinal SLPI protein was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), scored semi-quantitatively, and patients were dichotomized into ‘SLPI-high’ and ‘SLPI-low’ groups. RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were performed. Plasma protein concentrations were assessed with Olink technology®. Results We observed increased SLPI mRNA and protein expression in intestinal tissue of CD and UC patients, compared to IBD-negative controls. Expression was the strongest in macroscopically inflamed tissue and more dominant in colon than in small intestinal ileum. Colonic SLPI expression was associated with endoscopic severity of inflammation, with histologic disease activity, and with clinical disease activity in CD and UC patients. Furthermore, high epithelial SLPI expression associated with abundant neutrophil infiltration and calprotectin expression. RNA-seq revealed that biopsies of SLPI-high patients had a signature of inflammatory neutrophilic inflammation including the genes OSM, IL-1B, and CXCL8, which have been associated with severe disease progression and resistance to anti-TNF treatment. Most notably, biopsies of SLPI-high patients had a signature of increased IL-17 signaling, which was supported by IHC detection of high frequencies of IL-17 producing cells in the paired biopsies and higher plasma concentrations of CCL20, MMP10 and IL-17A. Conclusion Together, these results demonstrate that intestinal SLPI expression identifies severe IBD patients with high intestinal SLPI expression and immune features of therapy resistance, who have increased IL-17A responses and subsequent neutrophilic inflammation compared to SLPI-low patients. As such, epithelial SLPI expression is a histological parameter that could support tailored treatment strategies in pediatric IBD patients at the time of diagnosis.

Purpose Little is known about effective supervision of offenders with debt. This multiple case study aims to gain insight into working elements in offender supervision on debt. This is important for probation officers to choose the most effective interventions in daily offender supervision. Design/methodology/approach This study included five best practice cases based on both interviews with involved professionals and clients and client file information. One case was described in detail to illustrate what probation officers and clients encounter when working on debt. All five cases were analyzed thematically using pattern matching techniques and crosscase syntheses on debt background, current supervision, barriers and working elements. Findings Organization processes and lack of aftercare hinder effective supervision. Close collaboration with other professionals (e.g. debt counselors) is important in supervising clients with debt. The client’s own behavior and motivation for supervision are crucial in the success of debt supervision and can be both hindering and effective. Working elements in supervision depend on personal characteristics of professionals involved and on the extent to which elements of a working alliance, particularly trust and bonding, are built. Practical implications Support and facilitation from probation organizations regarding primary conditions and collaboration, training professionals in methods of stimulating clients motivation and an effective working alliance are essential to supervise clients with debt adequately. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no other in-depth study has yet been conducted on working elements in supervision of probationers with debt.

Prior to subsea installation, a subsea system has to be tested to verify whether it performs in accordance with specifications and component specific performance evaluation criteria. It is important to verify that the assembled components work in accordance with the assumptions and design criteria used in the detailed engineering. These criteria also cover the vibration performance. In the current study, the pump module within the Åsgard subsea compression station has been subjected to such system evaluation test, including its vibration performance. Vibrations may be caused by internal and external flow through a complex process that is affected by numerous factors such as the piping geometry, flow and operating conditions and also the fluid properties. When severe, mechanical vibrations can lead to fatigue failure of the equipment components. One of the major parameters that affects the vibration response of the subsea piping is the surrounding water. It is generally known that surrounding water does participate in some vibration modes by adding mass to the total, dynamic mass participating in the vibration. Therefore, resonant frequencies of a piping system will have different values for non-submerged and submerged cases. In addition, the surrounding water can also lead to higher damping of the vibration modes. In this paper the effect of submerging a pipe system in water is quantified, by analyzing the changes in damping coefficient and the characteristics of measured pipe vibration in-situ. This is achieved by analysis of full-scale frequency response tests performed on a subsea pipe system within the pump module in both non-submerged and submerged conditions. The results are used for validation of numerical techniques that are used to quantify pipe vibration in submerged conditions. Different modeling techniques for the submerged case are investigated. It is shown that the effects from the surrounding water on pipe vibrations are different for small-bore piping than that for main piping. Furthermore the different modeling approaches and general observations and trends in damping coefficients are discussed and compared with the measurements.

Concern exists about the potential effects of pile-driving sounds on fish, but evidence is limited, especially for fish larvae. A device was developed to expose larvae to accurately reproduced pile-driving sounds. Controlled exposure experiments were carried out to examine the lethal effects in common sole larvae. No significant effects were observed at zero-to-peak pressure levels up to 210 dB re 1 μPa 2 and cumulative sound exposure levels up to 206 dB re 1 μPa 2 ·s, which is well above the US interim criteria for nonauditory tissue damage in fish. Experiments are presently being carried out for European sea bass and herring larvae. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016.

Concern exists about the potential effects of pile-driving sounds on fish, but evidence is limited, especially for fish larvae. A device was developed to expose larvae to accurately reproduced pile-driving sounds. Controlled exposure experiments were carried out to examine the lethal effects in common sole larvae. No significant effects were observed at zero-to-peak pressure levels up to 210 dB re 1 μPa(2) and cumulative sound exposure levels up to 206 dB re 1 μPa(2)·s, which is well above the US interim criteria for nonauditory tissue damage in fish. Experiments are presently being carried out for European sea bass and herring larvae.

High cycle fatigue failure is likely to occur when a rather undamped offshore installation is operated over a long period of time. Especially welded parts are vulnerable to fluctuating stress ranges, if the structural components, such as the small bore side branches, are loaded in resonance. In particular, the welded connections at e.g. tie-in points can be critical. Therefore, it is important to know what the current status of existing welded connections is and how long they can still be operated at any specific operating condition without failure. This paper describes an advanced fatigue assessment method to determine the cumulative damage in the critical parts of the system. The method is developed for industrial applications where the available information is limited. The method comprises of a mechanical analysis and a fatigue assessment based on a fracture mechanics crack growth model. The method enables determination of inspection intervals and at the same time layout optimization for a long term safe operation. This paper pays special attention to complex, braced small bore side branches. Standard fatigue stress assessment methods can be conservative for the fatigue assessment of high frequent stress ranges with relatively low stress ranges. The current paper shows the effect of the fracture mechanics procedure for an example of a braced side branch connected to the main piping: both a fracture mechanics model and a detailed 3D FE model are made. With these models, the hot spot stress in the welds is evaluated and tailor-made S-N-curves are derived. With information of the operating history, the cumulative damage is determined for the weld detail. This knowledge on the current damage status is crucial for future operations.

Recent losses and fragmentation of tallgrass prairie habitat to agriculture and urban development have led to corresponding declines in diversity and abundance of plants and birds associated with such habitat. Mowing and burning are alternative management strategies for restoring and rejuvenating prairies in fragmented landscapes, but their specific, comparative effects are the subjects of ongoing evaluation. We compared the responses of plant and bird communities on four sets of mowed, burned, and untreated sites of small (3–10 ha), fragmented tallgrass prairies at the DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge (DNWR), Iowa, U.S.A., during May–July in 1998 and 1999. Species richness and diversity of plants, resident grassland birds, and communities of birds associated with grassland edges (edge species) were independent of treatment. Although not affecting species richness and diversity in plant communities, mowed sites ranked lower in total plant coverage and total forb coverage than burned sites or untreated sites. In contrast, untreated sites had more coverage by shrubs, suggesting that mowing and burning did retard shrub encroachment. Overall, abundance and diversity of plants and birds were generally insensitive to management strategies. Small, fragmented sites of rare habitat may not respond in the short term to management treatments and may not be capable of supporting highly diverse communities, no matter how intensively manipulated. It is more probable that diversity of native prairie communities can be enhanced and restored only through long-term efforts, acquisition of large land units capable of supporting stable populations, and deliberate reintroduction of species of high conservation value.

A new type of tracking device using large area nuclear emulsion sheets was developed for the short baseline neutrino oscillation experiment, CERN-WA95/CHORUS. The emulsion tracker is made of three layers, each 25 mm thick including support, and covering an area of about 5 m 2 . Two layers were installed upstream and one downstream of the hexagonal magnet of the CHORUS hadron spectrometer. The achieved position resolution over the whole area is 25 μm, which keeps the momentum resolution of the spectrometer below 30% up to momenta of about 15 GeV/ c .

In the oil & gas industry there is a trend towards more subsea activities. To improve gas recovery from existing and new fields at greater depths, the produced gas will be compressed, processed and transported via subsea templates and underwater networks (pipelines, flexible risers, etc.). Besides the huge consequences for the subsea installation itself (reliability, maintenance, etc.), it also has consequences for underwater wildlife through the underwater source vibrations leading to sound radiation. Regulations aimed at managing the impact of underwater sound on marine life have been put in place by different nations [e.g. 1,2]. Many offshore operations require an assessment of the potential impact of underwater noise on the environment, which requires knowledge of the sound transmitted by the subsea components. Until now very little is known about the underwater source mechanisms, the acoustic strength of these underwater networks, the coupling of the emitted source sound to the surrounding medium and the impact of the sound on the underwater wildlife. The dynamic behavior of networks for compressing and transporting gas, and the translation into emitted noise into air are rather well understood. However, due to the presence of the water the dynamic behavior from such subsea installation is very different than in air. To predict the dynamic behavior, the presence of the water cannot be neglected and has to be taken into account. This paper presents a simplified model for a subsea high speed turbo-compressor coupled to the KrakenC normal mode propagation model. With this combined model the noise at remote locations can be predicted and compared with the ambient noise and other anthropogenic noise sources such as for instance shipping, dredging and wind farm operation noise.

The quality of the Hartree−Fock and the density functional methods for the description of hydrogen bonds is judged by comparing quantitatively the outcome of calculations on the hydrogen bonds in ammonium (bi)fluorides with the results of accurate electron density studies by X-ray diffraction. X-ray data and analysis for NH4F were taken from the literature; those for NH4HF2 were collected in a single-crystal diffraction experiment. A total of 8522 reflections was measured, yielding the structure factors of 2333 independent reflections. Rint (F2) = 0.03. A multipole refinement converged to Rw (F2) = 0.034. Quantum chemical calculations were carried out with the CRYSTAL package, using the Hartree−Fock and the density functional methods and a 6-311G** basis set. Both the local density and the generalized gradient(GGA) version of the latter were applied. To make a comparison with experiment valid, the theoretical densities were converted to structure factors that then were subjected to the same multipole refi...

X-ray diffraction data processing proceeds through indexing, pre-refinement of camera parameters and crystal orientation, intensity integration, post-refinement and scaling. The DENZO program has set new standards for autoindexing, but no publication has appeared which describes the algorithm. In the development of the new Data Processing Suite (DPS), one of the first aims has been the development of an autoindexing procedure at least as powerful as that used by DENZO. The resultant algorithm will be described. Another major problem which has arisen in recent years is scaling and post-refinement of data from different images when there are few, if any, full reflections. This occurs when the mosaic spread approaches or exceeds the angle of oscillation, as is usually the case for frozen crystals. A procedure which is able to obtain satisfactory results for such a situation will be described.

The OPERA neutrino detector at the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory (LNGS) was designed to perform the first detection of neutrino oscillations in appearance mode, through the study of nu_mu to nu_tau oscillations. The apparatus consists of a lead/emulsion-film target complemented by electronic detectors. It is placed in the high-energy, long-baseline CERN to LNGS beam (CNGS) 730 km away from the neutrino source. In August 2006 a first run with CNGS neutrinos was successfully conducted. A first sample of neutrino events was collected, statistically consistent with the integrated beam intensity. After a brief description of the beam and of the various sub-detectors, we report on the achievement of this milestone, presenting the first data and some analysis results., Submitted to the New Journal of Physics

A scintillating fiber tracker system consisting of more than one million fibers has been successfully constructed and made operational for the CERN WA95/CHORUS experiment. The design and construction of the tracker system as well as its opto-electronic readout are described. The performance of the detector with high-energy muons is presented.

Summary The prevalence of metazoan parasites in the stomach and small intestine was investigated in 70 horses slaughtered in the period February 1994 ‐ July 1994. Most horses were young (1.5 ‐ 3 years) and in good condition. Trichostrongylus axei was the most prevalent parasite species in the stomach (51.4%), followed by Gasterophilus intestinalis (41.4%) and Habronema spp. (4.3%). In the small intestine, Parascaris equorum (28.6%) and Paranoplocephala mamillana (1.4%) were found. The mean worm burden of T. axei was 957 (max. 8502), of G. intestinalis 21 (max. 84), of Habronema spp. 3 (max. 5), and of P. equorum 32 (max. 308). One single specimen of P. mamillana was seen. All bots of G. intestinalis were in the third instar stage. No seasonal pattern and no influence of the parasites on the condition of the horses could be observed.

In the process systems of offshore installations, welded small-bore side branches can prove vulnerable to high-cycle fatigue failure due to vibrations. This is especially the case for welded connections at tie-in points to the main pipe which are often critical details. International standards and guidelines therefore provide maximum acceptable vibration levels to ensure long term safe operation. In some guidelines, however, these acceptable vibration levels are phrased in terms of screening levels and in practice can be unduly conservative. Process pipework might then unjustly be regarded as unsafe based on measured vibrations in the field. This is especially true for offshore systems, which are characterized by low mechanical damping in the structure. This may result in overdesigned piping or over-conservative operational limits in order to keep vibration levels within the acceptable range. Furthermore, the screening methods and any detailed fatigue assessments typically use established stress-life (S-N) based fatigue design methods where uncertainty exists in the very high-cycle regime. This paper describes a novel and advanced tailor-made fatigue assessment method whereby acceptable vibration levels are based on maximum acceptable stress ranges for individual side branches. The acceptable stress ranges for each critical welded connection are based on a fracture mechanics analysis of fatigue crack growth. This method also minimizes the cantilevered (overhung) mass of small-bore side branches, whilst remaining safe for long-term operation. To illustrate the strength of the assessment methodology in practice, this paper describes the application of the procedure to a 2″ side branch connected to a main piping system. A fracture mechanics model and a detailed 3D finite element model are made. By comparing the stress ranges from the fracture mechanics model with the normalized stress ranges obtained from the dynamic FE analysis, maximum acceptable vibration levels for this particular side branch have been derived. The method is validated with experimental modal analysis and strain gauge measurements.

In pipe systems, carrying gas with high velocities, broadband turbulent pulsations can be generated causing strong vibrations and fatigue failure, called Acoustic Fatigue. This occurs at valves with high pressure differences (i.e. chokes), relief valves and obstructions in the flow, such as sharp bends and T-branches. Characteristic for the turbulent sources is the strong and broadband excitation caused by turbulent flow, complex acoustic response and vibrations. The traditional approach to calculate the response per resonance frequency. This brute force method is too (computational) time consuming and perhaps even not feasible. As an alternative probabilistic methods can be used. The Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) is such a method, which only assumes statistical knowledge. The method is particularly suited for modeling multi-modal structural-acoustic systems, excited at frequencies well above their fundamental natural frequencies. To validate the SEA approach for fluid filled pipe systems, in this paper first a well-defined laboratory setup is presented: SEA results, structural-acoustic coupled FEM results and experimental results are compared. After that the SEA approach is used to assess the mechanic integrity of a complex subsea installation, from which also a very elaborate structural-acoustic FE model is available. Copyright © 2013 by ASME.

Previous methods used for placing diffraction data recorded on a set of image frames onto a common scale have depended on finding scale factors that minimize the difference between scaled, fully recorded reflections. However, frozen crystals usually have mosaic spreads comparable to the oscillation angle, resulting in only very few, if any, fully recorded reflections on any one frame. Two methods are presented for solving this problem. The first depends on summing the components of a reflection on neighbouring frames; the second depends on calculating the degree of partiality (described in the Appendix) of each partial reflection. Problems of reflection selection for scaling and the use of post refinement for accurate determination of unit-cell parameters and crystal setting angles are discussed.

In view of the rapid extension of offshore wind farms, there is an urgent need to improve our knowledge on possible adverse effects of underwater sound generated by pile-driving. Mortality and injuries have been observed in fish exposed to loud impulse sounds, but knowledge on the sound levels at which (sub-)lethal effects occur is limited for juvenile and adult fish, and virtually non-existent for fish eggs and larvae. A device was developed in which fish larvae can be exposed to underwater sound. It consists of a rigid-walled cylindrical chamber driven by an electro-dynamical sound projector. Samples of up to 100 larvae can be exposed simultaneously to a homogeneously distributed sound pressure and particle velocity field. Recorded pile-driving sounds could be reproduced accurately in the frequency range between 50 and 1000 Hz, at zero to peak pressure levels up to 210 dB re 1µPa(2) (zero to peak pressures up to 32 kPa) and single pulse sound exposure levels up to 186 dB re 1µPa(2)s. The device was used to examine lethal effects of sound exposure in common sole (Solea solea) larvae. Different developmental stages were exposed to various levels and durations of pile-driving sound. The highest cumulative sound exposure level applied was 206 dB re 1µPa(2)s, which corresponds to 100 strikes at a distance of 100 m from a typical North Sea pile-driving site. The results showed no statistically significant differences in mortality between exposure and control groups at sound exposure levels which were well above the US interim criteria for non-auditory tissue damage in fish. Although our findings cannot be extrapolated to fish larvae in general, as interspecific differences in vulnerability to sound exposure may occur, they do indicate that previous assumptions and criteria may need to be revised.

The CERN WA95/CHORUS collaboration has been constructing a hybrid detector to search for ( ν μ - ν τ )-oscillations. An essential component of the detector is a scintillating fiber tracking system for precise track reconstruction of particles. The physics motivation is explained, and the detector layout, the tracker design, its optoelectronic readout and test beam results are presented.

Analytical equations are formulated to describe the influence of climatic conditions on moisture loss and temperature of hatching eggs. The equations are based on physical properties and are used to calculate moisture loss and temperature of eggs in different situations. Temperature development during cooling of eggs, moisture loss of eggs during cooling or heating and at constant temperature, and temperature in the egg during development of the embryo is described. For every characteristic, analytical equations are formulated and practical impacts are discussed.

Scalding of pig carcasses (n = 34) at 60°C for a period of at least 5·5 to 7·5 min gave satisfactory dehairing results, with the exception of autumn hair for which a longer period (9 mins) was required. Temperature curves were recorded for a subcutaneous position in the ham (n = 26) between the rind and the underlying fat layer. These showed a curve starting at about 30·8°C and increasing to an asymptotic value of 53°C during scalding. Results of calculations with a finite element model of a flat layer of muscle covered with a layer of 1·0 cm fat broadly showed the same temperature increase at about 0·5 cm below the surface as the actual values measured. Immediately after dehairing, about 1·5 mins after finishing scalding, the subcutaneous temperature had already dropped to 46·1 ± 3·0°C, which was considerably higher than the muscle temperature at the same position at a depth of 5 cm under the skin (40·6°C). The heat removal and temperatures during the cooling period after scalding were also calculated. It can be concluded that the increase in temperature due to scalding has only a minor influence on muscle temperature and that meat quality (pH, FOP) is not affected.

The layout and construction of the muon drift chambers equipping the end caps of the DELPHI detector are described. The performance of this forward muon detection system, determined from cosmic ray tests and data collected during the first year of LEP operation, is presented.

The main task of the Target Tracker detector of the long baseline neutrino oscillation OPERA experiment is to locate in which of the target elementary constituents, the lead/emulsion bricks, the neutrino interactions have occurred and also to give calorimetric information about each event. The technology used consists in walls of two planes of plastic scintillator strips, one per transverse direction. Wavelength shifting fibres collect the light signal emitted by the scintillator strips and guide it to both ends where it is read by multi-anode photomultiplier tubes. All the elements used in the construction of this detector and its main characteristics are described., Comment: 25 pages, submitted to Nuclear Instrument and Methods

Particulate contaminants are an important concern in today’s precision automotive assemblies. Whether driven by quality, cost, or performance considerations understanding the source and impact of particles requires detailed knowledge of their distribution in size and composition. Particle-by-particle measurement of filtered material is today conducted automatically by computer-operated microscope systems. When an optimized electron beam analysis tool performs such automated microscopic examination it provides not only distributions of particulate material by size and shape, but also accurate classification by composition. Detailed images of individual particles are also readily obtained and can be a great aid to source evaluation.

International audience; A cheap and practical alternative to plastic scintillating tracker for large surface detectors is developed. Large scale prototype was built and tested, showing high perfomance, good reliability and outstanding ease of production and handling. The worked out technology ensure low cost and high uniformity production of tracker modules, based on commercially available components.

Results are given on tests of large particle trackers for the detection of neutrino interactions in long-baseline experiments. Module prototypes have been assembled using TiO2-doped polycarbonate panels. These were subdivided into cells of ∼1 cm 2 cross-section and 6 m length, filled with liquid scintillator. A wavelength-shifting fibre inserted into each cell captured a part of the scintillation light emitted when a cell was traversed by an ionizing particle. Two different fibre-readout systems have been tested: an optoelectronic chain comprising an image intensifier and an electron-bombarded CCD (EBCCD); and a hybrid photodiode (HPD). New, low-cost liquid scintillators have been investigated for applications in large underground detectors. Testbeam studies have been performed using a commercially available liquid scintillator. The number of detected photoelectrons for minimum-ionizing particles crossing a module at different distances from the fibre readout end was 6–12 with the EBCCD chain and a mirror at the non-readout end; 4–10 with the HPD and no mirror. The light-attenuation lengths in the fibres were ∼9.4 m with the EBCCD and ∼6.4 m with the HPD. The detector response to electron showers has also been measured. After ten radiation lengths of lead, the transverse position of the incoming electron was determined with a precision of a few millimetres for electrons of 4 GeV , and with a precision of 1.5– 2.0 cm for electrons of 1 GeV .

A suitable model for the conditioning of products in refrigerated spaces is a crucial counterpart to quality change models for the prediction of quality and safety of perishable commodities in supply chains. Useful model concepts must relate design and operational factors with product conditions, of which temperature is the most important single factor. The model must be acceptable in the triangle of equipment owner-builder-user, not to forget inspectors and other competent authorities. Temperature range and distribution is a common basic information. User-friendly dedicated models, theoretically sound, calibrated and validated by independent experimental work, using meaningful parameters linked to design and operation, are necessary to demonstrate the power of modelling to potential users. Fast response is an obligatory requirement for practical use. Accuracy becomes more important for research purposes. At the hand of an improved computational model, the advantages of a simplified engineering approach are demonstrated.

Technical aspects of the three major components of the H1 detector at the electron-proton storage ring HERA are described. This paper covers the detector status up to the end of 1994 when a major upgrading of some of its elements was undertaken. A description of the other elements of the detector and some performance figures from luminosity runs at HERA during 1993 and 1994 are given in a paper previously published in this journal.

General aspects of the H1 detector at the electron-proton storage ring HERA as well as technical descriptions of the magnet, luminosity system, trigger, slow-control, data acquisition and off-line data handling are given. The three major components of the detector, the tracking, calorimeter and muon detectors, will be described in a forthcoming article. The present paper describes the detector that was used from 1992 to the end of 1994. After this a major upgrade of some components was undertaken. Some performance figures from luminosity runs at HERA during 1993 and 1994 are given.

1. A total of 2560 male and female Ross broilers were raised to 42 days of age in a 2 X 2 treatment factorial arrangement experiment to investigate the influence of different degrees of physical activity and dietary energy on broiler performance, abdominal fat content, carcase yield and sensory quality. 2. Vertical fans were used to force the treatment birds to walk 3 to 4 times as far as the normal activity birds; birds were fed a normal and a high energy diet (12·55 compared with 13·81 MJ ME/kg) with the same energy/protein, energy/lysine and energy/methionine + cystine ratios. 3. High activity birds had greater body weight ( + 4·1%), food intake ( + 5·1%) and ME intake ( + 5·1%) than normal activity birds. Birds receiving high energy diet had a lower food conversion and food intake than birds receiving normal energy diet. There were no significant differences in body weight or ME intake between birds with different diets. 4. Slaughter yields, both absolute and relative to live body weight, were affected by activity or dietary energy to varying degrees. Breast meat was increased with more activity. The absolute weight of abdominal fat was independent of activity and in males the relative weight of abdominal fat was decreased in high activity birds. 5. Different degrees of activity and dietary energy had only minor influences on broilers' sensory quality.

The prevalence of tapeworm infestations was investigated in 70 horses slaughtered in the period February 1994 - July 1994. Most horses were half-breed, young (1.5 - 3 years), and in good condition. They were bought for slaughter by dealers on local markets, and their treatment history was therefore unknown. Tapeworm infestations were seen in 16 horses (23%). Fifteen (21%) had an infection with Anoplocephala perfoliata. One horse had a single specimen of Paranoplocephala mamillana. The average number of A. perfoliata was 45 and the highest number was 508.

1. The vertical temperature profile in a broiler house depends on several factors: ground temperature, heat production by the birds, heating of litter by resting birds, stratification and radiation, microbial heat production in the litter, moisture loss from litter and natural convection around the birds. The effect on the vertical temperature profile is calculated for each factor and the effects are finally combined to estimate vertical temperature distribution. 2. The vertical temperature profile in a commercial broiler house depends on the age of the birds. Influential factors for young broilers are ground temperature and stratification. For older broilers, influential factors are floor construction and ground-water table, heat production of broilers and litter, the behaviour of the broilers and air circulation in the house. 3. Temperatures in the living zone can differ appreciably, by a maximum of about 4 degrees C, from mean house temperature. 4. The velocity of air induced by the heat production of the broilers is about 5 cm/s. This provides good air mixing in the living zone.

Driven by the concern that impulsive noise produced by offshore pile driving may lead to mortality of fish larvae, a device was developed for testing the sensitivity of small fish and fish larvae to sound exposure. The device consists of a rigid‐walled cylindrical chamber (110‐mm diameter, 160‐mm height), driven by an electrodynamical sound projector. Samples of up to 100 larvae can be exposed simultaneously to a homogeneously distributed sound pressure and particle velocity field, at a controllable static pressure up to 3 bars. Two configurations are available with either a dominant sound pressure or a dominant particle velocity exposure. Recorded piling noise can be reproduced in a controlled way, in the frequency range between 50 Hz and 1 kHz, at zero to peak pressure up to 40 kPa and single pulse sound exposure levels up to 187 dB re 1 μPa2 s, or peak particle velocity up to 2.2 cm/s and integrated square particle velocity level 124 dB re 1 (nm/s)2 s. Tests are carried out in which sole (Solea solea) ...

A new approach for an airport noise monitoring system is presented that comprises not only a number of measuring stations, but also a dedicated sound propagation model and an aircraft noise emission model. This approach enables estimation of noise levels in the whole area around the airport and not only at the location of the measuring stations. An additional advantage is that the locations of the measuring stations can be chosen more freely. Traditionally the measuring stations must be located near residential areas where the influence of other noise sources (such as cars or wind) cannot be eliminated. Better locations can be found that yield more reliable data and therefore more reliable noise levels. To update the sound propagation model frequently, the measuring stations not only measure noise levels, but also other parameters, like temperature and wind profile. The sound emission of the aircraft is derived from measurement results, complemented with a directional aircraft noise emission model. A tool was developed to visualize the power of combining data and models in this model-based monitoring system. The use of models opens possibilities for interesting applications such as i) short term noise forecasts, ii) scenario studies with various aircraft distributions and iii) enforcement of noise limits.

A set of two cylindrical multiwire proportional chambers, 2.2 meter long and 1 meter in diameter, are being built as part of the central tracking detector of the H1 experiment, at HERA. The chamber bodies are of sandwich type; the cathodes are segmented in pads. The transmission line, which is part of the sandwich, has an impedance matched to the preamplifiers. The electronic readout has been tested on a flat prototype chamber; the time resolution is well below the 96 ns bunch crossing time at HERA.

Successful operation of a drift chamber with 10 cm drift in the limited streamer mode is demonstrated. Good results were obtained with a 50-50 argon-isobutane gas mixture. A preliminary search for alternative gas mixtures avoiding the hydrocarbon quencher component is described.

This report presents the performance of drift chambers operated in the limited streamer mode with 9.4 cm maximum drift distance and position sensing along the 4.35 m long anode wire through delay line timing. Using only three timing channels a position resolution of 1×3 mm2 is obtained over a detector surface of 19×435 cm2. In this contribution, the emphasis is mainly put on the performance of the delay line and on the drift behaviour in streamer mode using safe gas mixtures.

We present a description of the Brussels scanning and measuring system for holographic bubble chamber or streamer chamber images. Conclusions are drawn from six months of operation of the system.

Results of a systematic study of operating conditions for holographic image recording in a heavy liquid rapid cycling bubble chamber are presented. We find that the limiting phenomenon is the turbulences generated by the growth and recompression of the bubbles. To minimize this effect it is necessary to operate the chamber at high temperature where the bubble growth is slow. A total of 40 000 useful holograms were recorded in the NA25 experiment at CERN. Typical running conditions were 10 Hz cycling rate, 80 beam tracks per expansion and a bubble density of 95 bubbles per cm. The bubble diameter was 12 μ.

The construction of the BCD-ring system of C 19 -diterpene alkaloids was initiated by development of a ring expansion reaction of cyclic enamino-esters with propiolic acid esters, leading from the 5-membered ring ketone 3 to the 7-membered ring ketone 10. Epoxidation and stereospecific reductive epoxide ring opening to give hydroxy ester 18 were subsequent key-steps which eventually furnished cyclic β-keto ester 22. This versatile intermediate has a full potential of functional groups suited for further elaboration into the A-, E- and F-rings and substituents of a variety of C 19 -diterpene alkaloids.