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1. Global scaling of the heat transport in fusion plasmas

Author: Sara Moradi, Johan Anderson, Michele Romanelli, Hyun-Tae Kim, JET contributors, X. Litaudon, S. Abduallev, M. Abhangi, P. Abreu, M. Afzal, K. M. Aggarwal, T. Ahlgren, J. H. Ahn, L. Aho-Mantila, N. Aiba, M. Airila, R. Albanese, V. Aldred, D. Alegre, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, A. Alfier, A. Alkseev, M. Allinson, B. Alper, E. Alves, G. Ambrosino, R. Ambrosino, L. Amicucci, V. Amosov, E. Andersson Sundén, M. Angelone, M. Anghel, C. Angioni, L. Appel, C. Appelbee, P. Arena, M. Ariola, H. Arnichand, S. Arshad, A. Ash, N. Ashikawa, V. Aslanyan, O. Asunta, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, M. D. Axton, C. Ayres, M. Bacharis, A. Baciero, D. Baião, S. Bailey, A. Baker, I. Balboa, M. Balden, N. Balshaw, R. Bament, J. W. Banks, Y. F. Baranov, M. A. Barnard, D. Barnes, M. Barnes, R. Barnsley, A. Baron Wiechec, L. Barrera Orte, M. Baruzzo, V. Basiuk, M. Bassan, R. Bastow, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, R. Baughan, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, B. Bazylev, J. Beal, P. S. Beaumont, M. Beckers, B. Beckett, A. Becoulet, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, K. Bell, F. Belli, M. Bellinger, É. Belonohy, N. Ben Ayed, N. A. Benterman, H. Bergsȧker, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, C. Besliu, M. Beurskens, B. Bieg, J. Bielecki, T. Biewer, M. Bigi, P. Bìlkovà, F. Binda, A. Bisoffi, J. P. S. Bizarro, C. Björkas, J. Blackburn, K. Blackman, T. R. Blackman, P. Blanchard, P. Blatchford, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, G. Bodnàr, O. Bogar, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, F. Bonelli, J. Boom, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, A. Botrugno, C. Bottereau, P. Boulting, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, C. Bower, C. Bowman, T. Boyce, C. Boyd, H. J. Boyer, J. M. A. Bradshaw, V. Braic, R. Bravanec, B. Breizman, S. Bremond, P. D. Brennan, S. Breton, A. Brett, S. Brezinsek, M. D. J. Bright, M. Brix, W. Broeckx, M. Brombin, A. Brosawski, D. P. D. Brown, M. Brown, E. Bruno, J. Bucalossi, J. Buch, J. Buchanan, M. A. Buckley, R. Budny, H. Bufferand, M. Bulman, N. Bulmer, P. Bunting, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, N. K. Butler, I. Bykov, J. Byrne, P. Cahyna, G. Calabrò, I. Calvo, Y. Camenen, P. Camp, D. C. Campling, J. Cane, B. Cannas, A. J. Capel, P. J. Card, A. Cardinali, P. Carman, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, B. B. Carvalho, I. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, F. J. Casson, C. Castaldo, N. Catarino, J. Caumont, F. Causa, R. Cavazzana, K. Cave-Ayland, M. Cavinato, M. Cecconello, S. Ceccuzzi, E. Cecil, A. Cenedese, R. Cesario, C. D. Challis, M. Chandler, D. Chandra, C. S. Chang, A. Chankin, I. T. Chapman, S. C. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, G. Chitarin, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, E. Clark, M. Clark, R. Clarkson, D. Clatworthy, C. Clements, M. Cleverly, J. P. Coad, P. A. Coates, A. Cobalt, V. Coccorese, V. Cocilovo, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J. W. Coenen, I. Coffey, L. Colas, S. Collins, D. Conka, S. Conroy, N. Conway, D. Coombs, D. Cooper, S. R. Cooper, C. Corradino, Y. Corre, G. Corrigan, S. Cortes, D. Coster, A. S. Couchman, M. P. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, R. Craven, F. Crisanti, G. Croci, D. Croft, K. Crombé, R. Crowe, N. Cruz, G. Cseh, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, M. Curuia, A. Czarnecka, H. Dabirikhah, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, J. Dankowski, D. Darrow, O. Davies, W. Davis, C. Day, I. E. Day, M. De Bock, A. de Castro, E. de la Cal, E. de la Luna, G. De Masi, J. L. de Pablos, G. De Temmerman, G. De Tommasi, P. de Vries, K. Deakin, J. Deane, F. Degli Agostini, R. Dejarnac, E. Delabie, N. den Harder, R. O. Dendy, J. Denis, P. Denner, S. Devaux, P. Devynck, F. Di Maio, A. Di Siena, C. Di Troia, P. Dinca, R. Dinca, B. Ding, T. Dittmar, H. Doerk, R. P. Doerner, T. Donné, S. E. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, S. Doswon, D. Douai, P. T. Doyle, A. Drenik, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, Ph. Duckworth, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, I. Duran, F. Durodié, P. Dutta, B. P. Duval, R. Dux, K. Dylst, N. Dzysiuk, P. V. Edappala, J. Edmond, A. M. Edwards, J. Edwards, Th. Eich, A. Ekedahl, R. El-Jorf, C. G. Elsmore, M. Enachescu, G. Ericsson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L. G. Eriksson, B. Esposito, S. Esquembri, H. G. Esser, D. Esteve, B. Evans, G. E. Evans, G. Evison, G. D. Ewart, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, D. Falie, A. Fanni, A. Fasoli, J. M. Faustin, N. Fawlk, L. Fazendeiro, N. Fedorczak, R. C. Felton, K. Fenton, A. Fernades, H. Fernandes, J. Ferreira, J. A. Fessey, O. Février, O. Ficker, A. Field, S. Fietz, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, A. Fil, P. Finburg, M. Firdaouss, U. Fischer, L. Fittill, M. Fitzgerald, D. Flammini, J. Flanagan, C. Fleming, K. Flinders, N. Fonnesu, J. M. Fontdecaba, A. Formisano, L. Forsythe, L. Fortuna, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Fortune, S. Foster, T. Franke, T. Franklin, M. Frasca, L. Frassinetti, M. Freisinger, R. Fresa, D. Frigione, V. Fuchs, D. Fuller, S. Futatani, J. Fyvie, K. Gàl, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, J. Gallagher, D. Gallart, R. Galvão, X. Gao, Y. Gao, J. Garcia, A. Garcia-Carrasco, M. Garca-Munoz, J.-L. Gardarein, L. Garzotti, P. Gaudio, E. Gauthier, D. F. Gear, S. J. Gee, B. Geiger, M. Gelfusa, S. Gerasimov, G. Gervasini, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, M. Ghate, M. Gherendi, J. C. Giacalone, L. Giacomelli, C. S. Gibson, T. Giegerich, C. Gil, L. Gil, S. Gilligan, D. Gin, E. Giovannozzi, J. B. Girardo, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, S. Glöggler, J. Godwin, J. Goff, P. Gohil, V. Goloborod'ko, R. Gomes, B. Goncalves, M. Goniche, M. Goodliffe, A. Goodyear, G. Gorini, M. Gosk, R. Goulding, A. Goussarov, R. Gowland, B. Graham, M. E. Graham, J. P. Graves, N. Grazier, P. Grazier, N. R. Green, H. Greuner, B. Grierson, F. S. Griph, C. Grisolia, D. Grist, M. Groth, R. Grove, C. N. Grundy, J. Grzonka, D. Guard, C. Guérard, C. Guillemaut, R. Guirlet, C. Gurl, H. H. Utoh, L. J. Hackett, S. Hacquin, A. Hagar, R. Hager, A. Hakola, M. Halitovs, S. J. Hall, S. P. Hallworth Cook, C. Hamlyn-Harris, K. Hammond, C. Harrington, J. Harrison, D. Harting, F. Hasenbeck, Y. Hatano, D. R. Hatch, T. D. V. Haupt, J. Hawes, N. C. Hawkes, J. Hawkins, P. Hawkins, P. W. Haydon, N. Hayter, S. Hazel, P. J. L. Heesterman, K. Heinola, C. Hellesen, T. Hellsten, W. Helou, O. N. Hemming, T. C. Hender, M. Henderson, S. S. Henderson, R. Henriques, D. Hepple, G. Hermon, P. Hertout, C. Hidalgo, E. G. Highcock, M. Hill, J. Hillairet, J. Hillesheim, D. Hillis, K. Hizanidis, A. Hjalmarsson, J. Hobirk, E. Hodille, C. H. A. Hogben, G. M. D. Hogeweij, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, D. A. Homfray, J. Horàcek, G. Hornung, A. R. Horton, L. D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. P. Hotchin, M. R. Hough, P. J. Howarth, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. M. Huddleston, M. Hughes, G. T. A. Huijsmans, C. L. Hunter, P. Huynh, A. M. Hynes, D. Iglesias, N. Imazawa, F. Imbeaux, M. Imrìŝek, M. Incelli, P. Innocente, M. Irishkin, I. Ivanova-Stanik, S. Jachmich, A. S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, J. Jansons, A. Jardin, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, S. Jednoróq, I. Jenkins, C. Jeong, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, Jane Johnston, L. Joita, G. Jones, T. T. C. Jones, K. K. Hoshino, A. Kallenbach, K. Kamiya, J. Kaniewski, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, D. Karkinsky, I. Karnowska, M. Kaufman, G. Kaveney, Y. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D. L. Keeling, T. Keenan, J. Keep, M. Kempenaars, C. Kennedy, D. Kenny, J. Kent, O. N. Kent, E. Khilkevich, H. T. Kim, H. S. Kim, A. Kinch, C. King, D. King, R. F. King, D. J. Kinna, V. Kiptily, A. Kirk, K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, G. Kizane, C. Klepper, A. Klix, P. Knight, S. J. Knipe, S. Knott, T. Kobuchi, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, I. Kodeli, L. Kogan, D. Kogut, S. Koivuranta, Y. Kominis, M. Köppen, B. Kos, T. Koskela, H. R. Koslowski, M. Koubiti, M. Kovari, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, N. Krawczyk, M. Kresina, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Ksiazek, A. Kukushkin, A. Kundu, T. Kurki-Suonio, S. Kwak, R. Kwiatkowski, O. J. Kwon, L. Laguardia, A. Lahtinen, A. Laing, N. Lam, H. T. Lambertz, C. Lane, P. T. Lang, S. Lanthaler, J. Lapins, A. Lasa, J. R. Last, E. Laszynska, R. Lawless, A. Lawson, K. D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, J. Leddy, S. Lee, X. Lefebvre, H. J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, P. Leichuer, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, S. Lesnoj, E. Letellier, M. Leyland, W. Leysen, L. Li, Y. Liang, J. Likonen, J. Linke, Ch. Linsmeier, B. Lipschultz, G. Liu, Y. Liu, V. P. Lo Schiavo, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. C. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P. J. Lomas, J. Lönnroth, J. M. López, J. López-Razola, R. Lorenzini, U. Losada, J. J. Lovell, A. B. Loving, C. Lowry, T. Luce, R. M. A. Lucock, A. Lukin, C. Luna, M. Lungaroni, C. P. Lungu, M. Lungu, A. Lunniss, I. Lupelli, A. Lyssoivan, N. Macdonald, P. Macheta, K. Maczewa, B. Magesh, P. Maget, C. Maggi, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, T. Makkonen, R. Makwana, A. Malaquias, A. Malizia, P. Manas, A. Manning, M. E. Manso, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, A. Manzanares, Ph. Maquet, Y. Marandet, N. Marcenko, C. Marchetto, O. Marchuk, M. Marinelli, M. Marinucci, T. Markovic, D. Marocco, L. Marot, C. A. Marren, R. Marshal, A. Martin, Y. Martin, A. Martín de Aguilera, F. J. Martínez, J. R. Martín-Solís, Y. Martynova, S. Maruyama, A. Masiello, M. Maslov, S. Matejcik, M. Mattei, G. F. Matthews, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M. L. Mayoral, T. May-Smith, D. Mazon, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P. J. McCarthy, K. G. McClements, O. McCormack, P. A. McCullen, D. McDonald, S. McIntosh, R. McKean, J. McKehon, R. C. Meadows, A. Meakins, F. Medina, M. Medland, S. Medley, S. Meigh, A. G. Meigs, G. Meisl, S. Meitner, L. Meneses, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, I. R. Merrigan, Ph. Mertens, S. Meshchaninov, A. Messiaen, H. Meyer, S. Mianowski, R. Michling, D. Middleton-Gear, J. Miettunen, F. Militello, E. Militello-Asp, G. Miloshevsky, F. Mink, S. Minucci, Y. Miyoshi, J. Mlynàr, D. Molina, I. Monakhov, M. Moneti, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, S. Mordijck, L. Moreira, R. Moreno, F. Moro, A. W. Morris, J. Morris, L. Moser, S. Mosher, D. Moulton, A. Murari, A. Muraro, S. Murphy, N. N. Asakura, Y. S. Na, F. Nabais, R. Naish, T. Nakano, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M. F. F. Nave, I. Nedzelski, G. Nemtsev, F. Nespoli, A. Neto, R. Neu, V. S. Neverov, M. Newman, K. J. Nicholls, T. Nicolas, A. H. Nielsen, P. Nielsen, E. Nilsson, D. Nishijima, C. Noble, M. Nocente, D. Nodwell, K. Nordlund, H. Nordman, R. Nouailletas, I. Nunes, M. Oberkofler, T. Odupitan, M. T. Ogawa, T. O'Gorman, M. Okabayashi, R. Olney, O. Omolayo, M. O'Mullane, J. Ongena, F. Orsitto, J. Orszagh, B. I. Oswuigwe, R. Otin, A. Owen, R. Paccagnella, N. Pace, D. Pacella, L. W. Packer, A. Page, E. Pajuste, S. Palazzo, S. Pamela, S. Panja, P. Papp, R. Paprok, V. Parail, M. Park, F. Parra Diaz, M. Parsons, R. Pasqualotto, A. Patel, S. Pathak, D. Paton, H. Patten, A. Pau, E. Pawelec, C. Paz Soldan, A. Peackoc, I. J. Pearson, S.-P. Pehkonen, E. Peluso, C. Penot, A. Pereira, R. Pereira, P. P. Pereira Puglia, C. Perez von Thun, S. Peruzzo, S. Peschanyi, M. Peterka, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, A. Petre, N. Petrella, V. Petrzilka, Y. Peysson, D. Pfefferlé, V. Philipps, M. Pillon, G. Pintsuk, P. Piovesan, A. Pires dos Reis, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, F. Pizzo, V. Plyusnin, N. Pomaro, O. G. Pompilian, P. J. Pool, S. Popovichev, M. T. Porfiri, C. Porosnicu, M. Porton, G. Possnert, S. Potzel, T. Powell, J. Pozzi, V. Prajapati, R. Prakash, G. Prestopino, D. Price, M. Price, R. Price, P. Prior, R. Proudfoot, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, M. E. Puiatti, D. Pulley, K. Purahoo, Th. Pütterich, E. Rachlew, M. Rack, R. Ragona, M. S. J. Rainford, A. Rakha, G. Ramogida, S. Ranjan, C. J. Rapson, J. J. Rasmussen, K. Rathod, G. Rattà, S. Ratynskaia, G. Ravera, C. Rayner, M. Rebai, D. Reece, A. Reed, D. Réfy, B. Regan, J. Regana, M. Reich, N. Reid, F. Reimold, M. Reinhart, M. Reinke, D. Reiser, D. Rendell, C. Reux, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, S. Reynolds, V. Riccardo, N. Richardson, K. Riddle, D. Rigamonti, F. G. Rimini, J. Risner, M. Riva, C. Roach, R. J. Robins, S. A. Robinson, T. Robinson, D. W. Robson, R. Roccella, R. Rodionov, P. Rodrigues, J. Rodriguez, V. Rohde, F. Romanelli, M. Romanelli, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, S. Rowe, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, L. Ruchko, M. Ruiz, C. Ruset, J. Rzadkiewicz, S. Saarelma, R. Sabot, E. Safi, P. Sagar, G. Saibene, F. Saint-Laurent, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, D. Samaddar, U. Samm, D. Sandiford, P. Santa, M. I. K. Santala, B. Santos, A. Santucci, F. Sartori, R. Sartori, O. Sauter, R. Scannell, T. Schlummer, K. Schmid, V. Schmidt, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, K. Schöpf, D. Schwörer, S. D. Scott, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, A. Shabbir, S. E. Sharapov, A. Shaw, R. Shaw, H. Sheikh, A. Shepherd, A. Shevelev, A. Shumack, G. Sias, M. Sibbald, B. Sieglin, S. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, P. A. Simmons, J. Simpson, J. Simpson-Hutchinson, A. Sinha, S. K. Sipilä, A. C. C. Sips, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, M. Skiba, R. Skilton, K. Slabkowska, B. Slade, N. Smith, P. G. Smith, R. Smith, T. J. Smith, M. Smithies, L. Snoj, S. Soare, E. R. Solano, A. Somers, C. Sommariva, P. Sonato, A. Sopplesa, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, S. Spagnolo, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, G. Stables, I. Stamatelatos, M. F. Stamp, P. Staniec, G. Stankunas, C. Stan-Sion, M. J. Stead, E. Stefanikova, I. Stepanov, A. V. Stephen, M. Stephen, A. Stevens, B. D. Stevens, J. Strachan, P. Strand, H. R. Strauss, P. Ström, G. Stubbs, W. Studholme, F. Subba, H. P. Summers, J. Svensson, L. Swiderski, T. Szabolics, M. Szawlowski, G. Szepesi, T. T. Suzuki, B. Tàl, T. Tala, A. R. Talbot, S. Talebzadeh, C. Taliercio, P. Tamain, C. Tame, W. Tang, M. Tardocchi, L. Taroni, D. Taylor, K. A. Taylor, D. Tegnered, G. Telesca, N. Teplova, D. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Tholerus, J. Thomas, J. D. Thomas, P. Thomas, A. Thompson, C.-A. Thompson, V. K. Thompson, L. Thorne, A. Thornton, A. S. Thrysoe, P. A. Tigwell, N. Tipton, I. Tiseanu, H. Tojo, M. Tokitani, P. Tolias, M. Tomes, P. Tonner, M. Towndrow, P. Trimble, M. Tripsky, M. Tsalas, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya jun, I. Turner, M. M. Turner, M. Turnyanskiy, G. Tvalashvili, S. G. J. Tyrrell, A. Uccello, Z. Ul-Abidin, J. Uljanovs, D. Ulyatt, H. Urano, I. Uytdenhouwen, A. P. Vadgama, D. Valcarcel, M. Valentinuzzi, M. Valisa, P. Vallejos Olivares, M. Valovic, M. Van De Mortel, D. Van Eester, W. Van Renterghem, G. J. van Rooij, J. Varje, S. Varoutis, S. Vartanian, K. Vasava, T. Vasilopoulou, J. Vega, G. Verdoolaege, R. Verhoeven, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, S. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, I. Vinyar, B. Viola, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, M. Vlad, I. Voitsekhovitch, P. Vondràcek, N. Vora, T. Vu, W. W. Pires de Sa, B. Wakeling, C. W. F. Waldon, N. Walkden, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, E. Wang, N. Wang, S. Warder, R. J. Warren, J. Waterhouse, N. W. Watkins, C. Watts, T. Wauters, A. Weckmann, J. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, C. Wellstood, A. T. West, M. R. Wheatley, S. Whetham, A. M. Whitehead, B. D. Whitehead, A. M. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, J. Wilkinson, J. Williams, M. Williams, A. R. Wilson, D. J. Wilson, H. R. Wilson, J. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, G. Withenshaw, A. Withycombe, D. M. Witts, D. Wood, R. Wood, C. Woodley, S. Wray, J. Wright, J. C. Wright, J. Wu, S. Wukitch, A. Wynn, T. Xu, D. Yadikin, W. Yanling, L. Yao, V. Yavorskij, M. G. Yoo, C. Young, D. Young, I. D. Young, R. Young, J. Zacks, R. Zagorski, F. S. Zaitsev, R. Zanino, A. Zarins, K. D. Zastrow, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, Y. Zhou, E. Zilli, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, and I. Zychor
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: A global heat flux model based on a fractional derivative of plasma pressure is proposed for the heat transport in fusion plasmas. The degree of the fractional derivative of the heat flux, α, is defined through the power balance analysis of the steady state. The model was used to obtain the experimental values of α for a large database of the Joint European Torus (JET) carbon-wall as well as ITER like-wall plasmas. The fractional degrees of the electron heat flux are found to be α
Published: 2020
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2. A generalised formulation of G-continuous Bezier elements applied to non-linear MHD simulations.

Author: Stanislas Pamela, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Matthias Hoelzl, and JOREK Team
Published: 2022
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3. Performance analysis and optimization of the JOREK code for many-core CPUs.

Author: Tamas B. Fehér, Matthias Hoelzl, Guillaume Latu, and G. T. A. Huijsmans
Published: 2018

4. A study of the heating and current drive options and confinement requirements to access steady-state plasmas at Q~5 in ITER and associated operational scenario development

Author: A. R. Polevoi, G. T. A. Huijsmans, S.H. Kim, S. Yu. Medvedev, and A. Loarte
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Steady state (electronics), Development (topology), Nuclear engineering, Plasma, Current (fluid), Condensed Matter Physics
Published: 2021
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5. Radiation asymmetry and MHD destabilization during the thermal quench after impurity shattered pellet injection

Author: F. Wieschollek, S.H. Kim, Eric Nardon, Jorek Team, Jet Contributors, Matthias Hoelzl, M. Lehnen, D. Hu, D. C. van Vugt, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems, JET Contributors, and JOREK Team
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Field line, media_common.quotation_subject, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Shattered pellet injection, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, Asymmetry, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Neon, Magneto-hydrodynamics, Impurity radiation, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, media_common, Toroid, Rational surface, Thermal quench, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics, Magnetic field, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), chemistry, Heat flux, 13. Climate action, Disruption, Magnetohydrodynamics, Disruption mitigation
Abstract: The radiation response and the MHD destabilization during the thermal quench after a mixed species Shattered Pellet Injection (SPI) with impurity species neon and argon are investigated via 3D non-linear MHD simulation using the JOREK code. Both the $n=0$ global current profile contraction and the local helical cooling at each rational surface caused by the pellet fragments are found to be responsible for MHD destabilization after the injection. Significant current driven mode growth is observed as the fragments cross low order rational surfaces, resulting in rapidly inward propagating stochastic magnetic field, ultimately causing the core temperature collapse. The Thermal Quench (TQ) is triggered as the fragments arrive on the $q=1$ or $q=2$ surface depending on the exact $q$ profile and thus mode structure. When injecting from a single toroidal location, strong radiation asymmetry is found before and during the TQ as a result of the unrelaxed impurity density profile along the field line and asymmetric outward heat flux. Such asymmetry gradually relaxes over the course of the TQ, and is entirely eliminated by the end of it. Simulation results indicate that the aforementioned asymmetric radiation behavior could be significantly mitigated by injection from toroidally opposite locations, provided that the time delay between the two injectors is shorter than $1ms$. It is also found that the MHD response are sensitive to the relative timing and injection configuration in these multiple injection cases., Comment: 35 pages, 21 figures
Published: 2021
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6. Collisional-radiative non-equilibrium impurity treatment for JOREK simulations

Author: D. Bonfiglio, Eric Nardon, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Jorek Team, M. Lehnen, Matthias Hoelzl, D. Hu, JOREK Team, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems
Subjects: Physics, Field line, Time evolution, FOS: Physical sciences, Condensed Matter Physics, JOREK, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), radiation, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Flow velocity, non-equilibrium, Impurity, disruption mitigation, 0103 physical sciences, impurity, Radiative transfer, Atomic model, Nimrod, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, plasma
Abstract: A collisional-radiative non-equilibrium impurity treatment for JOREK 3D nonlinear magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) simulations has been developed. The impurities are represented by super-particles flowing along the fluid velocity field lines, while ionizing and recombining independently according to ADAS data and local fluid density and temperature. The non-equilibrium impurity contributions are then projected back to the fluid field for self-consistent time evolution. A 2D test case is used to compare the new non-equilibrium impurity model against previous Coronal Equilibrium (CE) impurity treatment, as well as to compare the non-equilibrium impurity behavior between the single and the two temperature model. Further, we conduct benchmark with previously published coronal non-equilibrium results by other 3D nonlinear MHD codes such as M3D-C1 and NIMROD. The new non-equilibrium treatment is shown to successfully capture the early phase cooling by weakly ionized impurities which the CE model missed. The benchmarks with M3D-C1 and NIMROD show general agreement in both the integrated quantities and the 2D profile evolution, despite the difference in the atomic model used. The above comparison and benchmark cases demonstrate the capability of the non-equilibrium impurity model for JOREK, paving the way for more sophisticated 3D non-linear Massive Material Injection (MMI) simulations which have important applications in disruption mitigation studies., 31 pages, 19 figures
Published: 2021
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7. The JOREK non-linear extended MHD code and applications to large-scale instabilities and their control in magnetically confined fusion plasmas

Author: S. K. Kim, J. Zielinski, Eric Nardon, A. Dvornova, P. Singh Verma, A. Fil, Hervé Guillard, K. Särkimäki, Leon Kos, D. C. van Vugt, S. Q. Korving, P. Merkel, M. Verbeek, R. Ramasamy, F. Orain, O. Czarny, T. Feher, S. Mochalskyy, R. Nies, M. Becoulet, N. Nikulsin, G. T. A. Huijsmans, E. Westerhof, Vinodh Bandaru, Jane Pratt, V. Mitterauer, Stanislas Pamela, C. Reux, S. F. Smith, Ashish Bhole, G. Latu, D. Hu, Pierre Ramet, Matthias Hoelzl, Calin V. Atanasiu, A. Cathey, Daniele Bonfiglio, F. Liu, Shimpei Futatani, D. Meshcheriakov, Jorge Morales, N. Schwarz, M. Gruca, Boniface Nkonga, F. J. Artola, F. Wieschollek, E. Strumberger, I. Holod, I. Krebs, J.W. Haverkort, C. Sommariva, L. Kripner, Emmanuel Franck, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, Applied Physics and Science Education, EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems, Max Planck Institute for Plasma physics (IPP-MPG), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Control, Analysis and Simulations for TOkamak Research (CASTOR), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Jean Alexandre Dieudonné (JAD), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute for Lasers, Plasma, and Radiation Physics - INFLPR (ROMANIA), Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, EURATOM-ENEA-CNR Association, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), FRAMATOME, TOkamaks and NUmerical Simulations (TONUS), Institut de Recherche Mathématique Avancée (IRMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Inria Nancy - Grand Est, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] (IPPLM), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Beihang University (BUAA), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering [Princeton] (MAE), Princeton University, Eindhoven University of Technology [Eindhoven] (TU/e), University of Ljubljana, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institute of Plasma Physics, Association EURATOM (IPP PRAGUE), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Atlanta], Georgia State University, University System of Georgia (USG)-University System of Georgia (USG), High-End Parallel Algorithms for Challenging Numerical Simulations (HiePACS), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Jean Alexandre Dieudonné (LJAD), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Nancy - Grand Est, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. ANT - Advanced Nuclear Technologies Research Group
Subjects: ELM control, magnetohydrodynamic equations, Tokamak, Vertical displacement events, finite-element-method, edge localized modes, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, Radiative transfer, Physics, Turbulence, Mechanics, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Condensed Matter Physics, Finite element method, ddc, disruption mitigation, simulations, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], physics, Physics - Computational Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, vertical displacement events, FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma (Gasos ionitzats), high-beta, disruptions, Resonant magnetic perturbations, parallel, Materials magnètics, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Magnetic materials, tokamak, Plasma (Ionized gases), Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], edge-localized modes, Nuclear energy, Plasma, stability, Physics - Plasma Physics, Edge localized modes, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Nonlinear system, Disruptions, transport, Energia nuclear, MHD simulations, Magnetohydrodynamics, Disruption mitigation, reduced mhd
Abstract: JOREK is a massively parallel fully implicit non-linear extended MHD code for realistic tokamak X-point plasmas. It has become a widely used versatile code for studying large-scale plasma instabilities and their control developed in an international community. This article gives a comprehensive overview of the physics models implemented, numerical methods applied for solving the equations and physics studies performed with the code. A dedicated section highlights some of the verification work done for the code. A hierarchy of different physics models is available including a free boundary and resistive wall extension and hybrid kinetic-fluid models. The code allows for flux-surface aligned iso-parametric finite element grids in single and double X-point plasmas which can be extended to the true physical walls and uses a robust fully implicit time stepping. Particular focus is laid on plasma edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) physics as well as disruption related phenomena. Among the key results obtained with JOREK regarding plasma edge and SOL, are deep insights into the dynamics of edge localized modes (ELMs), ELM cycles, and ELM control by resonant magnetic perturbations, pellet injection, as well as by vertical magnetic kicks. Also ELM free regimes, detachment physics, the generation and transport of impurities during an ELM, and electrostatic turbulence in the pedestal region are investigated. Regarding disruptions, the focus is on the dynamics of the thermal quench and current quench triggered by massive gas injection (MGI) and shattered pellet injection (SPI), runaway electron (RE) dynamics as well as the RE interaction with MHD modes, and vertical displacement events (VDEs). Also the seeding and suppression of tearing modes (TMs), the dynamics of naturally occurring thermal quenches triggered by locked modes, and radiative collapses are being studied., Comment: Comprehensive review published as special topic article in Nuclear Fusion
Published: 2021
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8. Reassessment of steady-state operation in ITER with NBI and EC heating and current drive

Author: S. Yu. Medvedev, A. R. Polevoi, S.H. Kim, E. Fable, G. T. A. Huijsmans, A. Loarte, A. Kuyanov, A.A. Ivanov, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear engineering, Cyclotron, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Neutral beam injection, Bootstrap current, law.invention, law, Magnetohydrodynamic drive, Magnetohydrodynamics, Current (fluid), Beam (structure)
Abstract: One of the three goals of the ITER project is to demonstrate fusion gain Q ≥ 5 in steady-state operation (SSO). A reassessment of the necessary conditions for Q ≥ 5 SSO in ITER has been carried out for steady-state scenarios assuming no internal transport barrier in the core plasma and with the sole use of neutral beam injection (NBI) and electron cyclotron heating and current drive (EC H&CD) as heating and current drive sources in these scenarios. The parametric operational space for SSO in ITER has been reassessed utilizing an inverse evaluation approach that takes into account the baseline design of the NBI and EC H&CD systems with PNBI = 33 MW, PEC = 20 MW and their possible upgrade capabilities included in their design, PNBI ≤ 49.5 MW, and PEC ≤ 30 MW. The optimal operational points from this evaluation approach have been chosen for detailed 1.5-D transport modelling by ASTRA and followed-up by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability analysis to demonstrate the conditions in which the Q = 5 SS goal can be achieved in ITER where the plasma current is fully accounted for by the driven current by NBI and EC H&CD and the self-driven bootstrap current. The ideal MHD stability of plasma configurations with self-consistently simulated plasma profiles and equilibrium for the chosen OPs has been analysed by the KINX code. Using this analysis, the possibility to control the MHD stability of these steady-state plasmas by tailoring the current profile with the flexibility provided by design of the systems for electron cyclotron current drive and neutral beam current drive in ITER has been demonstrated. Issues related to the realization of such scenarios from the point of view of plasma physics, experimental demonstration and design limits of the ITER systems and components is discussed.
Published: 2020

9. Simulations of edge localised mode instabilities in MAST-U Super-X tokamak plasmas

Author: A. Fil, H. R. Wilson, David Moulton, A.J. Thornton, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Stanislas Pamela, A. Kirk, Jorek, S. F. Smith, O. Myatra, M. Hölzl, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems, and JOREK Team
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Electron density, Tokamak, Materials science, Flux, MAST-U super-X, JOREK, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Instability, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Scaling, non-linear MHD, Divertor, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Computational physics, Heat flux, ELM burn-through, ELM, simulations
Abstract: The high heat fluxes to the divertor during edge localised mode (ELM) instabilities have to be reduced for a sustainable future tokamak reactor. A solution to reduce the heat fluxes could be the Super-X divertor, which will be tested on MAST-U. ELM simulations for MAST-U Super-X tokamak plasmas have been obtained, using JOREK. A factor 10 decrease in the peak heat flux to the outer target and almost a factor 8 decrease in the ELM energy fluence when comparing the Super-X to a conventional divertor configuration has been found. A detached MAST-U case, after the roll-over in the target parallel electron density flux, is used as a starting point for ELM burn-through simulations. The plasma burns through the neutrals front during the ELM causing the divertor plasma to re-attach. After the crash a transition back to detachment is indicated, where the recovery to pre-ELM divertor conditions occurs in a few milliseconds, when the neutral pressure is high in the divertor. Recovery times are shorter than the inter-ELM phase in previous MAST experiments. The peak ELM energy fluence obtained after the ELM burn-through is 0.82 kJ/m2, which is significantly lower than that predicted from the empirical scaling of the ELM energy fluence - indicating promising results for future MAST-U operations.
Published: 2020

10. Role of the separatrix density in the pedestal performance in deuterium low triangularity JET-ILW plasmas and comparison with JET-C

Author: A. Fil, Jet Contributors, B. Lomanowski, B. Viola, Lorenzo Frassinetti, A. R. Field, H. Nyström, E. R. Solano, C. Perez von Thun, S. Saarelma, E. Rachlew, R. Bianchetti Morales, Stanislas Pamela, Benjamin Chapman, M. G. Dunne, Colin Roach, J. Flanagan, G. T. A. Huijsmans, L. Horvath, David Hatch, S. Menmuir, Gabor Szepesi, C. F. Maggi, J. M. Fontdecaba, J. C. Hillesheim, V. Parail, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Pedestal, Deuterium, Separatrix, 0103 physical sciences, Plasma, 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas
Abstract: A reduction of the pedestal pressure with increasing separatrix density over pedestal density (n e sep/n e ped) has been observed in JET. The physics behind this correlation is investigated. The correlation is due to two distinct mechanisms. The increase of n e sep/n e ped till ≈0.4 shifts the pedestal pressure radially outwards, decreasing the peeling-balloning stability and reducing the pressure height. The effect of the position saturates above n e sep/n e ped ≈ 0.4. For higher values, the reduction of the pedestal pressure is ascribed to increased turbulent transport and, likely, to resistive MHD effects. The increase of n e sep/n e ped above ≈0.4 reduces ∇n e /n e, increasing η e and the pedestal turbulent transport. This reduces the pressure gradient and the pedestal temperature, producing an increase in the pedestal resistivity. The work suggests that the increase in resistivity might destabilize resistive balloning modes, further reducing the pedestal stability.
Published: 2021
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11. Understanding the reduction of the edge safety factor during hot VDEs and fast edge cooling events

Author: F. J. Artola, K. Lackner, Eric Nardon, G. T. A. Huijsmans, A. Loarte, Matthias Hoelzl, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, and EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems
Subjects: Physics, Resistive touchscreen, Safety factor, FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Magnetic flux, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Conductor, Inductance, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic physics, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, Current density, Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract: In the present work a simple analytical approach is presented in order to clarify the physics behind the edge current density behaviour of a hot plasma entering in contact with a resistive conductor. When a plasma enters in contact with a highly resistive wall, large current densities appear at the edge of the plasma. The model shows that this edge current originates from the plasma response, which attempts to conserve the poloidal magnetic flux ($\Psi$) when the outer current is being lost. The loss of outer current is caused by the high resistance of the outer current path compared to the plasma core resistance. The resistance of the outer path may be given by plasma contact with a very resistive structure or by a sudden decrease of the outer plasma temperature (e.g. due to a partial thermal quench or due to a cold front penetration caused by massive gas injection). For general plasma geometries and current density profiles the model shows that given a small change of minor radius ($\delta a$) the plasma current is conserved to first order ($\delta I_p = 0 + \mathcal{O}(\delta a^2)$). This conservation comes from the fact that total inductance remains constant ($\delta L = 0$) due to an exact compensation of the change of external inductance with the change of internal inductance ($\delta L_\text{ext}+\delta L_\text{int} = 0$). As the total current is conserved and the plasma volume is reduced, the edge safety factor drops according to $q_a \propto a^2/I_p$. Finally the consistency of the resulting analytical predictions is checked with the help of free-boundary MHD simulations., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2020

12. Modeling of TAE mode excitation with an antenna in realistic X-point geometry

Author: F. J. Artola Such, A. Dvornova, S. E. Sharapov, Ambrogio Fasoli, Duccio Testa, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Stanislas Pamela, P. Puglia, Matthias Hoelzl, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, and EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems
Subjects: Physics, Resistive touchscreen, Toroid, mhd, ideal, Plasma, Mechanics, alfven eigenmodes, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, spectrum, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Limiter, waves, Surface layer, Magnetohydrodynamics, tokamaks, 010306 general physics, magnetohydrodynamics, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Excitation
Abstract: Experimentally, it is observed that Toroidal Alfvén Eigenmodes (TAEs) are difficult to excite with an external antenna when the plasma is in X-point geometry. Here, the effect of the X-point geometry on the efficiency of the TAE excitation with the external antenna is investigated. In the first part of this paper, the influence of the near-last closed flux surface layer from the core side on the damping of the TAE modes is calculated using the linear resistive eigenvalue MHD code CASTOR. The resistive damping is identified as the main cause of the TAE damping in the open gap in the Alfvén continuum. It is shown that one aspect of the difficulty of excitation of the TAE modes in X-point geometry is an increased damping from the region inside the separatrix. However, the increased damping with the plasma boundary approaching the separatrix is not general and depends on the density profile shape. The second part of this paper discusses the influence of the TAE behavior in the limiter and X-point geometries including the scrape-off layer (SOL) in the reduced MHD code JOREK. It is shown that the dominant effect on the damping of the original TAE mode observed in the limiter configuration is caused by the additional damping in the region of open field lines, i.e., the SOL.
Published: 2020

13. Non-linear magnetohydrodynamic simulations of pellet triggered edge-localized modes in JET

Author: Shimpei Futatani, Stanislas Pamela, Morten Lennholm, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Matthias Hoelzl, D. Frigione, L. Garzotti, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. ANT - Advanced Nuclear Technologies Research Group, JOREK Team, JET Contributors, Futatani, S., Pamela, S., Garzotti, L., Huijsmans, G. T. A., Hoelzl, M., Frigione, D., Lennholm, M., Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems
Subjects: Simulations, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Physical measurements, MHD, Termometria, Física::Termodinàmica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, JOREK, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Pellet, Physics::Plasma Physics, Thermométrie, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, 0103 physical sciences, Termodinàmica, Magnetohydrodynamic drive, 010306 general physics, Física--Mesuraments, Jet (fluid), Toroid, Divertor, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Plasma, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Heat flux, JET, Physics::Space Physics, Thermodynamics, ELM, Magnetohydrodynamics
Abstract: Non-linear magnetohydrodynamic simulations of pellet-triggered edge-localized modes (ELMs) in JET plasma have been carried out with the JOREK code. The pellet particle fuelling efficiency and the power flux at the divertor target during the pellet-triggered ELM have been studied. The pellet injection in unstable plasma delivers the particle fuelling but the pellet fuelling rate is smaller than the rate of particle loss during the pellet triggered ELM. The JOREK simulations estimate the power flux at the divertor target and found good agreement with the experimental observation. The energy deposition of the pellet triggered ELM shows a toroidally asymmetric profile. However, and due to this toroidal asymmetry, this effect cannot be captured by the existing layout of the divertor infra-red (IR) cameras available in JET. This work highlights the benefit of having a larger number of IR cameras to analyse the heat flux for the experiments which are assumed to be toroidally asymmetric, such as the pellet and/or gas injection experiments.
Published: 2020
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14. Nonlinear modeling of the effect of n = 2 resonant magnetic field perturbation on peeling-ballooning modes in KSTAR

Author: H. S. Kim, Y. H. Lee, A. Kirk, Y. In, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Matthias Hoelzl, Gyungjin Choi, Stanislas Pamela, Yong-Su Na, Jorek Team, Marina Becoulet, G. Y. Park, Chanyoung Lee, O. J. Kwon, A.J. Thornton, S. K. Kim, M. Kim, Jaehyun Lee, JOREK Team, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems
Subjects: Physics, Peeling-ballooning mode, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Edge localized mode, resonant magnetic perturbation, ELM suppression, nonlinear MHD, Mode coupling, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nonlinear system, Pedestal, Physics::Plasma Physics, Field penetration, 0103 physical sciences, Direct coupling, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, Edge-localized mode, Pressure gradient, Linear stability
Abstract: Using the nonlinear 3D MHD code JOREK with reduced MHD equations (visco-resistive MHD), we have successfully simulated a recent n = 2 resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP)- driven edge localized mode (ELM) suppression in KSTAR. We have found that such ELM suppression has been attributable not only to the degraded pedestal but also to the direct coupling between the peeling-ballooning mode (PBM) and RMP-driven plasma response. Notably, the pedestal pressure gradient is reduced as the radial transport is enhanced because of the formation of the stochastic layer and increased convection fluxes due to tearing and the kink-peeling mode driven by RMPs. The increased transport in the stochastic layer is due to the parallel transport across the stochastic fields, described by the Braginskii model in the simulation. While the linear stability of the PBM improves owing to the degraded pedestal, it is not a sole contributor to ELM suppression, in that the nonlinear mode coupling plays a more critical role. This outcome is consistent with previous studies where mode coupling affects the ELM mitigation or suppression. In addition, PBM locking has been numerically achieved during the ELM suppression phase, which may support the relationship between VE×B ≈ 0 at the pedestal and the onset of ELM suppression. We suggest that PBM locking can enhance the mode interactions between RMPs and PBMs, which is significant for ELM suppression.
Published: 2020

15. Extended Full-MHD Simulation of Non-linear Instabilities in Tokamak Plasmas

Author: G. T. A. Huijsmans, E. Strumberger, I. Krebs, Ashish Bhole, Jet Contributors, Matthias Hoelzl, Boniface Nkonga, Stanislas Pamela, EUROfusion, Laboratoire Jean Alexandre Dieudonné (JAD), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Control, Analysis and Simulations for TOkamak Research (CASTOR), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Jean Alexandre Dieudonné (JAD), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Eindhoven University of Technology [Eindhoven] (TU/e), Max Planck Institute for Plasma physics (IPP-MPG), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Applied Physics and Science Education, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems, Laboratoire Jean Alexandre Dieudonné (LJAD), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Jean Alexandre Dieudonné (LJAD), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-FLU-DYN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Fluid Dynamics [physics.flu-dyn], Tokamak, Toroid, Mechanics, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Magnetic field, Nonlinear system, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Space Physics, Magnetohydrodynamic drive, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, Realization (systems)
Abstract: International audience; Non-linear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations play an essential role in active research and understanding of tokamak plasmas for the realization of a fusion power plant. The development of MHD codes such as JOREK is a key aspect of this research effort. In this paper, we present an operational version of the full-MHD model implemented in JOREK, a significant advancement from the reduced-MHD model used for previous studies, where assumptions were made on the perpendicular dynamics and the toroidal magnetic field. The final model is presented in detail, and benchmarks are performed using both linear and non-linear simulations, including comparisons between the newfull-MHD model of JOREK and the previously extensively studied reduced-MHD model, as well as results from the linear full-MHD code CASTOR3D. For the cases presented, this new JOREK full-MHD model is numerically and physically reliable, even without the use of numerical stabilization methods. Non-linear modeling results of typical tokamak instabilities are presented, including disruption and edge-localized-mode physics, most relevant to current open issues concerning future tokamaks such as ITER and DEMO.
Published: 2020
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16. Simulating the nonlinear interaction of relativistic electrons and tokamak plasma instabilities: implementation and validation of a fluid model

Author: G. T. A. Huijsmans, Matthias Hoelzl, Vinodh Bandaru, Gergely Papp, F. J. Artola, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, and Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, Field line, FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma, Electron, Mechanics, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Coupling (physics), Nonlinear system, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Space Physics, Magnetohydrodynamic drive, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics
Abstract: For the simulation of disruptions in tokamak fusion plasmas, a fluid model describing the evolution of relativistic runaway electrons and their interaction with the background plasma is presented. The overall aim of the model is to self-consistently describe the nonlinear coupled evolution of runaway electrons (REs) and plasma instabilities during disruptions. In this model, the runaway electrons are considered as a separate fluid species in which the initial seed is generated through the Dreicer source, which eventually grows by the avalanche mechanism (further relevant source mechanisms can easily be added). Advection of the runaway electrons is considered primarily along field lines, but also taking into account the ExB drift. The model is implemented in the nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code JOREK based on Bezier finite elements, with current coupling to the thermal plasma. Benchmarking of the code with the one-dimensional runaway electron code GO is done using an artificial thermal quench on a circular plasma. As a first demonstration, the code is applied to the problem of an axisymmetric cold vertical displacement event in an ITER plasma, revealing significantly different dynamics between cases computed with and without runaway electrons. Though it is not yet feasible to achieve fully realistic runaway electron velocities close to the speed of light in complete simulations of slowly evolving plasma instabilities, the code is demonstrated to be suitable to study various kinds of MHD-RE interactions in MHD-active and disruption relevant plasmas., 9 figures
Published: 2019

17. Numerical study of tearing mode seeding in tokamak X-point plasma

Author: R. M. McDermott, H. Zohm, Sibylle Günter, G. T. A. Huijsmans, M. G. Dunne, F. Orain, EUROfusion Mst Team, M. Maraschek, K. Lackner, Matthias Hoelzl, V. Igochine, Dmytro Meshcheriakov, S. Fietz, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, EUROfusion MST1 Team, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma, Mechanics, Collisionality, Kink instability, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Magnetic field, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), ASDEX Upgrade, law, 0103 physical sciences, Seeding, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract: A detailed understanding of island seeding is crucial to avoid neoclassical tearing modes and their negative consequences like confinement degradation and disruptions. In the present work, we investigate the growth of 2/1 islands in response to magnetic perturbations. Although we use externally applied perturbations produced by resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) coils for this study, the results are directly transferable to island seeding by other MHD instabilities creating a resonant magnetic field component at the rational surface. Experimental results for 2/1 island penetration from ASDEX Upgrade are presented extending previous studies. Simulations are based on an ASDEX Upgrade L-mode discharge with low collisionality and active RMP coils. Our numerical studies are performed with the 3D, two-fluid, nonlinear MHD code JOREK. All three phases of mode seeding observed in the experiment are also seen in the simulations: first, a weak response phase characterized by large perpendicular electron flow velocities followed by a fast growth of the magnetic island size accompanied by a reduction of the perpendicular electron velocity and finally the saturation to a fully formed island state with perpendicular electron velocity close to zero. Thresholds for mode penetration are observed in the plasma rotation as well as in the RMP coil current. A hysteresis of the island size and electron perpendicular velocity is observed between the ramping up and down of the RMP amplitude consistent with an analytically predicted bifurcation. The transition from dominant kink/bending to tearing parity during the penetration is investigated.
Published: 2019

18. Enhanced preconditioner for JOREK MHD solver

Author: G. T. A. Huijsmans, P. S. Verma, R. Nies, Matthias Hoelzl, I. Holod, Jorek Team, JOREK Team, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems
Subjects: fusion, preconditioner, MHD, Generalization, Computer science, Interface (Java), FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational science, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, Convergence (routing), Code (cryptography), 010306 general physics, Preconditioner, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Solver, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics - Plasma Physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Fourier transform, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, symbols, Reduction (mathematics), Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract: The JOREK extended magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) code is a widely used simulation tool for studying the non-linear dynamics of large-scale instabilities in divertor tokamak plasmas. The code is usually run with a fully implicit time integration allowing to use large time steps independent of a CFL criterion. This is particularly important due to the strong scale separation between transport processes and slowly growing resistive modes in contrast to fast time scales associated with MHD waves and fast parallel heat transport. For solving the resulting large sparse-matrix system iteratively in each time step, a preconditioner based on the assumption of weak coupling between the toroidal harmonics is applied. The solution for each harmonic matrix is determined independently in this preconditioner using a direct solver. In this article, a set of developments regarding the JOREK solver and preconditioner is described, which lead to overall significant benefits for large production simulations. The developments include the implementation of a complex solver interface for the preconditioner leading to the general reduction of memory consumption. The most significant development presented consists in a generalization of the physics based preconditioner to ‘mode groups’, which allows to account for the dominant interactions between toroidal Fourier modes in highly non-linear simulations. At the cost of a moderate increase of memory consumption, the technique can strongly enhance convergence in suitable cases allowing to use significantly larger time steps, and thus improving the overall time performance by more than a factor of 3.
Published: 2021
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19. Evaluation of core beta effects on pedestal MHD stability in ITER and consequences for energy confinement

Author: S.H. Kim, A. Loarte, G. T. A. Huijsmans, W. Oosterbeek, F. J. Artola, T. Weyens, A. Polevoi, Applied Physics and Science Education, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems
Subjects: Physics, Fusion, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, Mechanics, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Pedestal, 0103 physical sciences, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, Scaling, Saturation (magnetic), Positive feedback
Abstract: The maximum stable pedestal pressure has been shown to increase with core pressure and, in combination with core transport effects, this can lead to a positive feedback mechanism. However, the effect is shown to saturate for a high β in ASDEX-Upgrade simulations [Wolfrum et al. "Impact of wall materials and seeding gases on the pedestal and on core plasma performance,"Nucl. Mater. Energy 12, 18 (2017)]. In this paper, it is numerically investigated whether this effect appears in ITER plasmas, using ideal MHD numerical codes HELENA and MISHKA for different ITER scenarios, in a range of plasma conditions: two inductive scenarios at 7.5 MA/2.65 T and 15 MA/5.3 T and one steady-state scenario at 10 MA/5.3 T. For all scenarios, reference cases for ITER plasmas were taken as a starting point. No pedestal pressure saturation is found for the inductive scenarios, gradually growing up to the global βN limit, which is determined by the Troyon limit. On the contrary, for the 10 MA/5.3 T steady-state scenario, the maximum stable pedestal pressure does not depend on the total β and it is limited by low-n kink-peeling modes, as opposed to high-n peeling-ballooning modes that limit the maximum attainable pedestal height in the inductive scenarios. This core-edge MHD stability feedback loop has been investigated for two assumptions regarding the scaling of the pedestal width with β p, ped ¯, using either a constant pedestal width or when scaling it as Δ ψ N β p, ped ¯ 1 / 2. A stronger core-edge MHD stability feedback is observed for the varying pedestal width for the inductive plasma scenarios, which is closer to the experimental results from JET [Challis et al. "Improved confinement in JET high plasmas with an ITER-like wall,"Nucl. Fusion 55(5), 053031 (2015)], but not for the steady-state one. Finally, the pressure achieved according to this core-edge feedback stability analysis is compared to the plasma pressure achievable on the basis of the energy confinement IPB98(y,2) scaling for various assumptions regarding the scaling of core plasma confinement with heating power.
Published: 2020
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20. Global ITG eigenmodes: From ballooning angle and radial shift to Reynolds stress and nonlinear saturation

Author: Marina Becoulet, P. Beyer, Sadruddin Benkadda, Andrei Smolyakov, Xavier Garbet, G. T. A. Huijsmans, J. Zielinski, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, Rational surface, Turbulence, media_common.quotation_subject, Mechanics, Reynolds stress, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Asymmetry, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nonlinear system, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Normal mode, Harmonics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, media_common
Abstract: We present global linear and nonlinear simulations of ion temperature gradient instabilities based on a fluid formulation, with an adapted version of the JOREK code. These simulations are performed in realistic global tokamak equilibria based on the solution of the Grad-Shafranov equation. Benchmarking of linear growth rates was successfully completed with respect to previously published data. We find two distinct types of eigenstructures, depending on the magnetic shear. For high shear, when the coupling of poloidal harmonics is strong, ballooning-type eigenmodes are formed, which are up-down asymmetric with a finite ballooning angle, θ0. The poloidal harmonics which form the global eigenmode are found to demonstrate a radial shift, being centered well outside of their corresponding rational surface. Stronger diamagnetic effects increase both θ0 and proportionately shift the m harmonics to larger radii (by as much as two rational surfaces). In the low shear regime, the unstable eigenmodes become narrowly localized between neighboring pairs of rational surfaces, and exhibit no up-down asymmetry. Our simulations also show the generation of finite Reynolds stress due to nonlocal/global profile effects. This stress possesses both poloidally symmetric (n = m = 0) and asymmetric (finite-m) components. Turbulent saturation in nonlinear simulations is demonstrated for both shear regimes.
Published: 2020
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21. Non-linear magnetohydrodynamic simulations of edge localised mode triggering via vertical position oscillations in ITER

Author: Matthias Hoelzl, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Y. Gribov, F. J. Artola, A. Loarte, P. Beyer, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Oscillation, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Plasma oscillation, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Magnetic field, Computational physics, vertical oscillations, ASDEX Upgrade, non-linear MHD simulations, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Physics::Plasma Physics, law, ITER, 0103 physical sciences, Vertical direction, ELM, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Magnetic triggering of edge localized modes (ELMs) in Ohmic H-mode plasmas was first reported in the TCV tokamak (Degeling et al 2003 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 45 1637). This method, showing reliable locking of the ELM frequency to an imposed axisymmetric vertical plasma oscillation, was also demonstrated in the ITER-relevant type-I ELM regime in ASDEX Upgrade (Lang et al 2004 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 46 L31) and JET (de la Luna et al 2015 Nucl. Fusion 56 026001). However, the mechanisms of the ELM triggering due to a vertical motion has not been studied extensively. The non-linear reduced MHD code JOREK-STARWALL has been extended for 3D free-boundary computations (Hölzl et al 2012 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 401 012010), which has allowed us to simulate for the first time realistic vertical oscillations together with ELM simulations in a single consistent scheme. Our simulations demonstrate that stable plasmas can be destabilized by the application of a vertical oscillation for ITER. During the vertical motion, a toroidal current is induced in the pedestal. The origin of this current is analysed in detail with the use of simulations and a simple analytical model, revealing that it arises from the compression of the plasma cross section due to its motion through an inhomogeneous magnetic field. Lower pedestal currents between ELMs require bigger vertical displacements to destabilize ELMs, which directly points towards the increased edge current as the ELM driving mechanism. Finally the ELM triggering shows a very weak dependence on the plasma velocity for ITER in agreement with experiments.
Published: 2018
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22. Nonlinear MHD simulations of quiescent H-mode plasmas in DIII-D

Author: Lei Zeng, P. B. Snyder, G. T. A. Huijsmans, A. Loarte, Matthias Hoelzl, Feng Liu, A.M. Garofalo, W. M. Solomon, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Physics, ELM control, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, DIII-D, QH-mode, Mechanics, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, JOREK, law.invention, Nonlinear system, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, Boundary value problem, Atomic physics, Magnetohydrodynamics, Stationary state, Harmonic oscillator
Abstract: In the Quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) regime, the edge harmonic oscillation (EHO), thought to be a saturated kink-peeling mode (KPM) driven unstable by current and rotation, is found in experiment to provide sufficient stationary edge particle transport to avoid the periodic expulsion of particles and energy by edge localized modes (ELMs). In this paper, both linear and nonlinear MHD modelling of QH-mode plasmas from the DIII-D tokamak have been investigated to understand the mechanism leading to the appearance of the EHO in QH-mode plasmas. For the first time nonlinear MHD simulations with low-n modes both with ideal wall and resistive wall boundary conditions have been carried out with the 3D non-linear MHD code JOREK. The results show, in agreement with the original conjectures, that in the non-linear phase, kink peeling modes are the main unstable modes in QH-mode plasmas of DIII-D and that the kink-peeling modes saturate non-linearly leading to a 3D stationary state. The characteristics of the kink-peeling modes, in terms of mode structure and associated decrease of the edge plasma density associated with them, are in good agreement with experimental measurements of the EHO in DIII-D. The effect of plasma resistivity, the role of plasma parallel rotation as well as the effect of the conductivity of the vacuum vessel wall on the destabilization and saturation of kink-peeling modes have been evaluated for experimental QH-mode plasma conditions in DIII-D.
Published: 2015

23. ELM mitigation with pellet ELM triggering and implications for PFCs and plasma performance in ITER

Author: Larry R. Baylor, A. Loarte, S.L. Allen, Tom Osborne, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Anthony Leonard, S. Maruyama, Nicolas Jc Commaux, R.A. Moyer, Peter Lang, Charles Lasnier, Todd Evans, T.C. Jernigan, R. Maingi, Steven J. Meitner, Max E. Fenstermacher, S.K. Combs, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, DIII-D, Nuclear engineering, Divertor, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Pellets, Plasma, Ballooning, Nuclear physics, Materials Science(all), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, ASDEX Upgrade, Heat flux, Pellet, General Materials Science
Abstract: PLASMA-SURFACE INTERACTIONS 21 — Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Plasma-Surface Interactions in Controlled Fusion Devices Kanazawa, Japan May 26-30, 2014 The triggering of rapid small edge localized modes (ELMs) by high frequency pellet injection has been proposed as a method to prevent large naturally occurring ELMs that can erode the ITER plasma facing components (PFCs). Deuterium pellet injection has been used to successfully demonstrate the ondemand triggering of edge localized modes (ELMs) at much higher rates and with much smaller intensity than natural ELMs. The proposed hypothesis for the triggering mechanism of ELMs by pellets is the local pressure perturbation resulting from reheating of the pellet cloud that can exceed the local high-n ballooning mode threshold where the pellet is injected. Nonlinear MHD simulations of the pellet ELM triggering show destabilization of high-n ballooning modes by such a local pressure perturbation. A review of the recent pellet ELM triggering results from ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), DIII-D, and JET reveals that a number of uncertainties about this ELM mitigation technique still remain. These include the heat flux impact pattern on the divertor and wall from pellet triggered and natural ELMs, the necessary pellet size and injection location to reliably trigger ELMs, and the level of fueling to be expected from ELM triggering pellets and synergy with larger fueling pellets. The implications of these issues for pellet ELM mitigation in ITER and its impact on the PFCs are presented along with the design features of the pellet injection system for ITER. 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The H-mode confinement regime of plasma operation is planned for ITER in order to achieve high fusion performance. It is characterized by a steep pressure gradient and ‘‘pedestal’’ at the plasma edge that is expected to lead to the quasi-periodic instability of edgelocalized modes (ELMs) [1]. ELMs expel periodic bursts of particles and energy from the plasma, which if large enough can pose a serious threat to the PFCs by erosion and melting from the high heat fluxes and
Published: 2015
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24. Nonlinear MHD simulations of QH-mode DIII-D plasmas and implications for ITER high Q scenarios

Author: A.M. Garofalo, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Feng Liu, Boniface Nkonga, F. Orain, Stanislas Pamela, W. M. Solomon, D. C. van Vugt, A. Loarte, Matthias Hoelzl, Marina Becoulet, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, Laboratoire Jean Alexandre Dieudonné (JAD), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Association EURATOM-CEA (CEA/DSM/DRFC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), ITER organization (ITER), General Atomics [San Diego], Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Control, Analysis and Simulations for TOkamak Research (CASTOR), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), and Eindhoven University of Technology [Eindhoven] (TU/e)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-FLU-DYN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Fluid Dynamics [physics.flu-dyn], Toroid, DIII-D, QH-mode, [PHYS.MPHY]Physics [physics]/Mathematical Physics [math-ph], EHO, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, JOREK, 01 natural sciences, Ballooning, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Shear (sheet metal), E × B rotation, kink/peeling mode, Pedestal, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, Harmonics, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic physics, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, nonlinear MHD simulation
Abstract: In nonlinear MHD simulations of DIII-D QH-mode plasmas it has been found that low n kink/peeling modes (KPMs) are unstable and grow to a saturated external kink mode. The features of the dominant saturated KPMs, which are localized toroidally by non-linear coupling of harmonics, such as mode frequencies, density fluctuations and their effect on pedestal particle and energy transport, are in good agreement with the observations of the Edge Harmonic Oscillation (EHO) typically present in DIII-D QH-mode experiments. The non-linear evolution of MHD modes with toroidal mode numbers n from 0 to 10, including both kink-peeling modes and ballooning modes, is investigated through MHD simulations by varying the pedestal current and pressure relative to the initial conditions of DIII-D QH-mode plasma. The edge current and pressure at the pedestal are key parameters for the plasma either saturating to a QH-mode regime or a ballooning mode dominant regime. The influence of E×B flow and its shears on QH-mode plasma has been investigated. The behavior of QH-mode with different flow shear shows E×B rotation has strong stabilization effects on the medium to high-n modes but destabilizing for n=2. The QH-mode extrapolation results of an ITER Q=10 plasma show that the pedestal currents are large enough to destabilize an n=1-5 kink/peeling mode, leading to a saturated kink-peeling mode.
Published: 2018
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25. Nonlinear coupling induced toroidal structure of edge localized modes

Author: A. F. Mink, K. Lackner, Stanislas Pamela, A. Lessig, Florian Laggner, Ulrich Stroth, G. T. A. Huijsmans, M. G. Dunne, E. Wolfrum, F. Orain, M. Maraschek, P. Manz, Sibylle Günter, M. Cavedon, Matthias Hoelzl, Marina Becoulet, Mink, A, Hoelzl, M, Wolfrum, E, Orain, F, Dunne, M, Lessig, A, Pamela, S, Manz, P, Maraschek, M, Huijsmans, G, Becoulet, M, Laggner, F, Cavedon, M, Lackner, K, Gunter, S, Stroth, U, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Edge localized mode, Tokamak, Toroid, Plasma, Nonlinear, Condensed Matter Physics, JOREK, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Computational physics, Nonlinear system, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Mode number, Magnetohydrodynamic drive, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, Edge-localized mode, Pressure gradient
Abstract: Edge localized modes (ELMs) are magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities that cause fast periodic relaxations of the strong edge pressure gradient in tokamak fusion plasmas. A novel diagnostic method allows the extraction of toroidal mode numbers, rotation velocities and spatial information during the ELM cycle including the crash. While mode number branches n = 3-6 and n = 8-10 are dominant just before the ELM crash, during the ELM crash n = 2-5 are observed in typical discharges with type-I ELMs in the tokamak experiment. These findings are compared to results from nonlinear MHD simulations. Although n = 6 is linearly dominant, nonlinear coupling in which n = 1 is particularly important leads to the dominance of n = 3-5 during the ELM crash, in excellent agreement with experimental observations. The simultaneous occurrence of these modes over a wide radial region leads to high stochasticity and thus increased transport.
Published: 2018

26. Overview of the JET results in support to ITER

Author: Alfredo Pironti, J. Simpson-Hutchinson, Sean Conroy, J. Uljanovs, D. Middleton-Gear, G. Possnert, C. Angioni, R. McAdams, Nicholas Watkins, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, A. Garcia-Carrasco, K. Gałązka, D. Nodwell, Pasquale Gaudio, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Seppo Koivuranta, O. J. Kwon, C. Boyd, A. Boboc, M. Reinhart, Igor Lengar, Jarrod Leddy, Hiroyasu Utoh, J. H. Ahn, A. Stevens, J. Lönnroth, U. Kruezi, C. Guillemaut, N. Fonnesu, W. Studholme, Marek Rubel, P. Cahyna, O. McCormack, A. S. Jacobsen, D. Mazon, Gunta Kizane, N. Ashikawa, William Tang, J. Goff, F. Nespoli, Thomas Giegerich, G. Petravich, Angela Busse, Corneliu Porosnicu, M. Bigi, M. Wheatley, Christopher N. Bowman, J. Zacks, Ivan Calvo, U. Losada, H. Weisen, B. Bauvir, Stanislas Pamela, Sylvain Brémond, M.F. Stamp, Scott W. McIntosh, A. Rakha, S. Glöggler, V. Braic, C. Bottereau, S. Murphy, S. Knott, Luigi Fortuna, P. Bunting, N. Vora, S. D. Scott, A. Lazaros, R. Dejarnac, P. Buratti, H.R. Strauss, Gabriele Croci, M. Nocente, A. Hollingsworth, S. Reynolds, D. J. Wilson, D. D. Brown, T.C. Luce, S. Zoletnik, E. Nilsson, L. Laguardia, O. Marchuk, F.P. Orsitto, E. Cecil, V. Huber, J. B. Girardo, Stylianos Varoutis, M. D. Axton, Hyun-Tae Kim, E. Safi, Ch. Day, S. Arshad, J. Rzadkiewicz, P. Prior, A. Meigs, S. Esquembri, P. Gohil, K. Purahoo, Torbjörn Hellsten, N. Tipton, R. Guirlet, E. Joffrin, V. Aldred, Calin Besliu, M. Valentinuzzi, G. T. Jones, J. Edwards, Giuseppe Ambrosino, Laurent Marot, N. Lam, F. Crisanti, G. Verona Rinati, R. Marshal, Michael L. Brown, D. Frigione, D. Chandra, Michaele Freisinger, R. Olney, Jari Varje, S. Whetham, F. Parra Diaz, M. R. Hough, P. Dinca, F. Salzedas, A. Goodyear, R. Gowland, J. A. Wilson, J. Horacek, D. King, K. Flinders, I. R. Merrigan, M. Ghate, R. Michling, F. Saint-Laurent, G. Kocsis, D. Van Eester, C. Young, R. O. Dendy, A. Meakins, N. Pace, C. L. Hunter, D. Alegre, S. Foster, V. Riccardo, M. Bulman, C. Jeong, Marek Szawlowski, B. D. Whitehead, Vasily Kiptily, James Harrison, Hiroshi Tojo, G. T. A. Huijsmans, J. W. Coenen, X. Litaudon, Justin Williams, C. Hidalgo, S. Lesnoj, I.E. Day, A. W. Morris, R. Mooney, Yann Corre, S. Brezinsek, B. Gonçalves, M. Kresina, D. Coombs, F. Köchl, J. L. Gardarein, W. Davis, Aqsa Shabbir, Kanti M. Aggarwal, L. Colas, A. B. Kukushkin, Seppo Sipilä, Elisabeth Rachlew, Leena Aho-Mantila, O. G. Pompilian, E. Viezzer, Shane Cooper, Fabio Villone, P. Blanchard, Patrick Tamain, P. Camp, T. Szabolics, C. Luna, Kalle Heinola, H. G. Esser, V. Bobkov, James Buchanan, Andrew West, Hajime Urano, Roberta Lima Gomes, J.P. Coad, Th. Pütterich, A. Sinha, S. Hollis, R. D. Wood, G. D. Ewart, F. S. Griph, T. Kobuchi, X. Lefebvre, S. Warder, A.J. Thornton, S. Peschanyi, B. Graham, Giuseppe Telesca, M. Kempenaars, J. Bernardo, M. Hughes, Eva Belonohy, S. Schmuck, Kai Nordlund, T. J. Smith, P. Hertout, K. D. Lawson, M. Brix, Matthew Sibbald, Grégoire Hornung, C. Tame, Matthew Carr, S. Wray, P. T. Doyle, A. Somers, Giuseppe Chitarin, D. C. Campling, Mitul Abhangi, I. Jepu, David A. Wood, J. Miettunen, A. Sopplesa, Raffaele Fresa, S. Saarelma, M. Bacharis, J. Pozzi, P. Vallejos Olivares, Teddy Craciunescu, Raffaele Albanese, S. Knipe, Jason P. Byrne, A. C. C. Sips, S. Hazel, V. Kazantzidis, G. Stankūnas, A. Kundu, J. Mailloux, C. Guerard, Pramit Dutta, J. E. Boom, Eduardo Alves, P. Grazier, Saskia Mordijck, V.S. Neverov, Kazuo Hoshino, A. P. Vadgama, P. D. Brennan, P. Innocente, Piergiorgio Sonato, M. Irishkin, M. Berry, D. W. Robson, Dieter Leichtle, Fabio Pisano, P. McCullen, T. M. Huddleston, Kensaku Kamiya, D. Pacella, Tommy Ahlgren, A. Kirschner, B. Magesh, A. Ash, J. Mlynář, C. Castaldo, C. Marchetto, D. L. Hillis, M. Incelli, B. Viola, R. J. Robins, E. Andersson Sundén, G. Ramogida, Matthew Reinke, Gerd Meisl, Yannis Kominis, R. Proudfoot, C. Noble, N. J. Conway, V. P. Lo Schiavo, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, Hugo Bufferand, C. H. A. Hogben, B. Evans, R. Sartori, H. Greuner, M. G. Dunne, K. Schöpf, M. I. K. Santala, E. Giovannozzi, A. E. Shevelev, C. Gil, P. Boulting, P. Sagar, A.E. Shumack, P. A. Coates, C. Ayres, R. Prakash, C. Giroud, M. Parsons, J. C. Giacalone, S. Meshchaninov, A. Peackoc, G. De Temmerman, A.C.A. Figueiredo, D. Gallart, P. Santa, Sergey Popovichev, Ivan Lupelli, M. Valovic, Thomas Johnson, Y. Martynova, M. Rack, Olivier Sauter, J. Garcia, P. Siren, I. Balboa, S. Lee, Hans Nordman, R. Roccella, M. Faitsch, Julien Hillairet, Patrick J. McCarthy, C. Reux, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, V. Coccorese, Ye. O. Kazakov, R. El-Jorf, C. Hamlyn-Harris, Matthias Weiszflog, C. F. Maggi, Panagiotis Tolias, N. C. Hawkes, E. Clark, Bruno Santos, B. Sieglin, R. Rodionov, Roch Kwiatkowski, P. Denner, C. Woodley, Hugh Summers, Francesco Pizzo, G. Pucella, D. Croft, F. Di Maio, M. Tomes, D. Molina, A. Fernades, L. Amicucci, Marco Cecconello, A. Bisoffi, Z. Ul-Abidin, J. Wilkinson, H. Maier, S. Rowe, M. Beckers, P.J. Knight, E. Pajuste, Choong-Seock Chang, K. Deakin, M. Enachescu, A. Cobalt, D. Tskhakaya Jun, Michela Gelfusa, Rémy Nouailletas, R. Ragona, N. Bonanomi, D. A. Homfray, K. Riddle, Yann Camenen, J. D. Thomas, R.P. Doerner, Timothy P. Robinson, Y. Miyoshi, Ph. Jacquet, H. T. Lambertz, D. Pulley, A. Bécoulet, E. Tholerus, O. Bogar, M. Peterka, R. Crowe, C. Sommariva, A. R. Talbot, N. K. Butler, N. Reid, R. Zagórski, Gerald Pintsuk, Juri Romazanov, Andre Neto, G. L. Ravera, Paolo Arena, A. Manning, F. Durodié, Maryna Chernyshova, D. Karkinsky, Štefan Matejčík, J. P. Thomas, A. Wilson, L. Joita, R. Naish, P. Strand, M. Balden, M. Kaufman, T. Powell, V. Schmidt, D. Barnes, José Vicente, S. Doswon, Daniel F. Valcarcel, Claudia Corradino, R. Warren, Annette M. Hynes, J. D. Strachan, A. M. Messiaen, M. Kovari, O. Omolayo, D. M. Witts, R. C. Felton, C. Fleming, C. A. Marren, Patrick Maget, J. Galdon-Quiroga, H. R. Koslowski, Bruce Lipschultz, Ana Elisa Bauer de Camargo Silva, J. Waterhouse, R. J. Dumont, M. Schneider, Sara Moradi, K. J. Nicholls, M. Beldishevski, Benedikt Geiger, A. Jardin, A. Ekedahl, A. Lyssoivan, C. Waldon, Davide Galassi, F. Jaulmes, A. Kirk, Yannick Marandet, F. Hasenbeck, Gabor Szepesi, R. C. Pereira, J. Juul Rasmussen, Nobuyuki Aiba, Michelle E. Walker, Gábor Cseh, Scott W. Mosher, R. Bastow, A. Di Siena, E. Lazzaro, M. Curuia, C. D. Challis, Z. Ghani, J. Deane, João M. C. Sousa, Henrik Sjöstrand, T. O'Gorman, H. R. Wilson, P. Devynck, M. Price, C. A. Thompson, Daniele Marocco, A. Cullen, M. Clark, M. Lennholm, D. Carralero, N. Balshaw, Roland Sabot, I. Stepanov, N. Petrella, Filippo Sartori, L. W. Packer, P. Thomas, M. Lungu, A. V. Krasilnikov, R. Young, Jonathan Graves, J. C. Hillesheim, Mǎdǎlina Vlad, Duccio Testa, Pierre Dumortier, Paulo Carvalho, M. Gosk, Yong-Su Na, M. Buckley, Carlos A. Silva, V. Fuchs, K. Vasava, P. A. Tigwell, B. Wakeling, M. Medland, M. Bellinger, K. Gal, Petter Ström, E. Veshchev, F. Nabais, A. Wynn, L. Lauro Taroni, B. Beckett, L. Gil, M. Towndrow, Brian Grierson, Harry M. Meyer, V. Philipps, A. de Castro, D. Kinna, D. Conka, Göran Ericsson, L. Piron, J. Hawkins, D. Cooper, Kenneth Hammond, V.V. Parail, Cristian Ruset, G.J. van Rooij, M. N. A. Beurskens, N. Fawlk, G. Evison, M. Van De Mortel, N. Marcenko, B. Slade, Th. Franke, Simone Peruzzo, N. den Harder, D. Baião, A. Martin de Aguilera, Frederic Imbeaux, Carlo Sozzi, J.L. de Pablos, J. Svensson, A. Withycombe, Ane Lasa, H. Sheikh, V.A. Yavorskij, Nick Walkden, E. Lerche, C. S. Gibson, Roberto Zanino, Y. Peysson, David Hatch, B. Bazylev, E. de la Cal, S. Hacquin, T. D. V. Haupt, S. A. Silburn, T.T.C. Jones, Maria Teresa Porfiri, Walid Helou, S. E. Sharapov, M. Zerbini, Ken W Bell, Marco Marinelli, Kyriakos Hizanidis, J. M. Fontdecaba, N. Teplova, K. K. Kirov, S. Vartanian, W. W. Pires de Sa, T. C. Hender, J. K. Blackburn, I. Monakhov, H. Patten, P. A. Simmons, Y. Austin, J. Regana, Stefano Coda, Amanda J. Page, D. Fuller, António J.N. Batista, A. Horton, P. Heesterman, S. Cramp, J. Hobirk, F. Clairet, A. Burckhart, M. Allinson, Larry R. Baylor, W. Leysen, D. B. Gin, P. Nielsen, A. Kantor, Yueqiang Liu, A.V. Stephen, Jose Ramon Martin-Solis, P. Mantica, B. C. Regan, Aleksander Drenik, A. Lukin, L. Thorne, G. Nemtsev, J. Denis, M. E. Graham, D. Rigamonti, W. Van Renterghem, M. Tardocchi, M. Koubiti, A. Malaquias, M. Tsalas, A. Cufar, Giuseppe Prestopino, D. Kogut, N. Pomaro, J. Keep, Jochen Linke, Shimpei Futatani, Boris Breizman, A. Sirinelli, M. Chandler, M. Fortune, F. Degli Agostini, I. Jenkins, T. Spelzini, G. Calabrò, O. N. Kent, A. Lunniss, Etienne Hodille, Z. Vizvary, Volker Naulin, T. Eich, F. Mink, A. Alkseev, P. W. Haydon, Massimo Angelone, Norberto Catarino, J. Lapins, Roberto Pasqualotto, R. Lawless, T. Schlummer, F. Bonelli, M. Wischmeier, Stéphane Devaux, G. Saibene, Dirk Reiser, Y. R. Martin, H. Bergsåker, Jon Godwin, Alessia Santucci, C. Lane, Justyna Grzonka, Ph. Mertens, Claudio Verona, David Moulton, E. Delabie, Anna Salmi, P. G. Smith, T. Bolzonella, Silvio Ceccuzzi, Ulrich Fischer, G. Liu, M. A. Henderson, M. Marinucci, T. Suzuki, Jakub Bielecki, João Figueiredo, M. Afzal, J. Cane, Robert Hager, Luciano Bertalot, M. Firdaouss, G. Tvalashvili, D. Hepple, D. Esteve, M. De Bock, Y. Baranov, R. D'Inca, G. De Tommasi, Ch. Linsmeier, T. Nicolas, I. J. Pearson, P. Finburg, Ireneusz Książek, S. Talebzadeh, A. Czarnecka, A. Botrugno, M. Gethins, Bohdan Bieg, R. Baughan, I. Borodkina, B. Kos, A. Muraro, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Hermon, S.J. Wukitch, Jari Likonen, D. P. Coster, Guglielmo Rubinacci, I. H. Coffey, Justine M. Kent, S. E. Dorling, J. Dankowski, Geert Verdoolaege, Daisuke Nishijima, R. Clarkson, E. R. Solano, M. Stephen, A. Lescinskis, P. Staniec, Karl Schmid, M. Mayer, Peter Lang, T. Franklin, M.I. Williams, C. G. Elsmore, F. Maviglia, C. Di Troia, C. Penot, A. Zarins, Pierre Manas, D. F. Gear, Yu Gao, Philipp Drews, E. Letellier, A. S. Thompson, L. Forsythe, I. Zychor, E. Khilkevich, A. Manzanares, T. Nakano, Paulo Rodrigues, J. Edmond, Sebastián Dormido-Canto, R. Dux, C. Appelbee, L. Moser, Angelo Cenedese, D. Fagan, N. Richardson, Giuseppe Gorini, V. Rohde, R. Paprok, João P. S. Bizarro, P. Aleynikov, M. Sertoli, Ł. Świderski, Simone Palazzo, O. W. Davies, D. Douai, N. Macdonald, M. Baruzzo, J. López-Razola, M. Lungaroni, D. Clatworthy, R. Bravanec, J. Lovell, Ambrogio Fasoli, S.-P. Pehkonen, M. E. Puiatti, P. Papp, G. Bodnar, V. Aslanyan, A. Weckmann, K. A. Taylor, R. Henriques, I. T. Chapman, Ewa Pawelec, Miles M. Turner, Steven J. Meitner, M. Bernert, Ph. Maquet, R. C. Meadows, A. Shaw, N. Vianello, L. Barrera Orte, Tomas Markovic, A. Fil, A. S. Couchman, Inessa Bolshakova, J. Fyvie, Konstantina Mergia, J. Gallagher, R.V. Budny, Frank Leipold, C. J. Rapson, R. C. Lobel, Gennady V. Miloshevsky, K.-D. Zastrow, Ph. Duckworth, Gianluca Rubino, G. Withenshaw, S. Maruyama, S. P. Hallworth Cook, M. Newman, Jérôme Bucalossi, P. Drewelow, Nuno Cruz, D. Iglesias, I. Nedzelski, T. Donne, P. Leichuer, R. Cesario, M. D. J. Bright, T. Boyce, N. Imazawa, Per Petersson, R. King, A. Loving, L. Garzotti, Jorge Ferreira, G. Corrigan, D. Sandiford, B. Tal, P. Puglia, Daniel Tegnered, J. Karhunen, James S. Wright, Tom Wauters, J. McKehon, K. Rathod, Olivier Février, Alessandro Formisano, Petra Bilkova, M. Groth, Ricardo Magnus Osorio Galvao, F. Medina, S. Collins, H. J. Boyer, Elena Bruno, Horacio Fernandes, M. J. Stead, R. Paccagnella, J. Kaniewski, Ion E. Stamatelatos, F. Causa, M. F. F. Nave, A. Patel, D. C. McDonald, L. Moreira, Mariano Ruiz, K. Dylst, Raymond A. Shaw, A. Brett, Jane Johnston, P. P. Pereira Puglia, J. Ongena, N. A. Benterman, V. N. Amosov, Christian Grisolia, J. Simpson, C. Perez von Thun, Jan Weiland, P. Tonner, F. Belli, T. Odupitan, T. Dittmar, Edmund Highcock, Taina Kurki-Suonio, I. Uytdenhouwen, Estelle Gauthier, M. Oberkofler, B. Alper, Iris D. Young, S. Soare, Yuji Hatano, D. Reece, D. Borodin, M. Moneti, W. Yanling, S. Mianowski, K. Fenton, Stephen J. Bailey, R. Coelho, Sandra C. Chapman, E. Łaszyńska, A. R. Field, F.J. Martínez, Anders Nielsen, M. Smithies, M. J. Mantsinen, A. J. Capel, N. D. Smith, A. Pires dos Reis, M.-L. Mayoral, T. Loarer, P. Carman, N. Grazier, S. Breton, J. M. A. Bradshaw, Alexandre C. Pereira, Fulvio Auriemma, Fulvio Militello, Barbara Cannas, D. Ulyatt, A. Kappatou, P. Blatchford, R. Scannell, B. I. Oswuigwe, Darren Price, Robert E. Grove, D. Guard, M. Leyland, G. Stubbs, J. W. Banks, V.V. Plyusnin, M. S. J. Rainford, Andrea Murari, Sanjeev Ranjan, A. Huber, V. Krasilnikov, C. Bower, H. Leggate, S. Abduallev, P. Tsavalas, G. Giruzzi, K. Maczewa, Colin Roach, P. Beaumont, R. P. Johnson, Anna Widdowson, L. A. Kogan, A. Baron Wiechec, Markus Airila, J. Morris, Robert Skilton, Katarzyna Słabkowska, M. A. Barnard, Jean-Paul Booth, Alessandro Pau, R. Price, R. Bament, M. Tokitani, I. Turner, T. Vu, P. Huynh, S.N. Gerasimov, D. I. Refy, Yunfeng Liang, Anders Hjalmarsson, S. Dalley, Roberto Ambrosino, O. Hemming, T. R. Blackman, Y. Zhou, Vasile Zoita, P. Vincenzi, A. Loarte, C. Rayner, Martin Imrisek, M. Tripsky, C. Mazzotta, A. Uccello, V. Basiuk, Lide Yao, V. Goloborod'ko, S. Villari, B. P. Duval, N. Bulmer, W. Zhang, L. Hackett, D. N. Borba, M. Halitovs, Mario Pillon, H. Arnichand, Alberto Alfier, A. Lawson, A. Masiello, T. Makkonen, A. Vitins, D. Rendell, D. Paton, L. Avotina, A. Krivska, M. Maslov, Richard Verhoeven, Marc Goniche, A. Broslawski, Marica Rebai, E. de la Luna, E. Militello-Asp, V. Cocilovo, L. Carraro, Michael Fitzgerald, Bernardo B. Carvalho, D. Young, C.G. Lowry, F. J. Casson, L.-G. Eriksson, T. M. Biewer, B. Esposito, F.G. Rimini, J. Fessey, G. Kaveney, S. Hall, Robin Barnsley, Michael Lehnen, N. Bekris, L. F. Ruchko, P. Batistoni, E. Alessi, M. G. O'Mullane, D. S. Darrow, C. N. Grundy, N. Hayter, Ivo S. Carvalho, M. Brombin, Enrico Zilli, M. Valisa, M. Reich, S. Panja, C. Gurl, Charles Harrington, Emmanuele Peluso, M. Porton, Michael Walsh, D. Falie, A. Reed, Jacob Eriksson, P. Macheta, J. M. Faustin, S. Cortes, S. Fietz, P. Piovesan, D. Ciric, Eric Nardon, R. Neu, Bojiang Ding, G.A. Rattá, F. Reimold, R. Craven, M. Cox, J. Orszagh, Aaro Järvinen, A. S. Thrysøe, A. Shepherd, I. Ďuran, Andrew M. Edwards, A. Kinch, J. Beal, M. Gherendi, Martin Köppen, D. Samaddar, P. Dalgliesh, I. Vinyar, J. Jansons, Nengchao Wang, J. Wu, John Wright, S. Wiesen, C. King, Alessandra Fanni, L. D. Horton, N. Krawczyk, J. Buch, K. Krieger, Václav Petržílka, D. Schworer, C. Watts, T. Keenan, Andrea Malizia, B. D. Stevens, P. Trimble, C. P. Lungu, V. Prajapati, Marco Ariola, C. Wellstood, S. Gilligan, Mirko Salewski, Michael Barnes, Florin Spineanu, H. Doerk, C. Kennedy, S. Jachmich, J. Caumont, Isabel L. Nunes, A. Petre, A. Kallenbach, M. Anghel, B. Lomanowski, Marco Riva, M. Romanelli, G. De Masi, T. May-Smith, T. Xu, A. Goussarov, S. Romanelli, M. Okabayashi, A. Baker, R. Salmon, T. Tala, Nicolas Fedorczak, S. Lanthaler, Giuliana Sias, J. Risner, Clarisse Bourdelle, M. E. Manso, Fabio Moro, R. Lucock, M. Bassan, M. T. Ogawa, V. Thompson, A. M. Whitehead, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, Igor Bykov, Gennady Sergienko, E. Stefanikova, Mattia Frasca, H. Dabirikhah, Lorenzo Frassinetti, N. Dzysiuk, D. L. Keeling, Juan Manuel López, M. Turnyanskiy, Daniel Dunai, David Taylor, Arturo Buscarino, Carolina Björkas, A. Baciero, S. Meigh, M. Garcia-Munoz, Massimiliano Mattei, M. Hill, Gwyndaf Evans, S. Minucci, Xiang Gao, A. V. Chankin, Francesco Romanelli, A. Lahtinen, L. Giacomelli, A. Owen, Jesús Vega, Jonathan Citrin, Antti Hakola, Petr Vondracek, Sehyun Kwak, P. Abreu, L. Meneses, S. S. Medley, G. Gervasini, Surya K. Pathak, Kristel Crombé, M. Cleverly, H.S. Kim, C. Stan-Sion, Nobuyuki Asakura, E. Wang, A. Cardinali, L. Fazendeiro, R. Cavazzana, P. J. Lomas, J. Hawes, G. Stables, Silvia Spagnolo, S. P. Hotchin, N. R. Green, Slawomir Jednorog, Ewa Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, A. Martin, Linwei Li, Rajnikant Makwana, Richard Goulding, I. Voitsekhovitch, M. Bowden, I. Kodeli, Peter Hawkins, S. S. Henderson, Ondrej Ficker, Carl Hellesen, D. Yadikin, Fabio Subba, Luka Snoj, Anthony Laing, N. Ben Ayed, Mario Cavinato, M. Goodliffe, C. Clements, D. Kenny, Axel Klix, S. Gee, R. J. E. Smith, P. de Vries, L. Fittill, Min-Gu Yoo, S. Menmuir, K. Cave-Ayland, S. Potzel, D. Grist, K. Blackman, S. A. Robinson, Rodney Walker, David Pfefferlé, W. Broeckx, D. Harting, S. G. J. Tyrrell, F. Binda, L. Horvath, Davide Flammini, P. V. Edappala, Raul Moreno, G. M. D. Hogeweij, P. Card, A. Hagar, Ion Tiseanu, Rita Lorenzini, L. Appel, Jet Contributors, J. Flanagan, C. Paz Soldan, U. Samm, Otto Asunta, F. Eriksson, C. Taliercio, F. S. Zaitsev, G. F. Matthews, Tuomas Koskela, P. J. Howarth, D. Terranova, M. Skiba, Amanda Hubbard, R. Otin, K. G. McClements, M. Park, R. McKean, C. Christopher Klepper, I. Karnowska, Peter J. Pool, G. Ciraolo, Jennifer M. Lehmann, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Association EURATOM-TEKES, Association EURATOM-TEKES, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Assoc. Euratom-ENEA-CREATE, Universita Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria [Reggio Calabria], EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear (ITN), ITN, University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ITER organization (ITER), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU), Institut d'ophtalmologie Hédi-Rais de Tunis, Service Cardiologie [CHU Toulouse], Pôle Cardiovasculaire et Métabolique [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom/UKAEA Fusion Assoc., Magnetic Sensor laboratory [Lviv] (MSL), National Polytechnic University of Lviv (LPNU), The National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) [Moscow, Russia], Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics (IEK-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institute for Problems of Material Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie (3MI-ENSMSE), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre G2I, Department of Hydraulics, Transportations and Roads, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires - UMR5100 (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department (MS 388), University of Nevada [Reno], AUTRES, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] (IPPLM), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] (ARC), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), School of Mathematics [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Associazone EURATOM ENEA sulla Fusione, EURATOM, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS (LPP ERM KMS), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM KMS), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik (PDI), Institut für Physik, University of Basel (Unibas), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] (DIFFER), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA Cadarache, Dipartimento di Energia [Milano], Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lille économie management - UMR 9221 (LEM), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom research and training programme 633053, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides ( IMFS ), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ( VTT ), Univ. Mediterranea RC, Culham Science Centre, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear ( ITN ), Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] ( IPP ), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies ( LPNHE ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, ITER Organization, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ( KIT ), Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique ( LNIO ), Institut Charles Delaunay ( ICD ), Université de Technologie de Troyes ( UTT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Technologie de Troyes ( UTT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles ( ICSN ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU ), Service de cardiologie [Toulouse], Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital de Rangueil, ITER [St. Paul-lez-Durance], ITER, Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), MSL, Lviv Polytechnic National University ( MSL ), Lviv Polytechnic National University, Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion ( CERAG ), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 ( UPMF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics ( IEK-4 ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ( NASU ), Lille - Economie et Management ( LEM ), Université catholique de Lille ( UCL ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie ( 3MI-ENSMSE ), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne ( Mines Saint-Étienne MSE ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre G2I, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires ( LMGM ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Nevada, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] ( IPPLM ), UCL Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College of London [London] ( UCL ), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] ( ARC ), Queen's University [Belfast] ( QUB ), Laboratoire d'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information ( CEA-LETI ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Grenoble Alpes [Saint Martin d'Hères], Cardiff School of Mathematics, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS ( LPP ERM KMS ), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School ( ERM KMS ), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, University of Basel ( Unibas ), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] ( DIFFER ), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] ( DIFFER ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano [Milan], Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres ( M2P2 ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. ANT - Advanced Nuclear Technologies Research Group, JET Contributors, Litaudon, X, Abduallev, S, Abhangi, M, Abreu, P, Afzal, M, Aggarwal, K, Ahlgren, T, Ahn, J, Aho Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Albanese, R, Aldred, V, Alegre, D, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Alfier, A, Alkseev, A, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amicucci, L, Amosov, V, Andersson SundÃ©n, E, Angelone, M, Anghel, M, Angioni, C, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Arena, P, Ariola, M, Arnichand, H, Arshad, S, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Asunta, O, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Axton, M, Ayres, C, Bacharis, M, Baciero, A, Baiã¡o, D, Bailey, S, Baker, A, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, N, Bament, R, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barnard, M, Barnes, D, Barnes, M, Barnsley, R, Baron Wiechec, A, Barrera Orte, L, Baruzzo, M, Basiuk, V, Bassan, M, Bastow, R, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baughan, R, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Bazylev, B, Beal, J, Beaumont, P, Beckers, M, Beckett, B, Becoulet, A, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Bell, K, Belli, F, Bellinger, M, Belonohy, Ã, Ben Ayed, N, Benterman, N, Bergsã¥ker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Besliu, C, Beurskens, M, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Biewer, T, Bigi, M, Bãlkovã¡, P, Binda, F, Bisoffi, A, Bizarro, J, Bjã¶rkas, C, Blackburn, J, Blackman, K, Blackman, T, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bodnã¡r, G, Bogar, O, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonelli, F, Boom, J, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Botrugno, A, Bottereau, C, Boulting, P, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Bower, C, Bowman, C, Boyce, T, Boyd, C, Boyer, H, Bradshaw, J, Braic, V, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Bremond, S, Brennan, P, Breton, S, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Bright, M, Brix, M, Broeckx, W, Brombin, M, Broså‚awski, A, Brown, D, Brown, M, Bruno, E, Bucalossi, J, Buch, J, Buchanan, J, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Bufferand, H, Bulman, M, Bulmer, N, Bunting, P, Buratti, P, Burckhart, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butler, N, Bykov, I, Byrne, J, Cahyna, P, Calabrã², G, Calvo, I, Camenen, Y, Camp, P, Campling, D, Cane, J, Cannas, B, Capel, A, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carman, P, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carvalho, B, Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P, Casson, F, Castaldo, C, Catarino, N, Caumont, J, Causa, F, Cavazzana, R, Cave Ayland, K, Cavinato, M, Cecconello, M, Ceccuzzi, S, Cecil, E, Cenedese, A, Cesario, R, Challis, C, Chandler, M, Chandra, D, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Chapman, S, Chernyshova, M, Chitarin, G, Ciraolo, G, Ciric, D, Citrin, J, Clairet, F, Clark, E, Clark, M, Clarkson, R, Clatworthy, D, Clements, C, Cleverly, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Cobalt, A, Coccorese, V, Cocilovo, V, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colas, L, Collins, S, Conka, D, Conroy, S, Conway, N, Coombs, D, Cooper, D, Cooper, S, Corradino, C, Corre, Y, Corrigan, G, Cortes, S, Coster, D, Couchman, A, Cox, M, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Craven, R, Crisanti, F, Croci, G, Croft, D, Crombã©, K, Crowe, R, Cruz, N, Cseh, G, Cufar, A, Cullen, A, Curuia, M, Czarnecka, A, Dabirikhah, H, Dalgliesh, P, Dalley, S, Dankowski, J, Darrow, D, Davies, O, Davis, W, Day, C, Day, I, De Bock, M, De Castro, A, De La Cal, E, De La Luna, E, De Masi, G, De Pablos, J, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, De Vries, P, Deakin, K, Deane, J, Degli Agostini, F, Dejarnac, R, Delabie, E, Den Harder, N, Dendy, R, Denis, J, Denner, P, Devaux, S, Devynck, P, Di Maio, F, Di Siena, A, Di Troia, C, Dinca, P, D'Inca, R, Ding, B, Dittmar, T, Doerk, H, Doerner, R, Donnã©, T, Dorling, S, Dormido Canto, S, Doswon, S, Douai, D, Doyle, P, Drenik, A, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Duckworth, P, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Dunne, M, Äžuran, I, Durodiã©, F, Dutta, P, Duval, B, Dux, R, Dylst, K, Dzysiuk, N, Edappala, P, Edmond, J, Edwards, A, Edwards, J, Eich, T, Ekedahl, A, El Jorf, R, Elsmore, C, Enachescu, M, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, F, Eriksson, J, Eriksson, L, Esposito, B, Esquembri, S, Esser, H, Esteve, D, Evans, B, Evans, G, Evison, G, Ewart, G, Fagan, D, Faitsch, M, Falie, D, Fanni, A, Fasoli, A, Faustin, J, Fawlk, N, Fazendeiro, L, Fedorczak, N, Felton, R, Fenton, K, Fernades, A, Fernandes, H, Ferreira, J, Fessey, J, Fã©vrier, O, Ficker, O, Field, A, Fietz, S, Figueiredo, A, Figueiredo, J, Fil, A, Finburg, P, Firdaouss, M, Fischer, U, Fittill, L, Fitzgerald, M, Flammini, D, Flanagan, J, Fleming, C, Flinders, K, Fonnesu, N, Fontdecaba, J, Formisano, A, Forsythe, L, Fortuna, L, Fortuna Zalesna, E, Fortune, M, Foster, S, Franke, T, Franklin, T, Frasca, M, Frassinetti, L, Freisinger, M, Fresa, R, Frigione, D, Fuchs, V, Fuller, D, Futatani, S, Fyvie, J, Gã¡l, K, Galassi, D, Gaå‚azka, K, Galdon Quiroga, J, Gallagher, J, Gallart, D, Galvã¡o, R, Gao, X, Gao, Y, Garcia, J, Garcia Carrasco, A, GarcÃa MuÃ±oz, M, Gardarein, J, Garzotti, L, Gaudio, P, Gauthier, E, Gear, D, Gee, S, Geiger, B, Gelfusa, M, Gerasimov, S, Gervasini, G, Gethins, M, Ghani, Z, Ghate, M, Gherendi, M, Giacalone, J, Giacomelli, L, Gibson, C, Giegerich, T, Gil, C, Gil, L, Gilligan, S, Gin, D, Giovannozzi, E, Girardo, J, Giroud, C, Giruzzi, G, Glã¶ggler, S, Godwin, J, Goff, J, Gohil, P, Goloborod'Ko, V, Gomes, R, Goncalves, B, Goniche, M, Goodliffe, M, Goodyear, A, Gorini, G, Gosk, M, Goulding, R, Goussarov, A, Gowland, R, Graham, B, Graham, M, Graves, J, Grazier, N, Grazier, P, Green, N, Greuner, H, Grierson, B, Griph, F, Grisolia, C, Grist, D, Groth, M, Grove, R, Grundy, C, Grzonka, J, Guard, D, Guã©rard, C, Guillemaut, C, Guirlet, R, Gurl, C, Utoh, H, Hackett, L, Hacquin, S, Hagar, A, Hager, R, Hakola, A, Halitovs, M, Hall, S, Hallworth Cook, S, Hamlyn Harris, C, Hammond, K, Harrington, C, Harrison, J, Harting, D, Hasenbeck, F, Hatano, Y, Hatch, D, Haupt, T, Hawes, J, Hawkes, N, Hawkins, J, Hawkins, P, Haydon, P, Hayter, N, Hazel, S, Heesterman, P, Heinola, K, Hellesen, C, Hellsten, T, Helou, W, Hemming, O, Hender, T, Henderson, M, Henderson, S, Henriques, R, Hepple, D, Hermon, G, Hertout, P, Hidalgo, C, Highcock, E, Hill, M, Hillairet, J, Hillesheim, J, Hillis, D, Hizanidis, K, Hjalmarsson, A, Hobirk, J, Hodille, E, Hogben, C, Hogeweij, G, Hollingsworth, A, Hollis, S, Homfray, D, Horã¡ä ek, J, Hornung, G, Horton, A, Horton, L, Horvath, L, Hotchin, S, Hough, M, Howarth, P, Hubbard, A, Huber, A, Huber, V, Huddleston, T, Hughes, M, Huijsmans, G, Hunter, C, Huynh, P, Hynes, A, Iglesias, D, Imazawa, N, Imbeaux, F, Imrãå¡ek, M, Incelli, M, Innocente, P, Irishkin, M, Ivanova Stanik, I, Jachmich, S, Jacobsen, A, Jacquet, P, Jansons, J, Jardin, A, Jã¤rvinen, A, Jaulmes, F, Jednorã³g, S, Jenkins, I, Jeong, C, Jepu, I, Joffrin, E, Johnson, R, Johnson, T, Johnston, J, Joita, L, Jones, G, Jones, T, Hoshino, K, Kallenbach, A, Kamiya, K, Kaniewski, J, Kantor, A, Kappatou, A, Karhunen, J, Karkinsky, D, Karnowska, I, Kaufman, M, Kaveney, G, Kazakov, Y, Kazantzidis, V, Keeling, D, Keenan, T, Keep, J, Kempenaars, M, Kennedy, C, Kenny, D, Kent, J, Kent, O, Khilkevich, E, Kim, H, Kinch, A, King, C, King, D, King, R, Kinna, D, Kiptily, V, Kirk, A, Kirov, K, Kirschner, A, Kizane, G, Klepper, C, Klix, A, Knight, P, Knipe, S, Knott, S, Kobuchi, T, Kã¶chl, F, Kocsis, G, Kodeli, I, Kogan, L, Kogut, D, Koivuranta, S, Kominis, Y, Kã¶ppen, M, Kos, B, Koskela, T, Koslowski, H, Koubiti, M, Kovari, M, Kowalska StrzÈ©ciwilk, E, Krasilnikov, A, Krasilnikov, V, Krawczyk, N, Kresina, M, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kruezi, U, Ksiaå¼ek, I, Kukushkin, A, Kundu, A, Kurki Suonio, T, Kwak, S, Kwiatkowski, R, Kwon, O, Laguardia, L, Lahtinen, A, Laing, A, Lam, N, Lambertz, H, Lane, C, Lang, P, Lanthaler, S, Lapins, J, Lasa, A, Last, J, Å aszyå„ska, E, Lawless, R, Lawson, A, Lawson, K, Lazaros, A, Lazzaro, E, Leddy, J, Lee, S, Lefebvre, X, Leggate, H, Lehmann, J, Lehnen, M, Leichtle, D, Leichuer, P, Leipold, F, Lengar, I, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Lescinskis, A, Lesnoj, S, Letellier, E, Leyland, M, Leysen, W, Li, L, Liang, Y, Likonen, J, Linke, J, Linsmeier, C, Lipschultz, B, Liu, G, Liu, Y, Lo Schiavo, V, Loarer, T, Loarte, A, Lobel, R, Lomanowski, B, Lomas, P, Lã¶nnroth, J, Lã³pez, J, LÃ³pez Razola, J, Lorenzini, R, Losada, U, Lovell, J, Loving, A, Lowry, C, Luce, T, Lucock, R, Lukin, A, Luna, C, Lungaroni, M, Lungu, C, Lungu, M, Lunniss, A, Lupelli, I, Lyssoivan, A, Macdonald, N, Macheta, P, Maczewa, K, Magesh, B, Maget, P, Maggi, C, Maier, H, Mailloux, J, Makkonen, T, Makwana, R, Malaquias, A, Malizia, A, Manas, P, Manning, A, Manso, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manzanares, A, Maquet, P, Marandet, Y, Marcenko, N, Marchetto, C, Marchuk, O, Marinelli, M, Marinucci, M, Markoviä , T, Marocco, D, Marot, L, Marren, C, Marshal, R, Martin, A, Martin, Y, MartÃn De Aguilera, A, Martãnez, F, MartÃn SolÃs, J, Martynova, Y, Maruyama, S, Masiello, A, Maslov, M, Matejcik, S, Mattei, M, Matthews, G, Maviglia, F, Mayer, M, Mayoral, M, May Smith, T, Mazon, D, Mazzotta, C, Mcadams, R, Mccarthy, P, Mcclements, K, Mccormack, O, Mccullen, P, Mcdonald, D, Mcintosh, S, Mckean, R, Mckehon, J, Meadows, R, Meakins, A, Medina, F, Medland, M, Medley, S, Meigh, S, Meigs, A, Meisl, G, Meitner, S, Meneses, L, Menmuir, S, Mergia, K, Merrigan, I, Mertens, P, Meshchaninov, S, Messiaen, A, Meyer, H, Mianowski, S, Michling, R, Middleton Gear, D, Miettunen, J, Militello, F, Militello Asp, E, Miloshevsky, G, Mink, F, Minucci, S, Miyoshi, Y, Mlynã¡å™, J, Molina, D, Monakhov, I, Moneti, M, Mooney, R, Moradi, S, Mordijck, S, Moreira, L, Moreno, R, Moro, F, Morris, A, Morris, J, Moser, L, Mosher, S, Moulton, D, Murari, A, Muraro, A, Murphy, S, Asakura, N, Na, Y, Nabais, F, Naish, R, Nakano, T, Nardon, E, Naulin, V, Nave, M, Nedzelski, I, Nemtsev, G, Nespoli, F, Neto, A, Neu, R, Neverov, V, Newman, M, Nicholls, K, Nicolas, T, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, P, Nilsson, E, Nishijima, D, Noble, C, Nocente, M, Nodwell, D, Nordlund, K, Nordman, H, Nouailletas, R, Nunes, I, Oberkofler, M, Odupitan, T, Ogawa, M, O'Gorman, T, Okabayashi, M, Olney, R, Omolayo, O, O'Mullane, M, Ongena, J, Orsitto, F, Orszagh, J, Oswuigwe, B, Otin, R, Owen, A, Paccagnella, R, Pace, N, Pacella, D, Packer, L, Page, A, Pajuste, E, Palazzo, S, Pamela, S, Panja, S, Papp, P, Paprok, R, Parail, V, Park, M, Parra Diaz, F, Parsons, M, Pasqualotto, R, Patel, A, Pathak, S, Paton, D, Patten, H, Pau, A, Pawelec, E, Paz Soldan, C, Peackoc, A, Pearson, I, Pehkonen, S, Peluso, E, Penot, C, Pereira, A, Pereira, R, Pereira Puglia, P, Perez Von Thun, C, Peruzzo, S, Peschanyi, S, Peterka, M, Petersson, P, Petravich, G, Petre, A, Petrella, N, Petrå¾ilka, V, Peysson, Y, Pfefferlã©, D, Philipps, V, Pillon, M, Pintsuk, G, Piovesan, P, Pires Dos Reis, A, Piron, L, Pironti, A, Pisano, F, Pitts, R, Pizzo, F, Plyusnin, V, Pomaro, N, Pompilian, O, Pool, P, Popovichev, S, Porfiri, M, Porosnicu, C, Porton, M, Possnert, G, Potzel, S, Powell, T, Pozzi, J, Prajapati, V, Prakash, R, Prestopino, G, Price, D, Price, M, Price, R, Prior, P, Proudfoot, R, Pucella, G, Puglia, P, Puiatti, M, Pulley, D, Purahoo, K, Pã¼tterich, T, Rachlew, E, Rack, M, Ragona, R, Rainford, M, Rakha, A, Ramogida, G, Ranjan, S, Rapson, C, 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D., Strachan, J., Strand, P., Strauss, H. R., Ström, P., Stubbs, G., Studholme, W., Subba, F., Summers, H. P., Svensson, J., Świderski, Ł., Szabolics, T., Szawlowski, M., Szepesi, G., Suzuki, T. T., Tál, B., Tala, T., Talbot, A. R., Talebzadeh, S., Taliercio, C., Tamain, P., Tame, C., Tang, W., Tardocchi, M., Taroni, L., Taylor, D., Taylor, K. A., Tegnered, D., Telesca, G., Teplova, N., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, J., Thomas, J. D., Thomas, P., Thompson, A., Thompson, C. -A., Thompson, V. K., Thorne, L., Thornton, A., Thrysøe, A. S., Tigwell, P. A., Tipton, N., Tiseanu, I., Tojo, H., Tokitani, M., Tolias, P., Tomeš, M., Tonner, P., Towndrow, M., Trimble, P., Tripsky, M., Tsalas, M., Tsavalas, P., Tskhakaya jun, D., Turner, I., Turner, M. M., Turnyanskiy, M., Tvalashvili, G., Tyrrell, S. G. J., Uccello, A., Ul-Abidin, Z., Uljanovs, J., Ulyatt, D., Urano, H., Uytdenhouwen, I., Vadgama, A. 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W., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Hôpital de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires (LMGM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Energia [Milano] (DENG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Research Centre Julich (FZJ), Institute for Plasma Research, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, Queen's University Belfast, University of Helsinki, CEA, Department of Applied Physics, School services, SCI, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, VTT, University of Naples Federico II, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, CNR, Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Ente Per Le Nuove Tecnologie L'energia e l'ambiente, Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research, Uppsala University, National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik, University of Catania, Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, National Institutes of Natural Sciences - National Institute for Fusion Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Latvia, Imperial College London, CIEMAT, University of Oxford, EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, University of York, Royal Institute of Technology, Maritime University of Szczecin, H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of Trento, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Comenius University, University of Milan - Bicocca, National Institute for Optoelectronics, Fourth State Research, University of Texas at Austin, Belgian Nuclear Research Center, National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Princeton University, CNRS, University of Cagliari, University of Warwick, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, FOM Institute DIFFER, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Ghent University, J. Stefan Institute, Universite de Lorraine, CAS - Institute of Plasma Physics, University of California at San Diego, Koninklijke Militaire School - Ecole Royale Militaire, Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, School services, ELEC, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Automaatio- ja systeemitekniik, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Second University of Naples, Warsaw University of Technology, Universita della Basilicata, Barcelona Supercomp. Center, Universidad de Sevilla, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Sähkötekniikan laitos, University of Rome Tor Vergata, RAS - Ioffe Physico Technical Institute, General Atomics, University of Innsbruck, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Toyama, University of Strathclyde, National Technical University of Athens, Universita della Tuscia, Technical University of Denmark, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul National University, University College Cork, Vienna University of Technology, University of Opole, Daegu University, National Fusion Research Institute, Dublin City University, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, PELIN LLC, Arizona State University, Universidad Complutense, University of Basel, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Consorzio CREATE, Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research, Purdue University, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, School Services, ARTS, Department of Design, University of California Office of the President, Universidade de Sao Paulo, School Services, BIZ, Department of Information and Service Management, Lithuanian Energy Institute, HRS Fusion, Politecnico di Torino, University of Cassino, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Faculdade de Engenharia
Subjects: Technology, fusion, Física [Ciências exactas e naturais], Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, DIAGNOSTICS, 01 natural sciences, ILW, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ilw, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Plasma, H-Mode Plasmas, law, ITER, Disruption Prediction, COLLISIONALITY, EDGE LOCALIZED MODES, Diagnostics, Operation, JET, plasma, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics, Jet (fluid), JET, plasma, fusion, ITER, Divertor, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, DENSITY PEAKING, Carbon Wall, H-MODE PLASMAS, [ SPI.MECA.MEFL ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Density Peaking, Neutron transport, Facing Components, Collisionality, 114 Physical sciences, Física, Física, Nuclear physics, Physical sciences [Natural sciences], Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Pedestal, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, ddc:530, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Fusion, Physics, Physical sciences, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Edge Localized Modes, QC717, Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Reactors de fusió, Física, FACING COMPONENTS, Fusion reactors, Jet, CARBON WALL, DISRUPTION PREDICTION, OPERATION, ddc:600
Abstract: The 2014–2016 JET results are reviewed in the light of their significance for optimising the ITER research plan for the active and non-active operation. More than 60 h of plasma operation with ITER first wall materials successfully took place since its installation in 2011. New multi-machine scaling of the type I-ELM divertor energy flux density to ITER is supported by first principle modelling. ITER relevant disruption experiments and first principle modelling are reported with a set of three disruption mitigation valves mimicking the ITER setup. Insights of the L–H power threshold in Deuterium and Hydrogen are given, stressing the importance of the magnetic configurations and the recent measurements of fine-scale structures in the edge radial electric. Dimensionless scans of the core and pedestal confinement provide new information to elucidate the importance of the first wall material on the fusion performance. H-mode plasmas at ITER triangularity (H = 1 at ßN ~ 1.8 and n/nGW ~ 0.6) have been sustained at 2 MA during 5 s. The ITER neutronics codes have been validated on high performance experiments. Prospects for the coming D–T campaign and 14 MeV neutron calibration strategy are reviewed. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement No 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 1.173 autors/es: X. Litaudon35, S. Abduallev39, M. Abhangi46, P. Abreu53, M. Afzal7, K.M. Aggarwal29, T. Ahlgren101, J.H. Ahn8, L. Aho-Mantila112, N. Aiba69, M. Airila112, R. Albanese105, V. Aldred7, D. Alegre93, E. Alessi45, P. Aleynikov55, A. Alfier12, A. Alkseev72, M. Allinson7, B. Alper7, E. Alves53, G. Ambrosino105, R. Ambrosino106, L. Amicucci90, V. Amosov88, E. Andersson Sundén22, M. Angelone90, M. Anghel85, C. Angioni62, L. Appel7, C. Appelbee7, P. Arena30, M. Ariola106, H. Arnichand8, S. Arshad41, A. Ash7, N. Ashikawa68, V. Aslanyan64, O. Asunta1, F. Auriemma12, Y. Austin7, L. Avotina103, M.D. Axton7, C. Ayres7, M. Bacharis24, A. Baciero57, D. Baião53, S. Bailey7, A. Baker7, I. Balboa7, M. Balden62, N. Balshaw7, R. Bament7, J.W. Banks7, Y.F. Baranov7, M.A. Barnard7, D. Barnes7, M. Barnes27, R. Barnsley55, A. Baron Wiechec7, L. Barrera Orte34, M. Baruzzo12, V. Basiuk8, M. Bassan55, R. Bastow7, A. Batista53, P. Batistoni90, R. Baughan7, B. Bauvir55, L. Baylor73, B. Bazylev56, J. Beal110, P.S. Beaumont7, M. Beckers39, B. Beckett7, A. Becoulet8, N. Bekris35, M. Beldishevski7, K. Bell7, F. Belli90, M. Bellinger7, É. Belonohy62, N. Ben Ayed7, N.A. Benterman7, H. Bergsåker42, J. Bernardo53, M. Bernert62, M. Berry7, L. Bertalot55, C. Besliu7, M. Beurskens63, B. Bieg61, J. Bielecki47, T. Biewer73, M. Bigi12, P. Bílková50, F. Binda22, A. Bisoffi31, J.P.S. Bizarro53, C. Björkas101, J. Blackburn7, K. Blackman7, T.R. Blackman7, P. Blanchard33, P. Blatchford7, V. Bobkov62, A. Boboc7, G. Bodnár113, O. Bogar18, I. Bolshakova60, T. Bolzonella12, N. Bonanomi97, F. Bonelli56, J. Boom62, J. Booth7, D. Borba35,53, D. Borodin39, I. Borodkina39, A. Botrugno90, C. Bottereau8, P. Boulting7, C. Bourdelle8, M. Bowden7, C. Bower7, C. Bowman110, T. Boyce7, C. Boyd7, H.J. Boyer7, J.M.A. Bradshaw7, V. Braic87, R. Bravanec40, B. Breizman107, S. Bremond8, P.D. Brennan7, S. Breton8, A. Brett7, S. Brezinsek39, M.D.J. Bright7, M. Brix7, W. Broeckx78, M. Brombin12, A. Brosławski65, D.P.D. Brown7, M. Brown7, E. Bruno55, J. Bucalossi8, J. Buch46, J. Buchanan7, M.A. Buckley7, R. Budny76, H. Bufferand8, M. Bulman7, N. Bulmer7, P. Bunting7, P. Buratti90, A. Burckhart62, A. Buscarino30, A. Busse7, N.K. Butler7, I. Bykov42, J. Byrne7, P. Cahyna50, G. Calabrò90, I. Calvo57, Y. Camenen4, P. Camp7, D.C. Campling7, J. Cane7, B. Cannas17, A.J. Capel7, P.J. Card7, A. Cardinali90, P. Carman7, M. Carr7, D. Carralero62, L. Carraro12, B.B. Carvalho53, I. Carvalho53, P. Carvalho53, F.J. Casson7, C. Castaldo90, N. Catarino53, J. Caumont7, F. Causa90, R. Cavazzana12, K. Cave-Ayland7, M. Cavinato12, M. Cecconello22, S. Ceccuzzi90, E. Cecil76, A. Cenedese12, R. Cesario90, C.D. Challis7, M. Chandler7, D. Chandra46, C.S. Chang76, A. Chankin62, I.T. Chapman7, S.C. Chapman28, M. Chernyshova49, G. Chitarin12, G. Ciraolo8, D. Ciric7, J. Citrin38, F. Clairet8, E. Clark7, M. Clark7, R. Clarkson7, D. Clatworthy7, C. Clements7, M. Cleverly7, J.P. Coad7, P.A. Coates7, A. Cobalt7, V. Coccorese105, V. Cocilovo90, S. Coda33, R. Coelho53, J.W. Coenen39, I. Coffey29, L. Colas8, S. Collins7, D. Conka103, S. Conroy22, N. Conway7, D. Coombs7, D. Cooper7, S.R. Cooper7, C. Corradino30, Y. Corre8, G. Corrigan7, S. Cortes53, D. Coster62, A.S. Couchman7, M.P. Cox7, T. Craciunescu86, S. Cramp7, R. Craven7, F. Crisanti90, G. Croci97, D. Croft7, K. Crombé15, R. Crowe7, N. Cruz53, G. Cseh113, A. Cufar81, A. Cullen7, M. Curuia85, A. Czarnecka49, H. Dabirikhah7, P. Dalgliesh7, S. Dalley7, J. Dankowski47, D. Darrow76, O. Davies7, W. Davis55,76, C. Day56, I.E. Day7, M. De Bock55, A. de Castro57, E. de la Cal57, E. de la Luna57, G. De Masi12, J. L. de Pablos57, G. De Temmerman55, G. De Tommasi105, P. de Vries55, K. Deakin7, J. Deane7, F. Degli Agostini12, R. Dejarnac50, E. Delabie73, N. den Harder38, R.O. Dendy7, J. Denis8, P. Denner39, S. Devaux62,104, P. Devynck8, F. Di Maio55, A. Di Siena62, C. Di Troia90, P. Dinca86, R. D’Inca62, B. Ding51, T. Dittmar39, H. Doerk62, R.P. Doerner9, T. Donné34, S.E. Dorling7, S. Dormido-Canto93, S. Doswon7, D. Douai8, P.T. Doyle7, A. Drenik62,81, P. Drewelow63, P. Drews39, Ph. Duckworth55, R. Dumont8, P. Dumortier58, D. Dunai113, M. Dunne62, I. Ďuran50, F. Durodié58, P. Dutta46, B. P. Duval33, R. Dux62, K. Dylst78, N. Dzysiuk22, P.V. Edappala46, J. Edmond7, A.M. Edwards7, J. Edwards7, Th. Eich62, A. Ekedahl8, R. El-Jorf7, C.G. Elsmore7, M. Enachescu84, G. Ericsson22, F. Eriksson16, J. Eriksson22, L.G. Eriksson36, B. Esposito90, S. Esquembri94, H.G. Esser39, D. Esteve8, B. Evans7, G.E. Evans7, G. Evison7, G.D. Ewart7, D. Fagan7, M. Faitsch62, D. Falie86, A. Fanni17, A. Fasoli33, J. M. Faustin33, N. Fawlk7, L. Fazendeiro53, N. Fedorczak8, R.C. Felton7, K. Fenton7, A. Fernades53, H. Fernandes53, J. Ferreira53, J.A. Fessey7, O. Février8, O. Ficker50, A. Field7, S. Fietz62, A. Figueiredo53, J. Figueiredo53,35, A. Fil8, P. Finburg7, M. Firdaouss8, U. Fischer56, L. Fittill7, M. Fitzgerald7, D. Flammini90, J. Flanagan7, C. Fleming7, K. Flinders7, N. Fonnesu90, J. M. Fontdecaba57, A. Formisano79, L. Forsythe7, L. Fortuna30, E. Fortuna-Zalesna19, M. Fortune7, S. Foster7, T. Franke34, T. Franklin7, M. Frasca30, L. Frassinetti42, M. Freisinger39, R. Fresa98, D. Frigione90, V. Fuchs50, D. Fuller35, S. Futatani6, J. Fyvie7, K. Gál34,62, D. Galassi2, K. Gałązka49, J. Galdon-Quiroga92, J. Gallagher7, D. Gallart6, R. Galvão10, X. Gao51, Y. Gao39, J. Garcia8, A. Garcia-Carrasco42, M. García-Muñoz92, J.-L. Gardarein3, L. Garzotti7, P. Gaudio95, E. Gauthier8, D.F. Gear7, S.J. Gee7, B. Geiger62, M. Gelfusa95, S. Gerasimov7, G. Gervasini45, M. Gethins7, Z. Ghani7, M. Ghate46, M. Gherendi86, J.C. Giacalone8, L. Giacomelli45, C.S. Gibson7, T. Giegerich56, C. Gil8, L. Gil53, S. Gilligan7, D. Gin54, E. Giovannozzi90, J.B. Girardo8, C. Giroud7, G. Giruzzi8, S. Glöggler62, J. Godwin7, J. Goff7, P. Gohil43, V. Goloborod’ko102, R. Gomes53, B. Gonçalves53, M. Goniche8, M. Goodliffe7, A. Goodyear7, G. Gorini97, M. Gosk65, R. Goulding76, A. Goussarov78, R. Gowland7, B. Graham7, M.E. Graham7, J. P. Graves33, N. Grazier7, P. Grazier7, N.R. Green7, H. Greuner62, B. Grierson76, F.S. Griph7, C. Grisolia8, D. Grist7, M. Groth1, R. Grove73, C.N. Grundy7, J. Grzonka19, D. Guard7, C. Guérard34, C. Guillemaut8,53, R. Guirlet8, C. Gurl7, H.H. Utoh69, L.J. Hackett7, S. Hacquin8,35, A. Hagar7, R. Hager76, A. Hakola112, M. Halitovs103, S.J. Hall7, S.P. Hallworth Cook7, C. Hamlyn-Harris7, K. Hammond7, C. Harrington7, J. Harrison7, D. Harting7, F. Hasenbeck39, Y. Hatano108, D.R. Hatch107, T.D.V. Haupt7, J. Hawes7, N.C. Hawkes7, J. Hawkins7, P. Hawkins7, P.W. Haydon7, N. Hayter7, S. Hazel7, P.J.L. Heesterman7, K. Heinola101, C. Hellesen22, T. Hellsten42, W. Helou8, O.N. Hemming7, T.C. Hender7, M. Henderson55, S.S. Henderson21, R. Henriques53, D. Hepple7, G. Hermon7, P. Hertout8, C. Hidalgo57, E.G. Highcock27, M. Hill7, J. Hillairet8, J. Hillesheim7, D. Hillis73, K. Hizanidis70, A. Hjalmarsson22, J. Hobirk62, E. Hodille8, C.H.A. Hogben7, G.M.D. Hogeweij38, A. Hollingsworth7, S. Hollis7, D.A. Homfray7, J. Horáček50, G. Hornung15, A.R. Horton7, L.D. Horton36, L. Horvath110, S.P. Hotchin7, M.R. Hough7, P.J. Howarth7, A. Hubbard64, A. Huber39, V. Huber39, T.M. Huddleston7, M. Hughes7, G.T.A. Huijsmans55, C.L. Hunter7, P. Huynh8, A.M. Hynes7, D. Iglesias7, N. Imazawa69, F. Imbeaux8, M. Imríšek50, M. Incelli109, P. Innocente12, M. Irishkin8, I. Ivanova-Stanik49, S. Jachmich58,35, A.S. Jacobsen83, P. Jacquet7, J. Jansons103, A. Jardin8, A. Järvinen1, F. Jaulmes38, S. Jednoróg49, I. Jenkins7, C. Jeong20, I. Jepu86, E. Joffrin8, R. Johnson7, T. Johnson42, Jane Johnston7, L. Joita7, G. Jones7, T.T.C. Jones7, K.K. Hoshino69, A. Kallenbach62, K. Kamiya69, J. Kaniewski7, A. Kantor7, A. Kappatou62, J. Karhunen1, D. Karkinsky7, I. Karnowska7, M. Kaufman73, G. Kaveney7, Y. Kazakov58, V. Kazantzidis70, D.L. Keeling7, T. Keenan7, J. Keep7, M. Kempenaars7, C. Kennedy7, D. Kenny7, J. Kent7, O.N. Kent7, E. Khilkevich54, H.T. Kim35, H.S. Kim80, A. Kinch7, C. king7, D. King7, R.F. King7, D.J. Kinna7, V. Kiptily7, A. Kirk7, K. Kirov7, A. Kirschner39, G. Kizane103, C. Klepper73, A. Klix56, P. Knight7, S.J. Knipe7, S. Knott96, T. Kobuchi69, F. Köchl111, G. Kocsis113, I. Kodeli81, L. Kogan7, D. Kogut8, S. Koivuranta112, Y. Kominis70, M. Köppen39, B. Kos81, T. Koskela1, H.R. Koslowski39, M. Koubiti4, M. Kovari7, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk49, A. Krasilnikov88, V. Krasilnikov88, N. Krawczyk49, M. Kresina8, K. Krieger62, A. Krivska58, U. Kruezi7, I. Książek48, A. Kukushkin72, A. Kundu46, T. Kurki-Suonio1, S. Kwak20, R. Kwiatkowski65, O.J. Kwon13, L. Laguardia45, A. Lahtinen101, A. Laing7, N. Lam7, H.T. Lambertz39, C. Lane7, P.T. Lang62, S. Lanthaler33, J. Lapins103, A. Lasa101, J.R. Last7, E. Łaszyńska49, R. Lawless7, A. Lawson7, K.D. Lawson7, A. Lazaros70, E. Lazzaro45, J. Leddy110, S. Lee66, X. Lefebvre7, H.J. Leggate32, J. Lehmann7, M. Lehnen55, D. Leichtle41, P. Leichuer7, F. Leipold55,83, I. Lengar81, M. Lennholm36, E. Lerche58, A. Lescinskis103, S. Lesnoj7, E. Letellier7, M. Leyland110, W. Leysen78, L. Li39, Y. Liang39, J. Likonen112, J. Linke39, Ch. Linsmeier39, B. Lipschultz110, G. Liu55, Y. Liu51, V.P. Lo Schiavo105, T. Loarer8, A. Loarte55, R.C. Lobel7, B. Lomanowski1, P.J. Lomas7, J. Lönnroth1,35, J. M. López94, J. López-Razola57, R. Lorenzini12, U. Losada57, J.J. Lovell7, A.B. Loving7, C. Lowry36, T. Luce43, R.M.A. Lucock7, A. Lukin74, C. Luna5, M. Lungaroni95, C.P. Lungu86, M. Lungu86, A. Lunniss110, I. Lupelli7, A. Lyssoivan58, N. Macdonald7, P. Macheta7, K. Maczewa7, B. Magesh46, P. Maget8, C. Maggi7, H. Maier62, J. Mailloux7, T. Makkonen1, R. Makwana46, A. Malaquias53, A. Malizia95, P. Manas4, A. Manning7, M.E. Manso53, P. Mantica45, M. Mantsinen6, A. Manzanares91, Ph. Maquet55, Y. Marandet4, N. Marcenko88, C. Marchetto45, O. Marchuk39, M. Marinelli95, M. Marinucci90, T. Markovič50, D. Marocco90, L. Marot26, C.A. Marren7, R. Marshal7, A. Martin7, Y. Martin33, A. Martín de Aguilera57, F.J. Martínez93, J. R. Martín-Solís14, Y. Martynova39, S. Maruyama55, A. Masiello12, M. Maslov7, S. Matejcik18, M. Mattei79, G.F. Matthews7, F. Maviglia11, M. Mayer62, M.L. Mayoral34, T. May-Smith7, D. Mazon8, C. Mazzotta90, R. McAdams7, P.J. McCarthy96, K.G. McClements7, O. McCormack12, P.A. McCullen7, D. McDonald34, S. McIntosh7, R. McKean7, J. McKehon7, R.C. Meadows7, A. Meakins7, F. Medina57, M. Medland7, S. Medley7, S. Meigh7, A.G. Meigs7, G. Meisl62, S. Meitner73, L. Meneses53, S. Menmuir7,42, K. Mergia71, I.R. Merrigan7, Ph. Mertens39, S. Meshchaninov88, A. Messiaen58, H. Meyer7, S. Mianowski65, R. Michling55, D. Middleton-Gear7, J. Miettunen1, F. Militello7, E. Militello-Asp7, G. Miloshevsky77, F. Mink62, S. Minucci105, Y. Miyoshi69, J. Mlynář50, D. Molina8, I. Monakhov7, M. Moneti109, R. Mooney7, S. Moradi37, S. Mordijck43, L. Moreira7, R. Moreno57, F. Moro90, A.W. Morris7, J. Morris7, L. Moser26, S. Mosher73, D. Moulton7,1, A. Murari12,35, A. Muraro45, S. Murphy7, N.N. Asakura69, Y.S. Na80, F. Nabais53, R. Naish7, T. Nakano69, E. Nardon8, V. Naulin83, M.F.F. Nave53, I. Nedzelski53, G. Nemtsev88, F. Nespoli33, A. Neto41, R. Neu62, V.S. Neverov72, M. Newman7, K.J. Nicholls7, T. Nicolas33, A.H. Nielsen83, P. Nielsen12, E. Nilsson8, D. Nishijima99, C. Noble7, M. Nocente97, D. Nodwell7, K. Nordlund101, H. Nordman16, R. Nouailletas8, I. Nunes53, M. Oberkofler62, T. Odupitan7, M.T. Ogawa69, T. O’Gorman7, M. Okabayashi76, R. Olney7, O. Omolayo7, M. O’Mullane21, J. Ongena58, F. Orsitto11, J. Orszagh18, B.I. Oswuigwe7, R. Otin7, A. Owen7, R. Paccagnella12, N. Pace7, D. Pacella90, L.W. Packer7, A. Page7, E. Pajuste103, S. Palazzo30, S. Pamela7, S. Panja46, P. Papp18, R. Paprok50, V. Parail7, M. Park66, F. Parra Diaz27, M. Parsons73, R. Pasqualotto12, A. Patel7, S. Pathak46, D. Paton7, H. Patten33, A. Pau17, E. Pawelec48, C. Paz Soldan43, A. Peackoc36, I.J. Pearson7, S.-P. Pehkonen112, E. Peluso95, C. Penot55, A. Pereira57, R. Pereira53, P.P. Pereira Puglia7, C. Perez von Thun35,39, S. Peruzzo12, S. Peschanyi56, M. Peterka50, P. Petersson42, G. Petravich113, A. Petre84, N. Petrella7, V. Petržilka50, Y. Peysson8, D. Pfefferlé33, V. Philipps39, M. Pillon90, G. Pintsuk39, P. Piovesan12, A. Pires dos Reis52, L. Piron7, A. Pironti105, F. Pisano17, R. Pitts55, F. Pizzo79, V. Plyusnin53, N. Pomaro12, O.G. Pompilian86, P.J. Pool7, S. Popovichev7, M.T. Porfiri90, C. Porosnicu86, M. Porton7, G. Possnert22, S. Potzel62, T. Powell7, J. Pozzi7, V. Prajapati46, R. Prakash46, G. Prestopino95, D. Price7, M. Price7, R. Price7, P. Prior7, R. Proudfoot7, G. Pucella90, P. Puglia52, M.E. Puiatti12, D. Pulley7, K. Purahoo7, Th. Pütterich62, E. Rachlew25, M. Rack39, R. Ragona58, M.S.J. Rainford7, A. Rakha6, G. Ramogida90, S. Ranjan46, C.J. Rapson62, J.J. Rasmussen83, K. Rathod46, G. Rattá57, S. Ratynskaia82, G. Ravera90, C. Rayner7, M. Rebai97, D. Reece7, A. Reed7, D. Réfy113, B. Regan7, J. Regaña34, M. Reich62, N. Reid7, F. Reimold39, M. Reinhart34, M. Reinke110,73, D. Reiser39, D. Rendell7, C. Reux8, S.D.A. Reyes Cortes53, S. Reynolds7, V. Riccardo7, N. Richardson7, K. Riddle7, D. Rigamonti97, F.G. Rimini7, J. Risner73, M. Riva90, C. Roach7, R.J. Robins7, S.A. Robinson7, T. Robinson7, D.W. Robson7, R. Roccella55, R. Rodionov88, P. Rodrigues53, J. Rodriguez7, V. Rohde62, F. Romanelli90, M. Romanelli7, S. Romanelli7, J. Romazanov39, S. Rowe7, M. Rubel42, G. Rubinacci105, G. 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Sommariva8, P. Sonato12, A. Sopplesa12, J. Sousa53, C. Sozzi45, S. Spagnolo12, T. Spelzini7, F. Spineanu86, G. Stables7, I. Stamatelatos71, M.F. Stamp7, P. Staniec7, G. Stankūnas59, C. Stan-Sion84, M.J. Stead7, E. Stefanikova42, I. Stepanov58, A.V. Stephen7, M. Stephen46, A. Stevens7, B.D. Stevens7, J. Strachan76, P. Strand16, H.R. Strauss44, P. Ström42, G. Stubbs7, W. Studholme7, F. Subba75, H.P. Summers21, J. Svensson63, Ł. Świderski65, T. Szabolics113, M. Szawlowski49, G. Szepesi7, T.T. Suzuki69, B. Tál113, T. Tala112, A.R. Talbot7, S. Talebzadeh95, C. Taliercio12, P. Tamain8, C. Tame7, W. Tang76, M. Tardocchi45, L. Taroni12, D. Taylor7, K.A. Taylor7, D. Tegnered16, G. Telesca15, N. Teplova54, D. Terranova12, D. Testa33, E. Tholerus42, J. Thomas7, J.D. Thomas7, P. Thomas55, A. Thompson7, C.-A. Thompson7, V.K. Thompson7, L. Thorne7, A. Thornton7, A.S. Thrysøe83, P.A. Tigwell7, N. Tipton7, I. Tiseanu86, H. Tojo69, M. Tokitani67, P. Tolias82, M. Tomeš50, P. Tonner7, M. Towndrow7, P. Trimble7, M. Tripsky58, M. Tsalas38, P. Tsavalas71, D. Tskhakaya jun102, I. Turner7, M.M. Turner32, M. Turnyanskiy34, G. Tvalashvili7, S.G.J. Tyrrell7, A. Uccello45, Z. Ul-Abidin7, J. Uljanovs1, D. Ulyatt7, H. Urano69, I. Uytdenhouwen78, A.P. Vadgama7, D. Valcarcel7, M. Valentinuzzi8, M. Valisa12, P. Vallejos Olivares42, M. Valovic7, M. Van De Mortel7, D. Van Eester58, W. Van Renterghem78, G.J. van Rooij38, J. Varje1, S. Varoutis56, S. Vartanian8, K. Vasava46, T. Vasilopoulou71, J. Vega57, G. Verdoolaege58, R. Verhoeven7, C. Verona95, G. Verona Rinati95, E. Veshchev55, N. Vianello45, J. Vicente53, E. Viezzer62,92, S. Villari90, F. Villone100, P. Vincenzi12, I. Vinyar74, B. Viola90, A. Vitins103, Z. Vizvary7, M. Vlad86, I. Voitsekhovitch34, P. Vondráček50, N. Vora7, T. Vu8, W.W. Pires de Sa52, B. Wakeling7, C.W.F. Waldon7, N. Walkden7, M. Walker7, R. Walker7, M. Walsh55, E. Wang39, N. Wang39, S. Warder7, R.J. Warren7, J. Waterhouse7, N.W. Watkins28, C. Watts55, T. Wauters58, A. Weckmann42, J. Weiland23, H. Weisen33, M. Weiszflog22, C. Wellstood7, A.T. West7, M.R. Wheatley7, S. Whetham7, A.M. Whitehead7, B.D. Whitehead7, A.M. Widdowson7, S. Wiesen39, J. Wilkinson7, J. Williams7, M. Williams7, A.R. Wilson7, D.J. Wilson7, H.R. Wilson110, J. Wilson7, M. Wischmeier62, G. Withenshaw7, A. Withycombe7, D.M. Witts7, D. Wood7, R. Wood7, C. Woodley7, S. Wray7, J. Wright7, J.C. Wright64, J. Wu89, S. Wukitch64, A. Wynn110, T. Xu7, D. Yadikin16, W. Yanling39, L. Yao89, V. Yavorskij102, M.G. Yoo80, C. Young7, D. Young7, I.D. Young7, R. Young7, J. Zacks7, R. Zagorski49, F.S. Zaitsev18, R. Zanino75, A. Zarins103, K.D. Zastrow7, M. Zerbini90, W. Zhang62, Y. Zhou42, E. Zilli12, V. Zoita86, S. Zoletnik113, I. Zychor65 and JET Contributorsa // EUROfusion Consortium JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 1 Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland / 2 Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, 13451, Marseille, France / 3 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IUSTI UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France / 4 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, PIIM, UMR 7345, 13013 Marseille, France / 5 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America / 6 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain / 7 CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 8 CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France / 9 Center for Energy Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America / 10 Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud, 160, Rio de Janeiro CEP 22290-180, Brazil / 11 Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 12 Consorzio RFX, corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy / 13 Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-174, Republic of Korea / 14 Departamento de Física, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain / 15 Department of Applied Physics UG (Ghent University) St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B-9000 Ghent, Belgium / 16 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden / 17 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi 09123, Cagliari, Italy / 18 Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia / 19 Department of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-01-152 Warsaw, Poland / 20 Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea / 21 Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 ONG, United Kingdom / 22 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden / 23 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden / 24 Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom / 25 Department of Physics, SCI, KTH, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden / 26 Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland / 27 Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, United Kingdom / 28 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom / 29 Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queens University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom / 30 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy / 31 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, University of Trento, Trento, Italy / 32 Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland / 33 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland / 34 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany / 35 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, Culham, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 36 European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium / 37 Fluid and Plasma Dynamics, ULB—Campus Plaine—CP 231 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium / 38 FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, Netherlands / 39 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany / 40 Fourth State Research, 503 Lockhart Dr, Austin, TX, United States of America / 41 Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pl. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019, Barcelona, Spain / 42 Fusion Plasma Physics, EES, KTH, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden / 43 General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, United States of America / 44 HRS Fusion, West Orange, NJ, United States of America / 45 IFP-CNR, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy / 46 Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382 428, Gujarat State, India / 47 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland / 48 Institute of Physics, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland / 49 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland / 50 Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czechia / 51 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of China / 52 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão Travessa R Nr.187 CEP 05508-090 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brasil / 53 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal / 54 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation / 55 ITER Organization, Route de Vinon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France / 56 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany / 57 Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain / 58 Laboratory for Plasma Physics Koninklijke Militaire School—Ecole Royale Militaire, Renaissancelaan 30 Avenue de la Renaissance B-1000, Brussels, Belgium / 59 Lithuanian energy institute, Breslaujos g. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania / 60 Magnetic Sensor Laboratory, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine / 61 Maritime University of Szczecin, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland / 62 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany / 63 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Teilinsitut Greifswald, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany / 64 MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Centre, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America / 65 National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland / 66 National Fusion Research Institute (NFRI), 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea / 67 National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan / 68 National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, 509-5292, Japan / 69 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan / 70 National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 73 Zografou, Athens, Greece / 71 NCSR ‘Demokritos’, 153 10, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece / 72 NRC Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation / 73 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6169, United States of America / 74 PELIN LLC, 27a, Gzhatskaya Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 195220, Russian Federation / 75 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy / 76 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America / 77 Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America / 78 SCK-CEN, Nuclear Research Centre, 2400 Mol, Belgium / 79 Second University of Napoli, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 80 Seoul National University, Shilim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Republic of Korea / 81 Slovenian Fusion Association (SFA), Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia / 82 Space and Plasma Physics, EES, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden / 83 Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Bldg 309, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark / 84 The ‘Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 85 The National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania / 86 The National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 87 The National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 88 Troitsk Insitute of Innovating and Thermonuclear Research (TRINITI), Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russian Federation / 89 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China / 90 Unità Tecnica Fusione, ENEA C. R. Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy / 91 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain / 92 Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain / 93 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain / 94 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Grupo I2A2, Madrid, Spain / 95 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy / 96 University College Cork (UCC), Ireland / 97 University Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy / 98 University of Basilicata, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 99 University of California, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, CA 94607, United States of America / 100 University of Cassino, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 101 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland / 102 University of Innsbruck, Fusion@Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Innsbruck, Austria / 103 University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia / 104 University of Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7198, YIJL, Nancy, France / 105 University of Napoli ‘Federico II’, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 106 University of Napoli Parthenope, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 107 University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America / 108 University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan / 109 University of Tuscia, DEIM, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy / 110 University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom / 111 Vienna University of Technology, Fusion@Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Austria / 112 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland / 113 Wigner Research Centre for Physics, PO Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
Published: 2017
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27. Non-linear MHD modeling of edge localized mode cycles and mitigation by resonant magnetic perturbations

Author: G. Latu, F. Orain, Marina Becoulet, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Eric Nardon, Guilhem Dif-Pradalier, Stanislas Pamela, Matthias Hoelzl, P. Cahyna, C. Passeron, Jorge Morales, A. Fil, Xavier Garbet, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Max-Planck-Institut, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Tokamak, Divertor, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Rotation, 01 natural sciences, Resonant magnetic perturbations, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Diamagnetism, [NLIN]Nonlinear Sciences [physics], Atomic physics, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, Edge-localized mode, Bifurcation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The dynamics of a multi-edge localized mode (ELM) cycle as well as the ELM mitigation by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) are modeled in realistic tokamak X-point geometry with the non-linear reduced MHD code JOREK. The diamagnetic rotation is found to be a key parameter enabling us to reproduce the cyclical dynamics of the plasma relaxations and to model the near-symmetric ELM power deposition on the inner and outer divertor target plates consistently with experimental measurements. Moreover, the non-linear coupling of the RMPs with unstable modes are found to modify the edge magnetic topology and induce a continuous MHD activity in place of a large ELM crash, resulting in the mitigation of the ELMs. At larger diamagnetic rotation, a bifurcation from unmitigated ELMs—at low RMP current—towards fully suppressed ELMs—at large RMP current—is obtained.
Published: 2015
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28. Resistive Reduced MHD Modeling of Multi-Edge-Localized-Mode Cycles in Tokamak X -Point Plasmas

Author: Jorge Morales, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Marina Becoulet, P. Cahyna, G. Latu, Eric Nardon, Stanislas Pamela, Guilhem Dif-Pradalier, F. Orain, A. Fil, C. Passeron, Xavier Garbet, Matthias Hoelzl, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Max-Planck-Institut, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Tokamak, Divertor, General Physics and Astronomy, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, Magnetic reconnection, Plasma, Computational physics, law.invention, Pedestal, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, [NLIN]Nonlinear Sciences [physics], Atomic physics, Magnetohydrodynamics, Edge-localized mode
Abstract: International audience; The full dynamics of a multi-edge-localized-mode (ELM) cycle is modeled for the first time in realistic tokamak X-point geometry with the nonlinear reduced MHD code JOREK. The diamagnetic rotation is found to be instrumental to stabilize the plasma after an ELM crash and to model the cyclic reconstruction and collapse of the plasma pressure profile. ELM relaxations are cyclically initiated each time the pedestal gradient crosses a triggering threshold. Diamagnetic drifts are also found to yield a near-symmetric ELM power deposition on the inner and outer divertor target plates, consistent with experimental measurements.
Published: 2015
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29. Modelling of edge localised modes and edge localised mode control

Author: L. Sugiyama, Choong-Seock Chang, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Nathaniel Ferraro, Francois Waelbroeck, Shimpei Futatani, Xueqiao Xu, A. Loarte, Laboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d'Acoustique (LMFA), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear engineering, Divertor, Extrapolation, Plasma, Collisionality, Edge (geometry), Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Magnetic field, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Mode control, Transient (oscillation), Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Edge Localised Modes (ELMs) in ITER Q = 10 H-mode plasmas are likely to lead to large transient heat loads to the divertor. To avoid an ELM induced reduction of the divertor lifetime, the large ELM energy losses need to be controlled. In ITER, ELM control is foreseen using magnetic field perturbations created by in-vessel coils and the injection of small D2 pellets. ITER plasmas are characterised by low collisionality at a high density (high fraction of the Greenwald density limit). These parameters cannot simultaneously be achieved in current experiments. Therefore, the extrapolation of the ELM properties and the requirements for ELM control in ITER relies on the development of validated physics models and numerical simulations. In this paper, we describe the modelling of ELMs and ELM control methods in ITER. The aim of this paper is not a complete review on the subject of ELM and ELM control modelling but rather to describe the current status and discuss open issues.
Published: 2015
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30. Mechanism of Edge Localized Mode Mitigation by Resonant Magnetic Perturbations

Author: A. Fil, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Xavier Garbet, Boniface Nkonga, V. Grandgirard, Eric Sonnendrücker, Guilhem Dif-Pradalier, Guillaume Latu, F. Orain, Jorge Morales, Stanislas Pamela, C. Passeron, Emmanuel Franck, P. Cahyna, A. Ratnani, Marina Becoulet, Eric Nardon, Matthias Hoelzl, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Jean Alexandre Dieudonné (JAD), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-11-MONU-0002,ANEMOS,Advanced Numeric for Elm's: Models and Optimized Strategies.(2011), ITER organization (ITER), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Control, Analysis and Simulations for TOkamak Research (CASTOR), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Jean Alexandre Dieudonné (LJAD), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)
Subjects: Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-FLU-DYN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Fluid Dynamics [physics.flu-dyn], [PHYS]Physics [physics], Toroid, Divertor, [SPI.PLASMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Plasmas, General Physics and Astronomy, Collisionality, 01 natural sciences, Instability, Resonant magnetic perturbations, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, Physics::Plasma Physics, Harmonics, 0103 physical sciences, [NLIN]Nonlinear Sciences [physics], Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, Edge-localized mode, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience; A possible mechanism of edge localized modes (ELMs) mitigation by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) is proposed based on the results of nonlinear resistive magnetohydrodynamic modeling using the JOREK code, realistic JET-like plasma parameters and an RMP spectrum of JET error-field correction coils (EFCC) with a main toroidal number n ¼ 2 were used in the simulations. Without RMPs, a large ELM relaxation is obtained mainly due to the most unstable medium-n ballooning mode. The externally imposed RMP drives nonlinearly the modes coupled to n ¼ 2 RMP which produce small multimode relaxations, mitigated ELMs. The modes driven by RMPs exhibit a tearinglike structure and produce additional islands. Mitigated ELMs deposit energy into the divertor mainly in the structures ("footprints") created by n ¼ 2 RMPs, however, slightly modulated by other nonlinearly driven even harmonics. The divertor power flux during a ELM phase mitigated by RMPs is reduced almost by a factor of 10. The mechanism of ELM mitigation by RMPs proposed here reproduces generic features of high collisionality RMP experiments, where large ELMs are replaced by small, much more frequent ELMs or magnetic turbulence. Total ELM suppression was also demonstrated in modeling at higher RMP amplitude.
Published: 2014
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31. Non-linear Simulations of MHD Instabilities in Tokamaks Including Eddy Current Effects and Perspectives for the Extension to Halo Currents

Author: E. Strumberger, Matthias Hoelzl, G. T. A. Huijsmans, I. T. Chapman, K. Lackner, C. V. Atanasiu, Eric Nardon, K. Aleynikova, A. Fil, F. Liu, Rachel McAdams, and P. Merkel
Subjects: Physics, History, Resistive touchscreen, Tokamak, Toroid, FOS: Physical sciences, Mechanics, Plasma, Physics - Plasma Physics, Computer Science Applications, Education, law.invention, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Nonlinear system, law, Eddy current, Halo, Magnetohydrodynamics
Abstract: The dynamics of large scale plasma instabilities can strongly be influenced by the mutual interaction with currents flowing in conducting vessel structures. Especially eddy currents caused by time-varying magnetic perturbations and halo currents flowing directly from the plasma into the walls are important. The relevance of a resistive wall model is directly evident for Resistive Wall Modes (RWMs) or Vertical Displacement Events (VDEs). However, also the linear and non-linear properties of most other large-scale instabilities may be influenced significantly by the interaction with currents in conducting structures near the plasma. The understanding of halo currents arising during disruptions and VDEs, which are a serious concern for ITER as they may lead to strong asymmetric forces on vessel structures, could also benefit strongly from these non-linear modeling capabilities. Modeling the plasma dynamics and its interaction with wall currents requires solving the magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) equations in realistic toroidal X-point geometry consistently coupled with a model for the vacuum region and the resistive conducting structures. With this in mind, the non-linear finite element MHD code JOREK has been coupled with the resistive wall code STARWALL, which allows to include the effects of eddy currents in 3D conducting structures in non-linear MHD simulations. This article summarizes the capabilities of the coupled JOREK-STARWALL system and presents benchmark results as well as first applications to non-linear simulations of RWMs, VDEs, disruptions triggered by massive gas injection, and Quiescent H-Mode. As an outlook, the perspectives for extending the model to halo currents are described., Proceeding paper for Theory of Fusion Plasmas (Joint Varenna-Lausanne International Workshop), Varenna, Italy (September 1-5, 2014); accepted for publication in: to Journal of Physics: Conference Series
Published: 2014

32. Three-dimensional linear peeling-ballooning theory in magnetic fusion devices

Author: Luis Garcia, G. T. A. Huijsmans, T. Weyens, A. Loarte, Raul Sanchez, Comunidad de Madrid, and Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica (España)
Subjects: Matrix calculus, Plasma instabilities, Tokamak, Differential equation, Asymptotic analysis, 01 natural sciences, Plasma confinement, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Magnetohydrodynamics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Plasma sheaths, Differential geometry, Boundary value problem, 010306 general physics, Physics, Física, Magnetic reconnection, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetic field, Classical mechanics, Fusion reactors, Plasma stability, Geodesy, Tokamaks, Linear stability
Abstract: Ideal magnetohydrodynamics theory is extended to fully 3D magnetic configurations to investigate the linear stability of intermediate to high n peeling-ballooning modes, with n the toroidal mode number. These are thought to be important for the behavior of edge localized modes and for the limit of the size of the pedestal that governs the high confinement H-mode. The end point of the derivation is a set of coupled second order ordinary differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions that minimize the perturbed energy and that can be solved to find the growth rate of the perturbations. This theory allows of the evaluation of 3D effects on edge plasma stability in tokamaks such as those associated with the toroidal ripple due to the finite number of toroidal field coils, the application of external 3D fields for elm control, local modification of the magnetic field in the vicinity of ferromagnetic components such as the test blanket modules in ITER, etc. This research was sponsored in part by DGICYT (Dirección General de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas) of Spain under Project No. ENE2012-38620-C02-02 and also in part by Comunidad de Madrid Project No. S2009/ENE-1679. Publicado
Published: 2014

33. Understanding the effect resonant magnetic perturbations have on ELMs

Author: James Harrison, G. T. A. Huijsmans, A. Kirk, Yueqiang Liu, I. T. Chapman, A. Loarte, Y. Liang, W. Suttrop, A.J. Thornton, C. Ham, and Todd Evans
Subjects: Physics, Divertor, Computer Science::Neural and Evolutionary Computation, FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma, Collisionality, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Plasma Physics, Resonant magnetic perturbations, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, Magnetic field, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, ASDEX Upgrade, Physics::Plasma Physics, KSTAR, 0103 physical sciences, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics
Abstract: All current estimations of the energy released by type I ELMs indicate that, in order to ensure an adequate lifetime of the divertor targets on ITER, a mechanism is required to decrease the amount of energy released by an ELM, or to eliminate ELMs altogether. One such amelioration mechanism relies on perturbing the magnetic field in the edge plasma region, either leading to more frequent, smaller ELMs (ELM mitigation) or ELM suppression. This technique of Resonant Magnetic Perturbations (RMPs) has been employed to suppress type I ELMs at high collisionality/density on DIII-D, ASDEX Upgrade, KSTAR and JET and at low collisionality on DIII-D. At ITER-like collisionality the RMPs enhance the transport of particles or energy and keep the edge pressure gradient below the 2D linear ideal MHD critical value that would trigger an ELM, whereas at high collisionality/density the type I ELMs are replaced by small type II ELMs. Although ELM suppression only occurs within limitied operational ranges, ELM mitigation is much more easily achieved. The exact parameters that determine the onset of ELM suppression are unknown but in all cases the magnetic perturbations produce 3D distortions to the plasma and enhanced particle transport. The incorporation of these 3D effects in codes will be essential in order to make quantitative predictions for future devices., 32 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2013
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34. Global performance enhancements via pedestal optimisation on ASDEX Upgrade

Author: M. G. Dunne, S. Fietz, Patrick J. McCarthy, E. Wolfrum, R. M. McDermott, M. Cavedon, L. Giannone, Florian Laggner, B. Kurzan, Lorenzo Frassinetti, G. T. A. Huijsmans, M. N. A. Beurskens, M. Willensdorfer, E. Viezzer, G. Tardini, R. Fischer, EUROfusion MST1 Team, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, Dunne, M, Frassinetti, L, Beurskens, M, Cavedon, M, Fietz, S, Fischer, R, Giannone, L, Huijsmans, G, Kurzan, B, Laggner, F, Mccarthy, P, Mcdermott, R, Tardini, G, Viezzer, E, Willensdorfer, M, Wolfrum, E, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Focus (computing), Heating power, Materials science, Tokamak, experiment, peeling-ballooning, Nuclear engineering, Plasma, impurity seeding, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Pedestal, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, ASDEX Upgrade, law, 0103 physical sciences, predictive, 010306 general physics, tokamak, pedestal
Abstract: Results of experimental scans of heating power, plasma shape, and nitrogen content are presented, with a focus on global performance and pedestal alteration. In detailed scans at low triangularity, it is shown that the increase in stored energy due to nitrogen seeding stems from the pedestal. It is also shown that the confinement increase is driven through the temperature pedestal at the three heating power levels studied. In a triangularity scan, an orthogonal effect of shaping and seeding is observed, where increased plasma triangularity increases the pedestal density, while impurity seeding (carbon and nitrogen) increases the pedestal temperature in addition to this effect. Modelling of these effects was also undertaken, with interpretive and predictive models being employed. The interpretive analysis shows a general agreement of the experimental pedestals in separate power, shaping, and seeding scans with peeling-ballooning theory. Predictive analysis was used to isolate the individual effects, showing that the trends of additional heating power and increased triangularity can be recoverd. However, a simple change of the effective charge in the plasma cannot explain the observed levels of confinement improvement in the present models.
Published: 2016
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35. Kinetic Modelling of Divertor Fluxes during ELMs in ITER and Effect of In/Out Divertor Plasma Asymmetries

Author: G. T. A. Huijsmans, M. Hosokawa, Tomonori Takizuka, Nobuhiko Hayashi, and A. Loarte
Subjects: Materials science, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, Iter tokamak, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, Calculation methods, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Plasma instability, 0103 physical sciences, Plasma diagnostics, 010306 general physics, Edge-localized mode
Published: 2016
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36. The quiescent H-mode regime for high performance edge localized mode-stable operation in future burning plasmasa)

Author: Carlos Paz-Soldan, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Jeremy Hanson, Sterling Smith, P. B. Snyder, T.H. Osborne, Orso Meneghini, Christopher Holland, A. Loarte, Brian Grierson, Feng Liu, David Eldon, A. D. Turnbull, W.M. Solomon, Keith H. Burrell, A.M. Garofalo, Lei Zeng, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Physics, Safety factor, Physics::Plasma Physics, Beta (plasma physics), Plasma, Kink instability, Magnetohydrodynamics, Parameter space, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Edge-localized mode, Harmonic oscillator
Abstract: For the first time, DIII-D experiments have achieved stationary quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) operation for many energy confinement times at simultaneous ITER-relevant values of beta, confinement, and safety factor, in an ITER-like shape. QH-mode provides excellent energy confinement, even at very low plasma rotation, while operating without edge localized modes (ELMs) and with strong impurity transport via the benign edge harmonic oscillation (EHO). By tailoring the plasma shape to improve the edge stability, the QH-mode operating space has also been extended to densities exceeding 80% of the Greenwald limit, overcoming the long-standing low-density limit of QH-mode operation. In the theory, the density range over which the plasma encounters the kink-peeling boundary widens as the plasma cross-section shaping is increased, thus increasing the QH-mode density threshold. The DIII-D results are in excellent agreement with these predictions, and nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic analysis of reconstructed QH-mode equilibria shows unstable low n kink-peeling modes growing to a saturated level, consistent with the theoretical picture of the EHO. Furthermore, high density operation in the QH-mode regime has opened a path to a new, previously predicted region of parameter space, named “Super H-mode” because it is characterized by very high pedestals that can be more than a factor of two above the peeling-ballooning stability limit for similar ELMing H-mode discharges at the same density.
Published: 2015
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37. Reduction of edge localized mode intensity on DIII-D by on-demand triggering with high frequency pellet injection and implications for ITER

Author: Steven J. Meitner, P.B. Snyder, C.J. Lasnier, Paul Parks, T.E. Evans, R.A. Moyer, Ezekial A Unterberg, G. T. A. Huijsmans, E. J. Strait, R.C. Isler, A.W. Leonard, A. Loarte, Nicolas Jc Commaux, M.E. Fenstermacher, Larry R. Baylor, Shimpei Futatani, T.H. Osborne, N.H. Brooks, T.C. Jernigan, and S.K. Combs
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, DIII-D, law, Divertor, Pellets, Plasma, Magnetohydrodynamics, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Edge-localized mode, Ballooning, law.invention
Abstract: The injection of small deuterium pellets at high repetition rates up to 12× the natural edge localized mode (ELM) frequency has been used to trigger high-frequency ELMs in otherwise low natural ELM frequency H-mode deuterium discharges in the DIII-D tokamak [J. L. Luxon and L. G. Davis, Fusion Technol. 8, 441 (1985)]. The resulting pellet-triggered ELMs result in up to 12× lower energy and particle fluxes to the divertor than the natural ELMs. The plasma global energy confinement and density are not strongly affected by the pellet perturbations. The plasma core impurity density is strongly reduced with the application of the pellets. These experiments were performed with pellets injected from the low field side pellet in plasmas designed to match the ITER baseline configuration in shape and normalized β operation with input heating power just above the H-mode power threshold. Nonlinear MHD simulations of the injected pellets show that destabilization of ballooning modes by a local pressure perturbation is responsible for the pellet ELM triggering. This strongly reduced ELM intensity shows promise for exploitation in ITER to control ELM size while maintaining high plasma purity and performance.
Published: 2013
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38. Resistive MHD simulation of edge-localized-modes for double-null discharges in the MAST device

Author: A. Kirk, James Harrison, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Marina Becoulet, Stanislas Pamela, R. Scannell, F. Orain, A.J. Thornton, and I. T. Chapman
Subjects: Physics, Resistive touchscreen, Divertor, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Computational physics, Nonlinear system, Pedestal, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Filamentation, Physics::Plasma Physics, Physics::Space Physics, Diamagnetism, Magnetohydrodynamics
Abstract: Recent development of the nonlinear magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) code JOREK has enabled the alignment of its two-dimensional finite-element grid along poloidal flux surfaces for double-null Grad–Shafranov equilibria. In previous works with the JOREK code, only single X-point plasmas were studied. The fast-camera diagnostic on MAST, which gives a global view of the pedestal filamentation during an ELM crash, clearly shows filaments travelling far into the scrape-off layer, as far as the first wall. Simulation of such a filament dynamics in MAST double-null plasmas is presented here and compared with experimental observations. In addition to direct comparison with the fast-camera images, general aspects of filaments are studied, such as their radial speed and composition. A qualitative validation of simulations is carried out against other diagnostics, such as the Thomson-scattering profiles or the infra-red camera images. Simulations are found to reproduce experimental edge localized modes in a reasonable manner, with similar energy losses and divertor heat-flux profiles. However, the MHD model used for those simulations is a reduced MHD model, which is likely approaching the limit of its applicability for the MAST device. Also, the absence of diamagnetic drift terms in the present MHD model results in nonlinear simulations being dominated by the highest mode number, and thus coupling with lower mode numbers is not observed.
Published: 2013
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39. Closed-Form Solutions for the Trajectories of Charged Particles in an Exponentially Varying Magnetostatic Field

Author: D. C. van Vugt, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Leon P. J. Kamp, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Fluids and Flows, and Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, particle beams, Hyperbolic function, magnetic fields, Condensed Matter Physics, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, Charged particle, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Magnetic field, particle tracking, Classical mechanics, Deflection (physics), Exponential growth, Closed-form solutions, system verification, 0103 physical sciences, Trigonometry, Magnetosphere particle motion
Abstract: We present a new reference solution for charged particle motion in a strongly inhomogeneous magnetostatic field. The solution describes both bound and unbound particle motion, which can be split into three regimes, the deflection, loop-deflection, and drift regime. We calculate the trajectory in terms of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, resulting in simple analytical expressions for the particle position and ∇ B-drift velocity. This reference solution is useful to verify and compare the performance of kinetic and guiding-center charged particle pushers in inhomogeneous fields by verifying the conservation of two constants of motion, as well as the exact trajectory at any time.
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40. Nonlinear MHD simulations of QH-mode DIII-D plasmas and implications for ITER high Q scenarios.

Author: F Liu, G T A Huijsmans, A Loarte, A M Garofalo, W M Solomon, M Hoelzl, B Nkonga, S Pamela, M Becoulet, F Orain, and D Van Vugt
Subjects: *QUIESCENT plasmas, *HYDROGEN plasmas, *MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS, *NONLINEAR theories, *ELECTRICAL harmonics
Abstract: In nonlinear MHD simulations of DIII-D QH-mode plasmas it has been found that low n kink/peeling modes (KPMs) are unstable and grow to a saturated kink-peeling mode. The features of the dominant saturated KPMs, which are localised toroidally by nonlinear coupling of harmonics, such as mode frequencies, density fluctuations and their effect on pedestal particle and energy transport, are in good agreement with the observations of the edge harmonic oscillation typically present in DIII-D QH-mode experiments. The nonlinear evolution of MHD modes including both kink-peeling modes and ballooning modes, is investigated through MHD simulations by varying the pedestal current and pressure relative to the initial conditions of DIII-D QH-mode plasma. The edge current and pressure at the pedestal are key parameters for the plasma either saturating to a QH-mode regime or a ballooning mode dominant regime. The influence of E × B flow and its shear on the QH-mode plasma has been investigated. E × B flow shear has a strong stabilisation effect on the medium to high-n modes but is destabilising for the n = 2 mode. The QH-mode extrapolation results of an ITER Q = 10 plasma show that the pedestal currents are large enough to destabilise n = 1–5 KPMs, leading to a stationary saturated kink-peeling mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2018
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41. Deep neural networks for plasma tomography with applications to JET and COMPASS

Author: J. Denis, M. Tardocchi, Kiptily, M. Koubiti, M. Ghate, R. Michling, G. De Masi, T. Tala, M. Bassan, R. McAdams, S. Dowson, Antoine Merle, Seppo Koivuranta, O. J. Kwon, S. Mahesan, P. Sparapani, A. Malaquias, M. Tsalas, Gennady V. Miloshevsky, M. Vecsei, Michal Stano, E. Lerche, Štefan Matejčík, Piergiorgio Sonato, S. D. Pinches, A. Dal Molin, O. McCormack, B. Colling, F. Mink, Ph. Mertens, P. Drewelow, Nuno Cruz, D. Iglesias, Alessandro Zocco, K. Rathod, S. Collins, F. Koechl, James Buchanan, Andrew West, Francesco Maviglia, E. Stefanikova, David Taylor, B. Graham, T. Lunt, S. Meshchaninov, Arturo Buscarino, G. L. Ravera, Maide Bucolo, J. P. Thomas, S. Foley, B. Wakeling, N. Ashikawa, D. W. Robson, N. J. Conway, V. P. Lo Schiavo, Stefan Buller, Sergey Popovichev, M. Saleem, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, M. Wheatley, Gabriele Croci, Hugo Bufferand, J.F. Artaud, R. C. Felton, O. Kovanda, D. Hepple, K. Dylst, Gabor Szepesi, M. Oberkofler, G.J. van Rooij, N. Teplova, Istvan Cziegler, K. K. Kirov, S. Vartanian, Y. Xue, D. Nina, J. Bernardo, Lorenzo Figini, Guglielmo Rubinacci, Peter Lang, R. Scannell, N. C. Hawkes, P. Denner, Istvan Pusztai, D. D. Carvalho, Salvatore Ventre, A. Lescinskis, Afanasev, C. Hamlyn-Harris, Panagiotis Tolias, R. Vale, T. O'Gorman, S. Lesnoj, I.E. Day, Karol Malinowski, D. Carralero, N. Balshaw, Massimo Angelone, Michaele Freisinger, I. Monakhov, Jesús Vega, Jonathan Citrin, Antti Hakola, H. Patten, P. A. Simmons, Y. Austin, Sehyun Kwak, J. Regana, Rohde, T. Eich, A. Alkseev, R. Lawless, C. G. Elsmore, Fusco, S. Hacquin, S. A. Silburn, A. Fernades, Luigi Fortuna, P. Bunting, R. Sartori, Yuji Hatano, D. Borodin, L. Colas, Daniele Marocco, M. Lennholm, Carlo Sozzi, J. J. Rasmussen, P. McCullen, Tommy Ahlgren, A. Kirschner, Thomas Johnson, M. Rack, Göran Ericsson, Hans Nordman, Jakub Bielecki, P. Merriman, M. Cavedon, G. Hermon, Geert Verdoolaege, K. J. Gibson, Daisuke Nishijima, R. Clarkson, Fuchs, M. Tomes, R. Zagórski, Gerald Pintsuk, W. Higginson, Daniel F. Valcarcel, R. Mooney, K. Dawson, A. Tallargio, T.H. Osborne, P. J. Carvalho, M. Gethins, R. Dux, Pierre Dumortier, G. Urbanczyk, Inessa Bolshakova, R. King, B. Tal, Daniel Tegnered, J. W. Coenen, Leena Aho-Mantila, Eva Belonohy, S. Schmuck, Kai Nordlund, Grégoire Hornung, G. Tvalashvili, M. De Bock, Y. Baranov, G. De Tommasi, A. Urban, L. Forsythe, I. Zychor, J. Dobrashian, E. Clark, Paolo Arena, Alessia Santucci, Ivan Lupelli, S. Nowak, M. Curuia, Jonathan Graves, J. C. Hillesheim, Claudio Verona, Zoita, S. Moon, C. Castaldo, A.V. Stephen, Karl Schmid, A. Sahlberg, C. Di Troia, R. Woodley, L. Garzotti, D. Sandiford, Matthew M. Knight, Juho Leppänen, S. Emery, O. G. Pompilian, M. Goniche, C. Luna, M. Mayer, M. Baruzzo, A. Weckmann, M. Kempenaars, S. Hazel, Fabio Pisano, Claudia Corradino, A. G. Meigs, P. Leichauer, S. Potzel, Stéphane Devaux, C. Piron, G. Saibene, David A Rasmussen, Bruce Lipschultz, A. Di Siena, E. Lazzaro, J. Deane, C. Meadowcroft, C. J. Rapson, K.-D. Zastrow, Ph. Duckworth, Tom Wauters, F. Nabais, T. Goerler, D. Brunetti, R. Ellis, David Moulton, L. Jones, E. Delabie, Anna Salmi, Luciano Bertalot, G. Burroughes, B. Kos, Laurent Marot, Daniel Primetzhofer, I Miron, N. Lam, F. Napoli, S. Rowe, E. Pajuste, Choong-Seock Chang, R.P. Doerner, D. Silvagni, C. Guillemaut, S. Warder, A.J. Thornton, Matthew Carr, A. Dempsey, Jorge Morales, Pramit Dutta, J. L. Herfindal, S. Maruyama, P. Camp, X. Lefebvre, Ye. O. Kazakov, Andrea G. Chiariello, Gabriele Manduchi, Andre Neto, T. Powell, J. Griffiths, José Vicente, C. Barcellona, J. Hobirk, F. Clairet, L. Xiang, Dirk Reiser, H. Bergsåker, I. Duran, G. Giacometti, M. Kalsey, David Tskhakaya, A. Martin de Aguilera, T. Dittmar, Edmund Highcock, I. Uytdenhouwen, S. Soare, Giuseppe Prestopino, L. Chôné, W. Davis, G. De Temmerman, Basiuk, G. Learoyd, C. Guerard, A. Klix, M. Incelli, B. Viola, R. J. Robins, A. Burckhart, W. Leysen, Jochen Linke, M. Oberparleiter, A. Murari, M. Sertoli, S. D. Scott, A. Lazaros, R. Dejarnac, P. Buratti, H.R. Strauss, G. T. A. Huijsmans, Hajime Urano, Justine M. Kent, A. Kallenbach, D. Fagan, D. S. Darrow, Benedikt Geiger, A. Wynn, X. Sáez, B. Beckett, Horacio Fernandes, G. Ferro, B. Alper, George Wilkie, A. Uccello, T.C. Luce, S. Zoletnik, Petrzilka, Fulvio Auriemma, D. Guard, A. Ho, R. Henriques, I. T. Chapman, D. Butcher, Ph. Maquet, C. Crapper, S. Murphy, C. Ham, D. Brennan, S. Knott, Krasilnikov, D. Kogut, Cédric Pardanaud, K. Galazka, Nicolò Marconato, Daniele Bonfiglio, M. Sos, E. Militello-Asp, Nesenevich, Sean Conroy, S. Hall, L. F. Ruchko, L. Laguardia, O. Marchuk, F.P. Orsitto, I. S. Nedzelskiy, Eva Macusova, E. Andersson Sundén, C. Ayres, R. Prakash, C. Giroud, M. Parsons, R. Rodionov, M. Marin, A. P. Vadgama, A. Reed, Jacob Eriksson, P. Macheta, R. Neu, J. Orszagh, L. Gil, Riccardo Maggiora, M. Peterka, P. Devynck, M. Price, J. Likonen, Andrew M. Edwards, P. Dalgliesh, I. Vinyar, Andrea Malizia, A. Brett, Jane Johnston, A. Kappatou, P. Blatchford, B. Lloyd, P. Vincenzi, A. Mauriya, A. Garcia-Carrasco, Z. Stancar, D. B. Gin, Gediminas Stankunas, J. Edwards, Giuseppe Ambrosino, A. Goodyear, M. Lungaroni, M. Gardener, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, E. Ivings, Marek Rubel, L. Calacci, Ivo S. Carvalho, M. Afzal, M. Gherendi, D. Schworer, C. Watts, A. M. Messiaen, E. Safi, P. David, A. Petre, J. Uljanovs, U. von Toussaint, H. Greuner, D. Del Sarto, A.C.A. Figueiredo, D. Gallart, R. Bilato, M. Enachescu, P. Monaghan, M. S. J. Rainford, A. Boboc, M. Reinhart, Hiroyasu Utoh, B. P. Duval, L. Hackett, M. Halitovs, G. De Dominici, B. Lomanowski, P. Cahyna, Aslanyan, T. May-Smith, M. Richiusa, A. Goussarov, M. Okabayashi, R. Howell, T. Tadic, M. E. Manso, J. F. Rivero-Rodriguez, Wayne Arter, Ivan Calvo, U. Losada, H. Weisen, A. Teplukhina, Marica Rebai, R. Andrews, C. H. A. Hogben, M. Klas, A. E. Shevelev, J. McKehon, F. Reimold, Enrico Zilli, R. Maingi, M.F. Stamp, A. Rakha, H. T. Kim, D. Ciric, Eric Nardon, A. Somers, I. Igaune, E. Laszynska, S. Saarelma, A. Cullen, Mǎdǎlina Vlad, D. Nodwell, S. Griph, T. Donne, T. Boyce, M. Tyshchenko, Paulo Carvalho, Elena Bruno, Ion E. Stamatelatos, A. Patel, E. de la Luna, F. Causa, Robin Barnsley, Michael Lehnen, F. Belli, N. Jones, B. Bauvir, M. Tokitani, I. Turner, Y. Zhou, J. Simpson, A. Vitins, D. Rendell, Alberto Milocco, Benjamin P. Brown, F.G. Rimini, C. Lamb, V. Thompson, E. Alessi, S. Arshad, J. Rzadkiewicz, P. Prior, J. Moran, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, Igor Bykov, M. Weiszflog, Annette M. Hynes, Gennady Sergienko, J. Lönnroth, T. C. Hender, M.-L. Mayoral, Mattia Frasca, R. Coelho, J-J Honore, A. Jackson, A. Sirinelli, M. D. Axton, Hyun-Tae Kim, F. P. Keenan, H. J. Boyer, Elisabeth Rachlew, T. Szabolics, J. Ongena, Braic, Sandra C. Chapman, Anders Nielsen, John E. Marsh, J. Jansons, S. Gloeggler, Nengchao Wang, Naulin, M. Porton, D. Falie, P. Welch, G. T. Jones, N. Fil, M. Vincent, U. Kruezi, R. Pereira, L. Horvath, M. F. F. Nave, Lorella Carraro, N. Fonnesu, Davide Flammini, P. V. Edappala, G. M. D. Hogeweij, K. Krieger, P. Card, G. Poulipoulis, W. Studholme, Didier Mazon, T. Odupitan, D. Young, F. J. Casson, N. Muthusonai, I. Jepu, Olivier Sauter, Dimitri Voltolina, Sara Carcangiu, C. Reux, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, D. Tskhakaya Jun, O. Bogar, E. Viezzer, Shane Cooper, Fabio Villone, Florin Spineanu, H. Doerk, E. Cecil, J. Goff, F. Nespoli, F. Schluck, G. Ciraolo, Jennifer M. Lehmann, Jan Mlynar, H. J. C. Oliver, M. Marinucci, N. Krawczyk, J. Buch, M. Dreval, G. Possnert, C. Angioni, C. P. Lungu, Marco Ariola, S. Breton, Christopher N. Bowman, A. Kundu, J. Mailloux, I. Stepanov, D. Sprada, J. Zacks, G. Ramogida, E. Wolfrum, N.W. Eidietis, A. Pires dos Reis, Barbara Cannas, Robert E. Grove, A. Huber, Giuliana Sias, A. Baron Wiechec, Markus Airila, M. Berry, P. Huynh, R. Kovaldins, R. Bastow, Darren Price, S. Abduallev, P. Tsavalas, N. Aiba, Plyusnin, Ion Tiseanu, James Williams, M. Beckers, M. Weiland, S.N. Gerasimov, Alessandra Fanni, L. D. Horton, T. Xu, L. Joita, N. Reid, D. Zarzoso Fernandez, D. I. Refy, Jerry Hughes, Clarisse Bourdelle, J. E. Boom, G. Hancu, K. M. Aggarwal, F. Crisanti, M. Poradziński, A. Loarte, P. Vallejos Olivares, T. Mrowetz, Teddy Craciunescu, R. Guirlet, M. Valentinuzzi, J. Stephens, J. Stober, Michael Barnes, Isabel L. Nunes, Mario Pillon, P. Batistoni, G. Verona Rinati, Fabio Moro, R. Lucock, R. Olney, Jari Varje, B. Butler, A. Mariani, M. Hamed, Skvara, C. Terry, Larisa Baumane, T. Alarcon, Mike Kotschenreuther, T. M. Biewer, O. Hemming, N. Marcenko, Z. Kollo, B. Slade, J. Garcia, T. R. Blackman, Simone Peruzzo, N. den Harder, S. Ng, P. Siren, K. G. McClements, Rita Lorenzini, Y. Yakovenko, Lorenzo Frassinetti, J. Hawes, A. Kirk, C. Noble, Nicola Bonanomi, Y. Martynova, A.E. Shumack, F. Di Maio, H. R. Koslowski, N. Pomaro, G. Nemtsev, M. I. K. Santala, Richard George, E. Giovannozzi, T. Giegerich, C. Woodley, G. Pucella, D. Hopley, P.J. Knight, Michela Gelfusa, Francesca Poli, G. Petravich, G. Kocsis, S. Lanthaler, J. A. Wilson, D. Coombs, F. Köchl, G. Stables, Silvia Spagnolo, D. Rigamonti, W. Van Renterghem, Mike Dunne, H. Betar, W. Pires de Sa, Stjepko Fazinić, M. Nocente, G. Birkenmeier, L. Avotina, A. Horton, P. Heesterman, Larry R. Baylor, C. Stavrou, L. Appel, Amosov, J. Fessey, J. Flanagan, C. Paz Soldan, G. Kaveney, R. Young, Shimpei Futatani, U. Samm, R. Naish, P. Strand, E. Lascas Neto, S. Wheeler, Daisuke Shiraki, S. P. Hotchin, D. M. Witts, A. Cobalt, C. Waldon, Davide Galassi, I. Jenkins, S. Panja, C. Gurl, A. Lukin, R. Albanese, Andrea Pavone, A. Davies, J. Hawkins, N. Vianello, C. Besiliu, F. Domptail, Bruno Santos, Y. Li, T. Kaltiaisenaho, O. N. Kent, X. Litaudon, B. Lescinskis, M. Faitsch, Otto Asunta, F. Eriksson, Pericoli, M. Beldishevski, G.A. Rattá, C. D. Challis, Z. Ghani, M. Juvonen, A. C. C. Sips, João M. C. Sousa, Boris Breizman, P. Finburg, Henrik Sjöstrand, Slawomir Jednorog, Ewa Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, A. Martin, R. O. Dendy, B. Lepiavko, D. Croft, Goloborod'ko, A. V. Krasilnikov, M. Wischmeier, K. Gal, R. Ragona, Petter Ström, N. Parsons, G. Calabrò, Jean-Stéphane Joly, A. Capat, Linwei Li, T. Nakano, Paulo Rodrigues, L. Moser, João P. S. Bizarro, L. Piron, K. Pepperell, P. Aleynikov, Ambrogio Fasoli, S.-P. Pehkonen, Giuseppe Gorini, C. Taliercio, M. E. Puiatti, J. Svensson, H. R. Wilson, John Wright, S. Wiesen, O. Asztalos, R.V. Budny, A. Withycombe, P. Piovesan, Jonathan Gaspar, B. D. Stevens, P. Trimble, Vinodh Bandaru, F. S. Zaitsev, H. Sheikh, G. F. Matthews, Daniele Carnevale, K. Schoepf, L. McNamee, A. Czarnecka, P. Blanchard, Erik Fransson, J.P. Coad, Daniel Dunai, Carolina Björkas, A. Manzanares, M. Reich, A. Lahtinen, L. Giacomelli, Mirko Salewski, E. de la Cal, T. D. V. Haupt, T.T.C. Jones, M. Anghel, Kyriakos Hizanidis, J. M. Fontdecaba, Huber, A. Shaw, A. Cufar, A. Muraro, M. Clark, A. Meakins, Roland Sabot, A. Owen, K. Valerii, A. L. Esquisabel, Petr Vondracek, Maria Teresa Porfiri, Walid Helou, S. E. Sharapov, D. Terranova, M. Skiba, Konstantina Mergia, Frank Leipold, Francisco L. Tabarés, M. Zerbini, Ken W Bell, Marco Marinelli, Marco Riva, R. Martone, Bobkov, B. Magesh, A. Ash, Parail, M. Hook, Amanda Hubbard, Silvio Ceccuzzi, Ulrich Fischer, G. Liu, Nick Walkden, R. Otin, P. Santa, P. Abreu, Demerdzhiev, Roberto Zanino, T. Spelzini, António J.N. Batista, P. G. Smith, L. Meneses, S. S. Medley, M. J. Mantsinen, K. Vasava, G. Gervasini, Surya K. Pathak, Kristel Crombé, G. Ellwood, P. Raj, Robert Hager, Ch. Linsmeier, C. Stokes, Petra Bilkova, M. Groth, G. Pautasso, C. R. Nobs, S. Sridhar, P. Chmielewski, David Hatch, Luca Boncagni, I. Balboa, C. Stan-Sion, Nobuyuki Asakura, R. McKean, L. Pigatto, João Figueiredo, Roberto Cavazzana, Juri Romazanov, M. Beurskens, C. Christopher Klepper, Maryna Chernyshova, O. Biletskyi, D. Karkinsky, A. Eksaeva, S. Dalley, Pasquale Gaudio, J. Benayas, J. Dankowski, S. Korolczuk, R. Buckingham, F. Parra Diaz, E. Wang, A. Cardinali, J. Naish, R. O. Pavlichenko, Kalle Heinola, Hiroshi Tojo, Miles M. Turner, Brett Chapman, A. Lyssoivan, F. Militello, E. Matveeva, T. Kobuchi, I. Ksiazek, P. Bohm, Cody Jones, W. Yanling, T. Jackson, P. Gohil, D. Alegre, Tim D. Bohm, F. Jaulmes, L. Zakharov, Peter J. Pool, C.G. Lowry, M. Passeri, D. Testa, Igor Lengar, A. Formisano, C. M. Roach, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Drenik, S. Meiter, William Tang, Carlos B. da Silva, Diogo R. Ferreira, P. J. Lomas, M. McHardy, Gunta Kizane, Angela Busse, S. Jachmich, Corneliu Porosnicu, Stanislas Pamela, Yavorskij, Eduardo Alves, Saskia Mordijck, Boniface Nkonga, J. Morris, Dean A. J. Whittaker, S. Ertmer, A. Hollingsworth, T. Barnard, R. Tatali, S. Reynolds, S. Mistry, Sergio Galeani, Torbjörn Hellsten, V.S. Neverov, David Dickinson, T. M. Huddleston, D. Baiao, F. Salzedas, D. Willoughby, M. Tripsky, Emmanuele Peluso, J. R. Harrison, C. Mazzotta, R. Zarins, M. Maslov, X. Bonnin, T. E. Gebhart, S. Fietz, K. Flinders, C. Hidalgo, Yann Corre, Aqsa Shabbir, A. B. Kukushkin, A. Shepherd, M.L. Walker, R. Clay, T. Vasilopoulou, Paolo Innocente, I. H. Coffey, P. Lalousis, Italo Predebon, R. Bravanec, P. Papp, D. Sytnykov, Ewa Pawelec, M. Bernert, G. Corrigan, Lutsenko, M. Romanelli, Gergely Papp, S. Romanelli, R. Salmon, J. Risner, M. T. Ogawa, A. M. Whitehead, E. Fable, H. Dabirikhah, Juan Manuel López, M. Turnyanskiy, A. Baciero, S. Meigh, M. Garcia-Munoz, Massimiliano Mattei, J.-M. Noterdaeme, N. Hamilton, S. Minucci, I Wilson, A. Muir, A. V. Chankin, C. Clements, Matthias Hoelzl, Francesco Romanelli, S. Gee, R. J. E. Smith, P. de Vries, L. Fittill, S. Menmuir, K. Cave-Ayland, P. Curson, Richard Fridström, D. Grist, S. A. Robinson, Rodney Walker, Michael Loughlin, S. Aleiferis, W. Broeckx, Clayton E. Myers, S. F. Smith, D. Harting, W. Zwingmann, F. Binda, Mark R. Gilbert, Rajnikant Makwana, Richard Goulding, D. Van Eester, I. Voitsekhovitch, M. Bowden, I. Kodeli, Tomasz Czarski, Peter Hawkins, S. S. Henderson, M. Koeppen, D. Ricci, Ondrej Ficker, Carl Hellesen, D. Yadikin, Fabio Subba, Luka Snoj, Anthony Laing, E. R. Solano, M. Stephen, P. Staniec, C. Appelbee, M. Newman, Susan Leerink, M. Nicassio, P. P. Pereira Puglia, M. Brombin, Wouter Tierens, C. Perez von Thun, Cédric Boulbe, Ya. I. Kolesnichenko, Taina Kurki-Suonio, S. Hallworth-Cook, R. P. Johnson, B. B. Carvalho, Anna Widdowson, Alessandro Pau, R. Price, B. Gonçalves, D. L. Keeling, Kazantzidis, Michael Fitzgerald, M. Hughes, K. D. Lawson, M. Brix, Raffaele Fresa, Juha Karhunen, S. Esquembri, K. Purahoo, Matthew Reinke, Gerd Meisl, M. Valovic, J. Horacek, D. King, H. Maier, Philipps, Kenji Tanaka, M. Kresina, M. Valisa, L. Omoregie, Gábor Cseh, Seppo Sipilä, Scott W. Mosher, Filippo Sartori, J. Kaniewski, Jan Weiland, Giuseppe Chitarin, Coccorese, A. R. Field, P. Beaumont, Robert Skilton, D. C. Campling, Mitul Abhangi, S. Villari, Roberta Lima Gomes, G. D. Ewart, S. Wray, A. Broslawski, A. Sinha, Roberto Paccagnella, S. Hollis, R. D. Wood, Albert Gutierrez-Milla, E. Jonasson, L.-G. Eriksson, R. Leach, L. W. Packer, M. Vuksic, H. J. Sun, C. Marchetto, Giuseppe Telesca, Dieter Leichtle, S. Cramp, Blaise Faugeras, M. Allinson, Yannis Kominis, R. Normanton, H. J. Leggate, Francesco Ghezzi, T. Schlummer, Tommaso Bolzonella, Jorge Ferreira, M. J. Walsh, C. Day, Philipp Drews, Steven J. Meitner, M. D. J. Bright, Per Petersson, D. L. Hillis, M. Webb, P. Wright, C. F. Maggi, B. Sieglin, A. Farahani, J. Strachan, M. Muraglia, M. Cecconello, F. Durodié, D. Callaghan, J. Waterhouse, R. J. Dumont, Sara Moradi, Patrick J. McCarthy, S. Feng, M. Balden, M. Kaufman, R. Warren, Brian Grierson, Harry M. Meyer, S.C. Bradnam, D. Kinna, A. Krivska, M. Lungu, E. Suchkov, A. Kantor, D. Conka, C. Penot, A. Zarins, Pierre Manas, D. F. Gear, J. Callaghan, L. Barrera Orte, Tomas Markovic, Yu Gao, A. Lunniss, Z. Vizvary, E. Khilkevich, Th. Puetterich, Dmitry Matveev, E. Perelli Cippo, T. Owen, N. Imazawa, A. Silva, H. P. Summers, Norberto Catarino, Roberto Pasqualotto, P. Muscat, K. Keogh, Ricardo Magnus Osorio Galvao, P. Carman, M. Leyland, E. Veshchev, A. de Castro, M. Gruca, D. C. McDonald, L. Moreira, J. W. Banks, Sanjeev Ranjan, N. Sutton, Iris D. Young, Martin Imrisek, W. Zhang, J. K. Blackburn, Moiseenko, A. Parsloe, T. Loarer, D. N. Borba, S.J. Wukitch, D. P. Coster, J. Penzo, Jose Ramon Martin-Solis, P. Mantica, N. Bekris, M. G. O'Mullane, S. E. Dorling, Yunfeng Liang, S. Gulati, Roberto Ambrosino, J. Schweinzer, Cocilovo, D. Douai, M. A. Henderson, T. Suzuki, Gianluca Rubino, A. Peackoc, Yann Camenen, Y. Miyoshi, Ph. Jacquet, H. T. Lambertz, E. Tholerus, C. Sommariva, Prajapati, Yannick Marandet, F. Hasenbeck, Faa Federico Felici, M. Buckley, Kenneth Hammond, Daniele Milanesio, Cristian Ruset, Katsumichi Hoshino, D. Frigione, D. Chandra, I. Borodkina, P. Dinca, S. Brezinsek, J. Stallard, H. G. Esser, Matthew Sibbald, S. Knipe, Jorge Estrela da Silva, Kensaku Kamiya, P. A. Coates, J. C. Giacalone, Alfredo Pironti, Carvalho, D. D., Ferreira, D. R., Carvalho, P. J., Imrisek, M., Mlynar, J., Fernandes, H., and Formisano, A.
Subjects: Computer science, Feature extraction, Image processing, Computerized Tomography (CT) and Computed Radiography (CR), Plasma diagnostics - interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging, 01 natural sciences, Convolutional neural network, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Compass, Plasma diagnostics-interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging, 0103 physical sciences, Computer vision, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Jet (fluid), Contextual image classification, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition, Plasma diagnostics - interferometry spectroscopy and imaging, Tomography, Artificial intelligence, business, plasma diagnostics - interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging
Abstract: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have found applications in many image processing tasks, such as feature extraction, image classification, and object recognition. It has also been shown that the inverse of CNNs, so- called deconvolutional neural networks, can be used for inverse problems such as plasma tomography. In essence, plasma tomography consists in reconstructing the 2D plasma profile on a poloidal cross-section of a fusion device, based on line-integrated measurements from multiple radiation detectors. Since the reconstruction process is computationally intensive, a deconvolutional neural network trained to produce the same results will yield a significant computational speedup, at the expense of a small error which can be assessed using different metrics. In this work, we discuss the design principles behind such networks, including the use of multiple layers, how they can be stacked, and how their dimensions can be tuned according to the number of detectors and the desired tomographic resolution for a given fusion device. We describe the application of such networks at JET and COMPASS, where at JET we use the bolometer system, and at COMPASS we use the soft X-ray diagnostic based on photodiode arrays.
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42. Kinetic modeling of ELM-induced tungsten transport in a tokamak plasma

Author: EUROfusion Mst Team, D. C. van Vugt, Matthias Hoelzl, G. T. A. Huijsmans, A. Loarte, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, Plasma, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Pedestal, ASDEX Upgrade, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, Radiative transfer, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics
Abstract: Impurity accumulation in the core plasma leads to fuel dilution and higher radiative losses that can lead to loss of the H-mode, to thermal collapse of the plasma, and eventually even to a disruption in tokamaks. In present experiments, it has been shown that Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) at sufficiently high frequency are required to prevent W accumulation in the core, by expelling impurities from the edge plasma region, thus preventing their penetration into the plasma core. We present a full-orbit particle extension of the MHD code JOREK suitable for simulating impurity transport during ELMs. This model has been applied to the simulation of an ELM crash in ASDEX Upgrade, where we have quantified the displacement of W particles across flux surfaces. The transport mechanism is shown to be the particle E × B-drifts due to the electric field created by the MHD instability underlying the ELM. In- and outward transport is observed as a series of interchange motions, leading to a superdiffusive behavior. This causes not only the particles near the plasma pedestal to move outwards but also the particles outside of the pedestal to move inwards. This has important consequences for operation with W in ITER, where it is expected to be screened in the pedestal, and ELMs are shown here to increase the core W density. A comparison with existing diffusive modeling is made, showing a qualitative agreement and the limitations of this simplified modeling approach.
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43. First predictive simulations for deuterium shattered pellet injection in ASDEX Upgrade

Author: G. T. A. Huijsmans, Matthias Hoelzl, Eric Nardon, Jorek Team, D. Hu, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems, JOREK Team, and ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
Subjects: Physics, Toroid, Rational surface, FOS: Physical sciences, Plasma, Mechanics, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), ASDEX Upgrade, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, Convection cell
Abstract: First simulations of deuterium shattered pellet injection (SPI) into an ASDEX Upgrade H-Mode plasma with the JOREK MHD code are presented. Resistivity is increased by one order of magnitude in most simulations to reduce computational costs and allow for extensive parameter scans. The effect of various physical parameters onto MHD activity and thermal quench (TQ) dynamics is studied and the influence of MHD onto ablation is shown. TQs are obtained quickly after injection in most simulations with a typical duration of 100 microseconds, which slows down at lower resistivity. Although the n=1 magnetic perturbation dominates in the simulations, toroidal harmonics up to n=10 contribute to stochastization and stochastic transport in the plasma core. The post-TQ density profile remains hollow for a few hundred microseconds. However, when flux surfaces re-form around the magnetic axis, the density has become monotonic again suggesting a beneficial behaviour for runaway electron avoidance/mitigation. With $10^{21}$ atoms injected, the TQ is typically incomplete and triggered when the shards reach the q=2 rational surface. At a larger number of injected atoms, the TQ can set in even before the shards reach this surface. For low field side injection considered here, repeated formation of outward convection cells is observed in the ablation region reducing material assimilation. Responsible is a sudden rise of pressure in the high density cloud when the stochastic region expands further releasing heat from the hot core. After the TQ, strong sheared poloidal rotation is created by Maxwell stress, which contributes to re-formation of flux surfaces., Accepted for publication in Physics of Plasmas (this is the revised version after referee comments)
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44. Global performance enhancements via pedestal optimisation on ASDEX Upgrade.

Author: M G Dunne, L Frassinetti, M N A Beurskens, M Cavedon, S Fietz, R Fischer, L Giannone, G T A Huijsmans, B Kurzan, F Laggner, P J McCarthy, R M McDermott, G Tardini, E Viezzer, M Willensdorfer, E Wolfrum, Team, The EUROfusion MST1, and Team, The ASDEX Upgrade
Subjects: PLASMA gases, NITROGEN, ENERGY storage, PEDESTALS, TEMPERATURE effect
Abstract: Results of experimental scans of heating power, plasma shape, and nitrogen content are presented, with a focus on global performance and pedestal alteration. In detailed scans at low triangularity, it is shown that the increase in stored energy due to nitrogen seeding stems from the pedestal. It is also shown that the confinement increase is driven through the temperature pedestal at the three heating power levels studied. In a triangularity scan, an orthogonal effect of shaping and seeding is observed, where increased plasma triangularity increases the pedestal density, while impurity seeding (carbon and nitrogen) increases the pedestal temperature in addition to this effect. Modelling of these effects was also undertaken, with interpretive and predictive models being employed. The interpretive analysis shows a general agreement of the experimental pedestals in separate power, shaping, and seeding scans with peeling-ballooning theory. Predictive analysis was used to isolate the individual effects, showing that the trends of additional heating power and increased triangularity can be recoverd. However, a simple change of the effective charge in the plasma cannot explain the observed levels of confinement improvement in the present models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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45. Advances in understanding and utilising ELM control in JET.

Author: I T Chapman, E de la Luna, P T Lang, Y Liang, B Alper, P Denner, D Frigione, L Garzotti, C J Ham, G T A Huijsmans, S Jachmich, G Kocsis, M Lennholm, I Lupelli, F G Rimini, A C C Sips, and Contributors, JET
Subjects: EDGE-localized modes (Plasma instabilities), MAGNETIC resonance, QUANTUM perturbations, TUNGSTEN, FUSION reactor divertors
Abstract: Edge localised mode (ELM) control may be essential to develop ITER scenarios with a reasonable lifetime of divertor components, whilst ELM pacing may be essential to develop stationary ITER scenarios with a tungsten divertor. Resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) have mitigated ELMs in high collisionality plasmas in JET. The efficacy of RMPs in mitigating the ELMs is found to depend on plasma shaping, with the change in magnetic boundary achieved when non-axisymmetric fields are applied facilitating access to small ELM regimes. The understanding of ELM pacing by vertical kicks or pellets has also been improved in a range of pedestal conditions in JET (–1.3 keV) encompassing the ITER-expected domain (–2.4, H98(y, 2) = 0.8–1.2, ). ELM triggering is reliable provided the perturbation is above a threshold which depends on pedestal parameters. ELM triggering is achieved even in the first 10% of the natural ELM cycle suggesting no inherent maximum frequency. At high normalised pressure, the peeling-ballooning modes are stabilised as predicted by ELITE, necessitating a larger perturbation from either kicks or pellets in order to trigger ELMs. Both kicks and pellets have been used to pace ELMs for tungsten flushing. This has allowed stationary plasma conditions with low gas injection in plasmas where the natural ELM frequency is such that it would normally preclude stationary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2016
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46. Non-linear MHD modeling of edge localized mode cycles and mitigation by resonant magnetic perturbations.

Author: François Orain, M Bécoulet, J Morales, G Dif-Pradalier, X Garbet, E Nardon, C Passeron, G Latu, A Fil, G T A Huijsmans, M Hoelzl, S Pamela, and P Cahyna
Subjects: TOKAMAKS, MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS, PLASMA gases, FIBERS, HEAT flux
Abstract: The dynamics of a multi-edge localized mode (ELM) cycle as well as the ELM mitigation by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) are modeled in realistic tokamak X-point geometry with the non-linear reduced MHD code JOREK. The diamagnetic rotation is found to be a key parameter enabling us to reproduce the cyclical dynamics of the plasma relaxations and to model the near-symmetric ELM power deposition on the inner and outer divertor target plates consistently with experimental measurements. Moreover, the non-linear coupling of the RMPs with unstable modes are found to modify the edge magnetic topology and induce a continuous MHD activity in place of a large ELM crash, resulting in the mitigation of the ELMs. At larger diamagnetic rotation, a bifurcation from unmitigated ELMs—at low RMP current—towards fully suppressed ELMs—at large RMP current—is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2015
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