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Context: Haller cells are extensions of ethmoid cells which can be seen in several imaging modalities. Literature search has shown that idiopathic orofacial pain is associated with the presence of Haller cells. Hence, a simple cost-effective imaging modality for displaying the presence of Haller cells is desirable. Aims: This study aims to determine the prevalence of Haller cells in panoramic radiography. Subjects and Methods: The retrospective study comprised of 403 individuals of both genders. Panoramic radiograph was taken for every individual and interpreted for the presence of Haller cells. Factors incorporated in the interpretation were prevalence of Haller cells, distribution of Haller cells among genders, site predilection, unilocular or multilocular variant, and most common shape prevalent among the individuals. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test with SPSS software. Results: Among 403 individuals, the Haller cells were present in 92 (22.8%) individuals. Of 92 (22.8%) individuals with Haller cells, 40 (18.5%) were males and 52 (27.8%) were females. Seventy-four individuals (80.4%) were unilocular and 18 (19.6%) were multilocular. Forty-five individuals had (48.9%) tear-shaped Haller cells, 27 (29.3%) had round-shaped Haller cells, and 20 (21.8%) had oval-shaped Haller cells. Forty (43.5%) were on the right side, 29 (31.5%) were on the left side, and 23 (25%) were on both sides. Conclusions: The present study assessed the prevalence of Haller cells as 22.8%, and this was done in a cost-effective way using panoramic radiographs.

Introduction The middle third of the face is the most common site of injury and is frequently complicated by associated ocular injuries. It may be simple laceration, ecchymosis, circumorbital edema, or severe as globe injury or injury to the optic nerve and vision loss. Even severe injury like internal bleeding causes increased intraocular pressure and damages the optic nerve; if managed earlier, it could prevent further damage and dysfunction of the eye. Midfacial fractures associated with ocular injuries should have an early ophthalmological examination to detect ocular injuries. Little is known about the current epidemiology of midface fractures and associated ocular injuries in Tamil Nadu, the state of India. The aim was to study the etiology and pattern of middle third fracture and associated ocular injuries. Materials and methods This prospective study on midface fractures was carried out in the Department of Dentistry to analyze etiology, incidence, and patterns of midface fractures and associated ocular injuries. A total of 201 patients who reported with the history of midface injuries were included in the study. These patients were examined clinically and routine radiographs and computerized tomography magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were taken to confirm the diagnosis. All the patients sustaining confirmed middle third fractures with or without eye signs were referred to an ophthalmology department for the evaluation and management of associated ophthalmic injury. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 16.0 was used for data analysis. The outcome of the study was measured using percentages, mean, standard deviation, and test of proportion as appropriate. Results Traffic accident was the major cause of injury, mainly by motorized two wheelers (MTWs). Males in the 21 to 40 age group were common victims. Zygomatic complex fracture was the most common fracture type. Subconjunctival hemorrhage and infraorbital nerve injuries were common clinical findings. Conclusion Midthird facial injury cases should have an early ophthalmological examination for timely management to prevent dysfunction of the eye. How to cite this article Mohanavalli S, Suma E, Senthamarai G, Vijayabala GS. Ocular Injuries in Association with Middle Third Facial Injuries in Developing Countries: A Prospective Study. World J Dent 2016;7(3):135-140.

Aim The incidence of oral mucosal lesions is increasing day by day due to adverse oral habits and emerging infections. Hence, a novel attempt is made to assess the prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities in patients visiting dental department of ESIC Hospital and Medical College, KK Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Materials and methods A retrospective study was designed to assess the prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities in ESIC Hospital and Medical College, KK Nagar, Chennai. A total of 2315 patients were assessed between May 2014 and October 2014 to find the prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities. Results and conclusion The prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities was found to be 13.31%. The most prevalent oral mucosal abnormalities were smoker's palate, frictional keratosis, aphthous ulcers, oral submucous fibrosis, and traumatic ulcers. Clinical significance Knowing the prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities is very significant because early detection and prompt treatment of the same would help in reducing the morbidity and enhancing the patients’ quality of life. How to cite this article Vijayabala GS, Mohanavalli S, Gunasekar C, Janagarathinam VA, Kumar SS, Kumar UR. Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Abnormalities in Dental Patients in Tamil Nadu. World J Dent 2016;7(4):186-188.

ObjectiveAlthough tetracyclines are used for topical therapy in recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) patients, there are few clinical trials that have used doxycycline. Hence, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of topical doxycycline hyclate in RAS.Study designA single-blinded placebo-controlled trial comprising 50 RAS subjects divided into group A and group B with 25 subjects in each group was performed. Patients in group A received topical application of crushed doxycycline hyclate tablet with denture adhesive and few drops of saline solution once at the initial visit. Group B received placebo similarly. Treatment response was assessed by measures of pain reduction, ulcer duration, and adhesive retention time. Data were analyzed using the Student t test.ResultsParticipants treated with doxycycline hyclate had significantly less pain by day 1 (P

Seckel syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with a typical bird face appearance, growth retardation, microcephaly, mental retardation, variable chromosomal instability, and hematological disorders. We report a case of 16 years old girl with clinical features resembling seckel syndrome along with anaemia. [TAF Prev Med Bull 2013; 12(2.000): 209-212]

Oral inflammatory hyperplasias’ are the most common oral abnormalities. It manifests as diverse signs and symptoms. It may occur in any part of the oral cavity. They occur mainly due to reactive stimulus hence these lesions are called reactive hyperplasia. Distinguishing these entities and removal of etiological factors are essential. This review illustrates the various hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. Anahtar Kelimeler: [Archives Medical Review Journal 2012; 21(4.000): 299-307]

Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects mostly females. Affected females have characteristic features such as short stature, premature ovarian failure, and several other features. Oral manifestations of this condition are not much discussed in the literature. But reported literature includes teeth, palate, periodontal and salivary changes. So the aim of this review is to illustrate the general manifestations, and especially the oral manifestations of Turner syndrome and evaluate their possible management. [Archives Medical Review Journal 2012; 21(4.000): 246-252]

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 755–761 Background and objectives: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa, mainly associated with the practice of chewing gutka and betel quid. The pathogenesis is obscure, and till date, no definitive therapy is available for the management of OSMF. Hence, this preliminary study was carried out to compare the efficacy of Aloe vera with antioxidants in the treatment for OSMF. Methods: Twenty study subjects with OSMF were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups. There were 10 patients in each group; group A subjects received 5 mg of aloe vera gel to be applied topically three times daily for 3 months and group B subjects received antioxidant capsules twice daily for 3 months. The results were analyzed with paired ‘t’ test and unpaired ‘t’ test. Results: Aloe vera responded better in all the parameters assessed and responded in all the clinicohistopathological stages particularly in those with mild-stage clinically and early-stage histopathologically. Aloe vera showed a statistically significant reduction in burning sensation (P = 0.008), improvement in mouth opening (P = 0.02), and cheek flexibility (P = 0.01) on comparing with the antioxidant group. Interpretation and conclusion: Overall assessment of the parameters depicted that Aloe vera group showed a better treatment response compared to the antioxidants group. It reduces the burning sensation and improves mouth opening thereby enhanced the patients’ compliance. It proves to be a relatively safe, can be applied topically, easily available, economical, noninvasive, and efficacious in the treatment for OSMF.

Introduction.Fissured tongue is a commonly encountered tongue disorder in dental practice. But there is a lack of data on different pattern, severity, and association of fissuring with various systemic disorders and other tongue anomalies. This study attempts to establish a classification system for fissured tongue and to know the correlation with the systemic health and other disorders of the tongue.Materials and Methods.A total of 1000 subjects between the age groups of 10 and 80 years were included in the study. Pattern of fissuring, allied systemic diseases, and related tongue anomalies were tabulated.Results.Out of 1000 subjects, 387 subjects presented with fissured tongue. Out of 387 subjects, hypertension was present in 57 cases, 18 subjects had diabetes, and 3 subjects had both hypertension and diabetes. Central longitudinal type was found to be the most common type of tongue fissuring.Conclusion.Fissured tongue has been found to be associated with certain systemic disease and further researches are required to know positive correlation. If a correlation exists, such disorders could be diagnosed earlier by identifying fissured tongue at an earlier age.

Fabry's disease is a X linked Lysosomal storage disorder caused by a defect in α-galactosidase enzyme. This defect causes accumulation of lipids progressively in the vasculature and internal organs resulting in multiple complications and life threatening situation. It is characterized by pain, neurological, gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular, dermatological, rheumatological and oral manifestations. This review renders the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria's, differential diagnosis and management. This review also portrays the recent advancements that have been proposed for the management for this disorder., Fabry hastalığı α-galactosidaz enzimindeki bir eksiklikten kaynaklanan X’e bağlı bir lizozomal depo hastalığıdır. Bu enzim eksikliği damar sistemi ve iç organlarda lipid birikiminde yol açarak hastayı çoğul komplikasyonlar ve yaşamı tehdit edici bir duruma sürükler. Hastalık ağrı, nörolojik, gastrointestinal, romatolojik ve ağızla ilgili belirtilerle karakterizedir. Bu yazıda Fabry hastalığının patofizyolojisi, klinik özellikleri, ayırıcı tanısı ve yönetimi gözden geçirilmiştir. Bunların yanısıra hastalığı tedavisindeki son gelişmelere de vurgu yapılmıştır.

The squamous papilloma is a common benign oral epithelial neoplasm [11. Naik R, Nithin KP, Mujib BR, Rai KK (2014) An Unusual Presentation of Squamous Papilloma on the Buccal Mucosa. Indian Journal of Multidisciplinary Dentistry 4: 1015-18.]. Papilloma usually presents as an exophytic, painless papillary mass [22. Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE (2009) Oral and maxillofacial pathology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia. Elsevier p362-63.]. Oral Submucous Fibrosis is a premalignant condition [33. Auluck A, Rosin MP, Zhag L, Sumanth KN (2008) Oral Submucous Fibrosis, a Clinically Benign but Potentially Malignant Disease: Report of 3 Cases and Review of the Literature. J Can Dent Assoc 74: 735-40.]. A 45 year old female patient presented with growth in inner side of left cheek region. Patient had history of gutka chewing for past 6 years. On intra oral examination, the growth was pinkish, strawberry like in appearance with a papillary surface in the right buccal mucosa (Figure 1). Generalized blanching of oral mucosa was present (Figure 2). The growth was not tender on palpation and firm in consistency. The growth was pedunculated with no induration or bleeding on palpation. Palpable fibrotic bands were present in the buccal mucosa.

Oral cavity is considered to be a kaleidoscope for body's general health. Many systemic conditions do present with diverse oral manifestations. Mucormycosis involving the oral cavity is one such entity that presents as necrosis of bone in immunocompromised patients. Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection that mainly affects the patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Hereby, we report a case of mucormycosis involving the palate in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa, mainly associated with the practice of chewing gutka and betel quid. The pathogenesis is obscure, and till date, no definitive therapy is available for the management of OSMF. Hence, this preliminary study was carried out to compare the efficacy of Aloe vera with antioxidants in the treatment for OSMF.Twenty study subjects with OSMF were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups. There were 10 patients in each group; group A subjects received 5 mg of aloe vera gel to be applied topically three times daily for 3 months and group B subjects received antioxidant capsules twice daily for 3 months. The results were analyzed with paired 't' test and unpaired 't' test.Aloe vera responded better in all the parameters assessed and responded in all the clinicohistopathological stages particularly in those with mild-stage clinically and early-stage histopathologically. Aloe vera showed a statistically significant reduction in burning sensation (P = 0.008), improvement in mouth opening (P = 0.02), and cheek flexibility (P = 0.01) on comparing with the antioxidant group.Overall assessment of the parameters depicted that Aloe vera group showed a better treatment response compared to the antioxidants group. It reduces the burning sensation and improves mouth opening thereby enhanced the patients' compliance. It proves to be a relatively safe, can be applied topically, easily available, economical, noninvasive, and efficacious in the treatment for OSMF.

Seckel syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with a typical bird face appearance, growth retardation, microcephaly, mental retardation, variable chromosomal instability, and hematological disorders. We report a case of 16 years old girl with clinical features resembling seckel syndrome along with anaemia.

Oral lichenoid reactions are one of the most common white lesions of the oral mucosa. Etiology is due to hypersensitivity reactions mainly caused by drugs, dental materials, and contact sensitivity to different substances. These lichenoid eruptions have similar appearance with lichen planus both clinically and histologically. Even though it is a common entity, appearance of such lesion in children is rarely reported. So, in this case report we are describing the lichenoid eruption in 6 years old boy who had a habitual history of areca chewing. Hence, the presence of etiology was duly the differentiating point from lichen planus in this patient.

Peppermint is a well-liked agent in many ingredients like toothpaste, chewing gums. It can be considered as most versatile astringent. But it is not well known that it has been tried for many oral and maxillofacial disorders which include headache, nervous headache. It can be used as mouthwash by mixing it with rosemary and lavender. It is used along with calendula flowers for the treatment of measles. It was found to effective against 76 year old women whose pain had been resistant to standard therapies. She was instructed to apply neat peppermint oil (containing 10% menthol) to her skin, resulting in an almost immediate improvement in her pain. This pain relief persisted for 4-6 hours after application of the oil. During 2 months of follow-up she had only a minor side effect, with continuing analgesia. So peppermint oil (or menthol) having a strong analgesic effect on neuropathic pain. In a study on 35 medicinal plants essential oils of peppermint was also found to have antimicrobial activity especially against candidiasis.. Similar results was found from another study in which essential oil of peppermint oil depicted significant fungistatic and fungicidal activity that were considerably higher than those of the commercial fungicide bifonazole. Essential oils of peppermint exhibited very strong antibacterial activity, in particularly against Escherichia coli strains, multiresistant strain of Shigella sonei and Micrococcus flavus ATTC 10,240. Peppermint oil exhibited the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. But numerous allergic contact dermatitis reactions to peppermint oil have been described, many of which are linked to both perioral and intraoral disorders. So, this letter is expressing its potential role from day to day use to oral maxillofacial disorders but certain side effects have been reported in the literature that has to be considered.

Uremic stomatitis is a rare mucosal disorder associated with renal disorders. Here, we report a case of a 42-year-old male patient suffering from diabetes, angina pectoris, with white curdly pseudomembrane over the dorsal surface of the tongue, which was diffuse. The etiology, clinical features, and treatment are discussed.

Actinic chelitis is a potentially malignant disorder of the lip. It is usually caused by exposure to sunlight. Malignant transformation in such cases is likely to occur. It manifests different clinical forms from erythema with loss of demarcation between vermilion and skin. This case report describes a case on actinic chelitis with review of literature.