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The relationship between allergic diseases and cancer is a very controversial topic, widely discussed in the last decades. Many studies have demonstrated inverse association between allergy and cancer, but others have reached neutral conclusions or have indicated a positive role of allergy in the development of cancer. However, either inhibiting or favoring, many cells and molecules relevant in the allergic process play a role in tumorigenesis. On the one hand, activated immune cells, like classically activated macrophages "M1", activated dendritic cells, IL-33 and amphiregulin stimulated Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2), Th1, IFN-γ producing T CD8+ and B lymphocytes have inhibitory effects on tumorigenesis and tumor progression. On the other hand, tolerogenic immune cells, like alternatively activated macrophages "M2" (M2a, M2b and M2c), tolerogenic dendritic cells, ILC3, T regulatory and B regulatory lymphocytes, while inhibiting allergic sensitization and response, appear to favour carcinogenesis. Furthermore, M2 subtypes macrophages (M2a, M2b), IL-25 stimulated ILC2 and Th2 lymphocytes have a role both in inducing allergic reactions and in favouring cancer progression. In addition, mast cells, pivotal cells in allergy, have a different effect of tumorigenesis based on their location - they can promote cancer progression or inhibit it. Finally, eosinophils have shown a prevalent tumoricidal function mediated by α-defensins, TNF-α, granzymes A and IL-18. Better understanding the role of various cells on carcinogenesis can help in developing new strategies (diagnostic, therapeutic and of follow up) against tumor.

Functional connectivity (FC) can be represented as a network, and is frequently used to better understand the neural underpinnings of complex tasks such as motor imagery (MI) detection in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, errors in the estimation of connectivity can affect the detection performances. In this work, we address the problem of denoising common connectivity estimates to improve the detectability of different connectivity states. Specifically, we propose a denoising algorithm that acts on the network graph Laplacian, which leverages recent graph signal processing results. Further, we derive a novel formulation of the Jensen divergence for the denoised Laplacian under different states. Numerical simulations on synthetic data show that the denoising method improves the Jensen divergence of connectivity patterns corresponding to different task conditions. Furthermore, we apply the Laplacian denoising technique to brain networks estimated from real EEG data recorded during MI-BCI experiments. Using our novel formulation of the J-divergence, we are able to quantify the distance between the FC networks in the motor imagery and resting states, as well as to understand the contribution of each Laplacian variable to the total J-divergence between two states. Experimental results on real MI-BCI EEG data demonstrate that the Laplacian denoising improves the separation of motor imagery and resting mental states, and shortens the time interval required for connectivity estimation. We conclude that the approach shows promise for the robust detection of connectivity states while being appealing for implementation in real-time BCI applications., Comment: This work has been submitted to the IEEE for possible publication. Copyright may be transferred without notice, after which this version may no longer be accessible

The Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson variant of Ohdo syndrome (SBBYSS) and Genitopatellar syndrome (GTPTS) are 2 rare but clinically well-described diseases caused by de novo heterozygous sequence variants in the KAT6B gene. Both phenotypes are characterized by significant global developmental delay/intellectual disability, hypotonia, genital abnormalities, and patellar hypoplasia/agenesis. In addition, congenital heart defects, dental abnormalities, hearing loss, and thyroid anomalies are common to both phenotypes. This broad clinical overlap led some authors to propose the concept of KAT6B spectrum disorders. On the other hand, some clinical features could help to differentiate the 2 disorders. Furthermore, it is possible to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation when considering the position of the sequence variant along the gene, supporting the notion of the 2 disorders as really distinct entities.

Whole exome sequencing (WES) has made the identification of causative SNVs/InDels associated with rare Mendelian conditions increasingly accessible. Incorporation of softwares allowing CNVs detection into the WES bioinformatics pipelines may increase the diagnostic yield. However, no standard protocols for this analysis are so far available and CNVs in non-coding regions are totally missed by WES, in spite of their possible role in the regulation of the flanking genes expression. So, in a number of cases the diagnostic workflow contemplates an initial investigation by genomic arrays followed, in the negative cases, by WES. The opposite workflow may also be applied, according to the familial segregation of the disease. We show preliminary results for a diagnostic application of a single next generation sequencing panel permitting the concurrent detection of LOH and variations in sequences and copy number. This approach allowed us to highlight compound heterozygosity for a CNV and a sequence variant in a number of cases, the duplication of a non-coding region responsible for sex reversal, and a whole-chromosome isodisomy causing reduction to homozygosity for a WFS1 variant. Moreover, the panel enabled us to detect deletions, duplications, and amplifications with sensitivity comparable to that of the most widely used array-CGH platforms.

This paper presents a novel space-time recursive least-squares adaptive algorithm, which performs filter coefficients updates in space and postponed filtering in time. The algorithm is used for intersymbol interference suppression in optical camera communications, which is a subgroup of visible light communication systems. Optical camera communications uses image sensor receivers, as those available in smartphones, tablets, and laptops, to detect changes in light intensity in order to allow data transmission. The achievable data transmission rate of optical camera communication systems is nowadays constrained by the frame-per-second rate achieved by those devices, so that the spatial dimension, e.g., multiple-input multiple-output techniques, are typically exploited. Spatial intersymbol interference could arise and image blurring can be an issue especially when the link distance grows and/or when the receiver is in mobility. We present here a semiblind spatial fractionally spaced equalizer that uses a novel space-time recursive least-square adaptive algorithm to counteracts the blur introduced by the optical channel. Numerical results show how the bit error rate can be drastically reduced in both motion and out-of-focus blur scenarios.

Prader-Willi syndrome is a complex condition caused by lack of expression of imprinted genes in the paternally derived region of chromosome 15 (15q11q13). A small number of patients with Prader-Willi phenotype have been discovered to have narrow deletions, not encompassing the whole critical region, but only the SNORD116 cluster, which includes genes codifying for small nucleolar RNAs. This kind of deletion usually is not detected by the classic DNA methylation analysis test. We present the case of a male patient with a mild Prader-Willi phenotype and a small deletion including SNORD116, diagnosed by methylation-sensitive multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA. The patient showed neonatal hypotonia, hyperphagia, obesity, central hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, strabismus. Stature and intellectual development are within the normal range. The presence of macrocephaly, observed in other cases of SNORD116 deletions as well, is uncommon for the classic phenotype of the syndrome.

Indoor access to the Internet via visible light communication (VLC) technology is becoming an issue and in this sense system planning requires to look at the number of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to be used. This task can be accomplished by looking at different performance metrics. We consider the problem of optimal footprint mapping by taking into account the achievable user rate when handover procedures take place due to user mobility. This problem is equivalent to the optimal LEDs placement. In this regard, it is shown that several parameters influence system performance starting from the data rate of download, the speed of the user in the room as well the handover time. In this context, we derive a mathematical tool for VLC network planning and show the performance that can be achieved as a function of different parameters.

The genetic basis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS), a rare, sporadic, clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by cognitive impairment and a wide spectrum of multiple congenital anomalies, is primarily due to private mutations in CREBBP (approximately 55% of cases) or EP300 (approximately 8% of cases). Herein, we report the clinical and the genetic data taken from a cohort of 46 RSTS patients, all carriers of CREBBP point mutations. Molecular analysis revealed 45 different gene alterations including 31 inactivating (21 frameshift and 10 nonsense), 10 missense and 4 splicing mutations. Bioinformatic tools and transcript analyses were used to predict the functional effects of missense and splicing alterations. Of the 45 mutations, 42 are unreported and 3 were described previously. Recurrent mutations maybe a key tool in addressing genotype-phenotype correlations in patients sharing the same defects (at the genomic or transcript level) and specific clinical signs, demonstrated here in two cases. The clinical data of our cohort evidenced frequent signs such as arched eyebrows, epicanthus, synophrys and/or frontal hypertrichosis and broad phalanges that, previously overlooked in RSTS diagnosis, now could be considered. Some suggested correlations between organ-specific anomalies and affected CREB-binding protein domains broaden the RSTS clinical spectrum and perhaps will enhance patient follow-up and clinical care.

The Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson variant of Ohdo syndrome (SBBYSS) and Genitopatellar syndrome (GTPTS) are 2 rare but clinically well-described diseases caused by de novo heterozygous sequence variants in the KAT6B gene. Both phenotypes are characterized by significant global developmental delay/intellectual disability, hypotonia, genital abnormalities, and patellar hypoplasia/agenesis. In addition, congenital heart defects, dental abnormalities, hearing loss, and thyroid anomalies are common to both phenotypes. This broad clinical overlap led some authors to propose the concept of KAT6B spectrum disorders. On the other hand, some clinical features could help to differentiate the 2 disorders. Furthermore, it is possible to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation when considering the position of the sequence variant along the gene, supporting the notion of the 2 disorders as really distinct entities.

Prader-Willi syndrome is a complex condition caused by lack of expression of imprinted genes in the paternally derived region of chromosome 15 (15q11q13). A small number of patients with Prader-Willi phenotype have been discovered to have narrow deletions, not encompassing the whole critical region, but only the SNORD116 cluster, which includes genes codifying for small nucleolar RNAs. This kind of deletion usually is not detected by the classic DNA methylation analysis test. We present the case of a male patient with a mild Prader-Willi phenotype and a small deletion including SNORD116, diagnosed by methylation-sensitive multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA. The patient showed neonatal hypotonia, hyperphagia, obesity, central hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, strabismus. Stature and intellectual development are within the normal range. The presence of macrocephaly, observed in other cases of SNORD116 deletions as well, is uncommon for the classic phenotype of the syndrome.

In this paper, a novel phase estimator that can be employed for both square and cross Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) based digital transmission is presented. It does not need gain control and requires only the knowledge of the type of the transmitted symbol constellation, i.e., square or cross. It is based on the evaluation of the fourth power of the received data and the measurement of the orientation of the concentration ellipses of the bivariate Gaussian distribution having the same second-order moments. The analytical evaluation of the estimation error as well as of the asymptotic variance is provided. Experimental results outline the good performance of the estimator described here, which is superior to that of well-known phase estimation methods. Finally, it is outlined how the eccentricity of the concentration ellipses can be used to devise a test for detecting the constellation type.

In this paper, an unsupervised model-based texture reproduction technique is described. In accordance with the Julesz's (1962) conjecture, the statistical properties of the prototype up to the second order are copied in order to generate a synthetic texture perceptually indistinguishable from the given sample. However, this task is accomplished using a hybrid approach which operates partially in the spatial domain and partially in a multiresolution domain. The latter employed is the circular harmonic function (CHF) domain since it has been proven to be well suited for mimicking the behavior of the human visual system (HVS). This approach allows, for a wide range of textures typologies, obtaining synthetic textures that better match the prototype with respect to the ones obtained using techniques based on the Julesz's conjecture operating only in the spatial domain, and to dramatically reduce the computational complexity of similar methods operating only in the multiresolution domain.

Recently, a novel class of nonlinear adaptive filters, called spline adaptive filters (SAFs), has been introduced and demonstrated to be very effective in many practical applications. The learning rules of these architectures are based on the least mean square (LMS) algorithm. In order to provide theoretical foundation to the SAF, in this paper we provide a steady-state performance evaluation. In particular, after the stochastic analysis of the mean behavior of the SAF approach under the Gaussian assumption, the analytical derivation of the theoretical excess mean square error (EMSE) and the normalized misadjustment are derived and discussed. The proposed analysis of EMSE and misadjustment is based on the energy conservation approach that has been extended to SAF architecture. The derived theoretical analysis allows to accurately predict the steady-state performance. Therefore, some properties for the correct choice of filter parameters are also provided. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the analysis results.

Primary pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) is a rare syndrome, characterized by digital clubbing, periostosis, and pachydermia. We have evaluated biochemical bone turnover markers, including components of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-?B ligand (OPG/RANKL) systems, in an 18-year-old man affected by primary PDP. The acute phase of the disease was characterized in our patient by high serum levels of IL-6 and RANKL. The observed high serum levels of these parameters are associated with increased values in markers of bone resorption (degradation products of C-terminal telopeptides of type-I collagen and urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio) and reduced serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase, a marker of bone formation. Serum levels of osteotrophic hormones were in the normal range. Our data suggest that, despite the radiographic findings, the acute phase of primary PDP is characterized by increased bone resorption, probably mediated by IL-6 and RANKL. Read More: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03009740701772457

The ever increasing need to be able to take advantage of broadband services without the need to increase the electromagnetic pollution, has led the scientific community, in recent years, to look for alternatives to the use of a radio frequency communication. From this, it stems the need of budding paradigm of visible light communications. In the context of the activities of the IEEE 802.15.7 Task Group, a new modulation format named Color Shift Keying (CSK), based on sending signals spaced in the domain of the wavelength able to both support the communication and the illumination of indoor environments has been tackled. In this paper, a transmission scheme based on the use of the CSK modulation which also makes use of a modulation format that descends from the Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) has been proposed. The aim of this contribution is also proposing the receiver architecture for that kind of transmission and then evaluate its performance in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) of Transmission Rate by performing also comparisons with the literature. The proposed scheme is robust with respect to optical interference and presents high rate and low BER at the cost of a bit complexity increasing with respect to other approaches.

Electroencephalography is potentially more secure and privacy-compliant than traditional biometric identifiers. A related video can be seen here: http://youtu.be/5f0zflJRnvc. It depicts four maps representing the spatial distribution on the scalp of an EEG signal in time for the four bands Delta, Theta, Alpha, and Beta. Another related video can be seen here: http://youtu.be/X34pUw-4z_8. It depicts the spatial distribution on the scalp of an EEG amplitude spectral density (top) for frequencies ranging in the [1, 30] Hz interval (bottom).

The genetic basis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS), a rare, sporadic, clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by cognitive impairment and a wide spectrum of multiple congenital anomalies, is primarily due to private mutations in CREBBP (approximately 55% of cases) or EP300 (approximately 8% of cases). Herein, we report the clinical and the genetic data taken from a cohort of 46 RSTS patients, all carriers of CREBBP point mutations. Molecular analysis revealed 45 different gene alterations including 31 inactivating (21 frameshift and 10 nonsense), 10 missense and 4 splicing mutations. Bioinformatic tools and transcript analyses were used to predict the functional effects of missense and splicing alterations. Of the 45 mutations, 42 are unreported and 3 were described previously. Recurrent mutations maybe a key tool in addressing genotype-phenotype correlations in patients sharing the same defects (at the genomic or transcript level) and specific clinical signs, demonstrated here in two cases. The clinical data of our cohort evidenced frequent signs such as arched eyebrows, epicanthus, synophrys and/or frontal hypertrichosis and broad phalanges that, previously overlooked in RSTS diagnosis, now could be considered. Some suggested correlations between organ-specific anomalies and affected CREB-binding protein domains broaden the RSTS clinical spectrum and perhaps will enhance patient follow-up and clinical care.

The synthesis of phytochelatins (PC), intracellular metal-binding polypeptides characterized by a repeating sequence of gamma-glutamic acid- cysteine (gamma-Glu-Cys) pairs, has been studied in laboratory cultures of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum exposed to Cd, Pb or Zn. Cd and Pb were able to induce PC of different degree of polymerization. The accumulation of the peptides follows a direct relationship with the metal exposure. No PC induction was observed in Zn-treated cultures, although the intracellular concentration of Zn increased during exposure. Both in short-term (7 h exposure, 10 microM Cd or Pb) and 3-day experiments (metal concentration less than 0.5 microM), the major fraction of total PC gamma-Glu-Cys subunits synthesized was polymerized as PC2 when cells were exposed to Pb, but as PC4 when cells were exposed to Cd. In short-term experiments about 50% of the gamma-Glu-Cys residues of the cellular pool of glutathione was quickly and almost quantitatively converted into PC. Recovery experiments, in which metal-stressed cells are suspended in a metal-free medium, showed a decrease of the PC pool and a concomitant increase of glutathione, suggesting a mechanism of degradation and release of metal-phytochelatin complexes.

The urinary benzene metabolite trans,trans-muconic acid (MA) was determined in 144 children living in Campania (Italy): 92 from Naples (1,300,000 inhabitants), designated as an urban source, and compared to 52 from Pollica (300 inhabitants), considered a rural, background exposure for benzene. The children participating in the study were tested by an anonymous questionnaire about the possible sources of exposure to benzene. Quantifiable levels of MA were found in 63% of the urine samples analyzed. Setting the value of nondetectable urinary samples at 7 microg/L MA, a value that is one-half of the instrument detection limit of 14 microg/L, the mean urinary concentration levels were 98.7+/-81.0 microg/L and 48.4+/-71.7 microg/L in Naples and Pollica, respectively; adjustment of these values to creatinine clearance resulted in MA levels of 141.2+/-145.4 microg/L in Naples and 109.8+/-133.2 microg/L in Pollica. Passive smoke exposure did not significantly affect urinary MA levels, but proximity of the home to traffic increased urine MA content. Data show that MA can be utilized as a biomarker for exposure; however, a clear-cut association to benzene requires personal monitoring and control of dietary sorbic acid.

This work extends the Bussgang blind equalization algorithm to the multichannel case with application to image deconvolution problems. We address the restoration of images with poor spatial correlation as well as strongly correlated (natural) images. The spatial nonlinearity employed in the final estimation step of the Bussgang algorithm is developed according to the minimum mean square error criterion in the case of spatially uncorrelated images. For spatially correlated images, the nonlinearity design is rather conducted using a particular wavelet decomposition that, detecting lines, edges, and higher order structures, carries out a task analogous to those of the (preattentive) stage of the human visual system. Experimental results pertaining to restoration of motion blurred text images, out-of-focus spiky images, and blurred natural images are reported.

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare congenital neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by postnatal growth deficiency, skeletal abnormalities, dysmorphic features and cognitive deficit. Mutations in two genes, CREBBP and EP300, encoding two homologous transcriptional co-activators, have been identified in ˜55% and ˜3-5% of affected individuals, respectively. To date, only eight EP300-mutated RSTS patients have been described and 12 additional mutations are reported in the database LOVD. In this study, EP300 analysis was performed on 33 CREBBP-negative RSTS patients leading to the identification of six unreported germline EP300 alterations comprising one deletion and five point mutations. All six patients showed a convincing, albeit mild, RSTS phenotype with minor skeletal anomalies, slight cognitive impairment and few major malformations. Beyond the expansion of the RSTS-EP300-mutated cohort, this study indicates that EP300-related RSTS cases occur more frequently than previously thought (˜8% vs 3-5%); furthermore, the characterization of novel EP300 mutations in RSTS patients will enhance the clinical practice and genotype-phenotype correlations.

The asymptotic performance of transient detection based on higher order moments is theoretically derived, invoking the asymptotic normality of the decision statistics, and a detector based on the third-order absolute moment is proposed. The analysis shows that for a transient duration of less than half the observation window, the proposed detector outperforms the detectors based on the second- and fourth-order moments for a wide range of SNR values. Computer simulations assess the applicability of the theoretical analysis.

In this paper, a model based texture classification procedure is presented. The texture is modeled as the output of a linear system driven by a binary image. This latter retains the morphological characteristics of the texture and it is specified by its spatial autocorrelation function (ACF). We show that features extracted from the ACF of the binary excitation suffice to represent the texture for classification purposes. Specifically, we employ a moment invariants based technique to classify the ACF. The resulting proposed classification procedure is thus inherently rotation invariant. Moreover, it is robust with respect to additive noise. Experimental results show that this approach allows obtaining high correct rotation-invariant classification rates while containing the size of the feature space.

An improvement of the method commonly used for the determination of ivermectin is proposed. An automatic system is used for the solid-phase extraction column purification stage in order to provide more efficient and fast sample preparation, prior to separation and quantification by HPLC. Some tests were performed to obtain recovery and repeatability data. The mean recovery for spiked samples (five replicates twice at three concentration levels) was more than 90% in the concentration range 7.5-30 ng g-1. The tests for accuracy (five replicates at three concentration levels) gave a standard error of -2.0% at the highest and -19.2% at the lowest concentration. Concerning repeatability data (five replicates twice at three concentration levels), in the concentration range 7.5-30 ng g-1 the RSD varied from 9.29 to 2.15%. The described method was used in a survey on the presence of ivermectin in food-producing animals in two regions of southern Italy; no positives out of 250 liver samples were found.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN), i.e. networks of autonomous, wireless sensing nodes spatially deployed over a geographical area, are often faced with acquisition of spatially sparse fields. In this paper, we present a novel bandwidth/energy efficient CS scheme for acquisition of spatially sparse fields in a WSN. The paper contribution is twofold. Firstly, we introduce a sparse, structured CS matrix and we analytically show that it allows accurate reconstruction of bidimensional spatially sparse signals, such as those occurring in several surveillance application. Secondly, we analytically evaluate the energy and bandwidth consumption of our CS scheme when it is applied to data acquisition in a WSN. Numerical results demonstrate that our CS scheme achieves significant energy and bandwidth savings wrt state-of-the-art approaches when employed for sensing a spatially sparse field by means of a WSN., Comment: Submitted to EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing

We present a case of ultrasonographic prenatal diagnosis at 24 weeks of femur-fibula-ulna (FFU) complex. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an early prenatal diagnosis of FFU.

The polarity coincidence estimator of the spectral centroid counts the net number of times the phasor of a stationary Gaussian process crosses a chosen phase-reference straight line through the origin during a time T. By following Pawula's (1968) approach, the covariance of two different simultaneous polarity-coincidence estimates having distinct phase reference lines is derived. This basic result is applied to compute the variance of a generalized polarity-coincidence estimator considering N arbitrarily chosen reference lines. >

In this paper the use of brain waves as a biometric identifier is investigated. Among the very different protocols that can be used to acquire the electroencephalogram signal (EEG) of an individual we rely on a very simple one: closed eyes in resting conditions. A database of 48 healthy subjects, collected by the authors at the neurophysiology laboratory of the IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy, has been used for the experiments. Signals acquired from triplets of electrodes have been employed in the experimentations. In more detail, ten different triplets have been used separately in the experiments in order to speculate about the most suitable triplet to capture the occurring phenomena. Feature vectors constituted by the reflection coefficients of a six order AR model have been extracted for each used channel thus giving rise to a feature vector of length eighteen. A polynomial regression based classification is then employed. This analysis has been performed for three different frequency bands for each of the ten different triplet under analysis. The obtained genuine acceptance rate is of 96.08%.

Basic aspects of time delay estimation (TDE) based on sampled signals are investigated. The direct cross-correlation method is analyzed and compared to the average square difference function (ASDF) and the (addition only based) average magnitude difference function (AMDF) estimators, Their relative accuracy is theoretically evaluated, and previous empirical results are explained. It is shown that both the ASDF- and the AMDF-based estimators outperform the direct cross-correlation based estimator for medium-high signal-to-noise ratios. Moreover, the AMDF-based estimator, which avoids any multiplications, significantly reduces the computational complexity of the estimation procedure while offering only a moderate performance loss with respect to the ASDF based estimator. >

We describe a dominant point mutation in the COL1A1 gene causing extremely severe osteogenesis imperfecta (OI type II/III) which was detected in the dermal fibroblasts of a proband, diagnosed by ultrasonography at 24 weeks of gestation. Type I collagen secretion was reduced and pro alpha 1(I) chains were overmodified. The mutation was localised in one COL1A1 allele by chemical cleavage of mismatched bases in normal cDNA/proband's mRNA heteroduplexes, and identified by cloning and sequencing. A G-to-A transition which causes the substitution of Gly-415 with serine in the alpha 1(I) triple helical domain was found. The same mutation was detected in the father's spermatozoa and lymphocytes. Mosaicism in the father's germline explains the occurrence in the family of two additional OI pregnancies, which were documented by X-ray and ultrasound investigations.

An extension of the polarity coincidence (PC) method for estimating the center frequency of a power spectral density (PSD) is proposed. By applying Price's theorem, the variance of this new estimator for Gaussian processes is evaluated. Its performance is compared and related to that of the averaged output of an ideal tuned FM receiver. >

The aim of this study was to elucidate if the TV commercials that were remembered by the subjects after their observation within a documentary elicited particular brain activity when compared to the activity generated during the observation of TV commercials that were forgotten. High resolution EEG recordings were performed in a group of 10 healthy subjects with the steady state somatosensory evoked potentials (SSSEPs) technique, in which a series of light electrical stimulation at the left wrist were delivered at the frequency of 20 Hz. The brain activity was indexed by the phase delay of the EEG spectral responses at 20 Hz with respect to the stimulus delivering and evaluated at the scalp level as well as at the cortical surface using several regions of interest coincident with the Brodmann areas (BAs). Results suggest that the cerebral processes involved during the observation of TV commercials that were remembered by the population examined (RMB dataset) are generated by the posterior parietal cortices and the prefrontal areas, rather bilaterally. These results are compatible with previously results obtained in literature by using MEG and fMRI devices during similar experimental tasks. High resolution EEG is able to summarize, with the use of SSSEPs methodologies, the behavior of the estimated cortical networks subserving the proposed memory tasks. It is likely that such tool could play a role in the next future for the investigation of the neural substrates of the human behavior in decision-making and recognition tasks.

A twin stage texture synthesis-by-analysis method is presented. It aims to approximate first- and second-order distributions of the texture, accordingly to the Julesz conjecture. In the first stage, the binary textural behavior of a given prototype is represented by means of a hard-limited Gaussian process. In the second stage, the texture is synthesized by passing the binary hard-limited Gaussian process through a linear filter followed by a zero memory histogram equalizer.

Intact and fully active elongation factor aEF-1 alpha from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus has been crystallized as a complex with GDP. Crystals were stable at temperatures below 8 degrees C and showed significant diffraction beyond 3.0 Angstrom. The orthorhombic lattice parameters were a = 62.9 Angstrom, b = 81.3 A, c = 115.6 Angstrom with one molecule per asymmetric unit.

To assess at a population-based level the frequency with which severe structural congenital malformations are detected prenatally in Europe and the gestational age at detection, and to describe regional variation in these indicators.In the period 1995-1999, data were obtained from 17 European population-based registries of congenital malformations (EUROCAT). Included were all live births, fetal deaths and terminations of pregnancy diagnosed with one or more of the following malformations: anencephalus, encephalocele, spina bifida, hydrocephalus, transposition of great arteries, hypoplastic left heart, limb reduction defect, bilateral renal agenesis, diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele and gastroschisis.The 17 registries reported 4366 cases diagnosed with the 11 severe structural malformations and of these 2300 were live births (53%), 181 were fetal deaths (4%) and 1863 were terminations of pregnancy (43%); in 22 cases pregnancy outcome was unknown. The overall prenatal detection rate was 64% (range, 25-88% across regions). The proportion of terminations of pregnancy varied between regions from 15% to 59% of all cases. Gestational age at discovery for prenatally diagnosed cases was less than 24 weeks for 68% (range, 36-88%) of cases. There was a significant relationship between high prenatal detection rate and early diagnosis (P0.0001). For individual malformations, the prenatal detection rate was highest for anencephalus (469/498, 94%) and lowest for transposition of the great arteries (89/324, 27%). Termination of pregnancy was performed in more than half of the prenatally diagnosed cases, except for those with transposition of the great arteries, diaphragmatic hernia and gastroschisis, in which 30-40% of the pregnancies with a prenatal diagnosis were terminated.European countries currently vary widely in the provision and uptake of prenatal screening and its quality, as well as the "culture" in terms of decision to continue the pregnancy. This inevitably contributes to variation between countries in perinatal and infant mortality and in childhood prevalence and cost to health services of congenital anomalies.

A DNA fragment containing the trpEGC gene cluster was isolated from the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus. The products of trpE, trpG, and trpC from S. solfataricus were compared to the homologous products from a eukaryote, a eubacterium, and two archaebacteria, namely, a methanogen and an extreme halophile. They appeared to be equally related to the proteins from Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the percentages of conserved amino acids being roughly the same as those measured when comparing the eubacterial and eukaryotic sequences directly. These percentages did not rise significantly when a comparison with the proteins from Haloferax volcanii was drawn, while a slightly closer relationship with the proteins from Methanococcus thermoautotrophicum was found.

A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study was performed in 56 patients with short stature of unknown cause in order to establish the role of deletion of the SHOX gene in this population. FISH analysis was carried out on metaphase spreads and interphase lymphocytes from blood smears using a probe specific for the SHOX gene. Deletion of SHOX was found in four patients (7.1%). No skeletal abnormalities were detected in these patients either at the physical examination or at X-rays of the upper and lower limbs. Present results indicate that SHOX plays an important role also in short stature of unknown cause, and FISH analysis appears as an easy, appropriate, and inexpensive method for the detection of SHOX deletion.

The authors present a DOA estimation procedure which is based on the assumption of highly correlated Gaussian noise contaminating nonGaussian sources, and which jointly employs second order statistics and higher order cumulants statistics. From second order statistics, they identify a set of candidate angles in which both true signal DOA's and spourious noise induced DOA's are present. Then, the signal DOA's are extracted by resorting to higher order statistics and to the nonGaussianity of the sources. Even though the estimates are biased when the noise is not fully correlated, simulation results show that, for SNR values below a certain threshold, this bias does not (significantly) affect the estimation accuracy and that the proposed approach outperforms the straight-forward application of Root-MUSIC to the matrix of fourth order cumulants. >

In this contribution we derive a lower bound for the accuracy of blind estimation of communications channels when excess bandwidth is available and exploited through fractional sampling. The estimation methods to which we refer do not rely on the stochastic nature of the transmitted sequence, and performance analysis is generally conducted ignoring this fact, i.e. referring to a particular known transmitted sequence. Since the resulting conditioned (or deterministic) Cramer Rao bound does not take into account the effect of averaging on different transmitted sequences, and since the unconditioned (or stochastic) Cramer Rao bound is too optimistic, herein we derive another bound, namely the diversity variance bound (DVB), which properly takes into account the averaging on different transmitted sequences, without exploiting the Fisher information that they carry on, which is actually taken into account by the unconditioned Cramer Rao bound.