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This investigation focuses on the effectiveness of coconut shell activated carbon in removing synthetic dye mixture from aqueous solutions. Coconut shell activated carbon, an economical and effective adsorbent, was made from agricultural waste raw material and chemically activated by sulphuric acid treatment. Activated carbon is characterised using FT-IR and SEM analysis. Batch adsorption studies were conducted by adjusting conditions such contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and temperature. The equilibrium of the adsorption process was described through analysis of isothermal models including Freundlich, Langmuir, and Scatchard. Kinetic data followed a pseudo-second order model. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption was endothermic, spontaneous, and feasible. The results of the experiment indicate that coconut shell activated carbon is an effective, environmentally acceptable adsorbent for eliminating synthetic dye mixt from aqueous solution.

Wind turbines are subjected to factors like fatigue, aerodynamics, structural flexibility and wind turbulence which lead to uncertain behaviour. This affects stability and deteriorates the performance of the large structured wind turbine. In order to reduce the effects of uncertainties on the system performance and its structure, a robust controller design is necessary. In this paper, it is proposed to design a $$\mu $$-synthesis-based robust controller to overcome the effects due to uncertainties. A $$\pm \,25\%$$ variation in the values of the system matrix elements is considered for analysis in this paper. A 109th order of the proposed $$\mu $$-controller is obtained, wherein it is reduced to a 7th order controller by using the balanced truncation method. The robust stability and robust performances are satisfactorily achieved with both these controllers. Furthermore, the worst-case performance of the uncertain wind turbine is also analysed.

This paper deals with the some oscillation criteria for the two dimensional difference system of the form: . Examples illustrating the results are inserted.

Water scarcity is a huge problem and is been consistently increasing every year. Many of the water systems that keep ecosystems flourishing and feed a growing human population became stressed. Ocean, river, lake, streams are too much polluted. A lot of technologies are available on water recycling. Greywater is around 50% of household water usage but unfailing information relating to both the characteristics of greywater and the variety of recycling technologies are not available. In this review paper we have discussed the relative merits of different options available in greywater recycling and viability of onsite recycling systems.

This paper deals with the some oscillation criteria for the two-dimensional neutral delay difference system of the form . Examples illustrating the results are inserted.

This paper deals with the some oscillation criteria for the three dimensional neutral delay difference system of the form Δ xn+pnxn-k =bnynα Δ yn =cn znβ Δ(zn)=-anxn-l+1γ , n=1,2,…, Examples illustrating the results are inserted.

Background: Popliteal artery is the continuation of femoral artery which is the main and prime arterial supply to the knee, leg and foot. Variations of popliteal artery have been the subject of repeated study as exposure of this artery is required in both emergency and elective vascular procedures. Knowledge of the anatomical variations in the branching of popliteal artery is important, because damage to artery and its branches can lead to limb disability or life threatening haemorrhage. Methods: A total of 40 popliteal arteries were studied by dissection method. Specimens were collected from the cadavers which were available in the department of anatomy, JSS medical college, Mysore, India. Results: The origin, course and termination of the popliteal artery in all the 40 specimens were normal. Regarding the branching pattern of genicular arteries, there was a common stem of origin for superior medial genicular artery (SMGA), middle genicular artery (MGA), superior lateral genicular artery (SLGA) in 2 specimens (5%). Conclusions: Popliteal artery is the commonly approached site for above and below knee bypass grafts. It is also frequently injured during penetrating and blunt trauma involving lower extremity. Although prevalence of the variations was less in our study, the awareness of possible variations will be beneficial to angiographers and to vascular surgeons and orthopaedic surgeons.

Intense sweeteners namely Aspartame, Acesulfame K and Sucralose were used in the preparation of sugar substitute sprinklers and these were used in snack food, replacing sugar. Study was conducted with an objective to develop low calorie snack food. The psychometric study showed that the threshold values for Acesulfame K, Aspartame and Sucralose were 0.012, 0.030 and 0.005 g respectively. The time intensity study revealed that among three sweeteners Aspartame had more lingering sweetness (at 60 s). The sensory evaluation of Shankarpoli prepared using refined wheat flour revealed that there was no significant difference in typical attributes of the snack; Aspartame and Acesulfame K had same sweetness intensity where as Sucralose had higher intensity of sweetness. Consumer acceptance study revealed that 53 % of the consumers liked the snack with Sucralose, which is highest compared to other two sweeteners namely Aspartame and Acesulfame K (47 %). Thus sweeteners can be used as sweetening agents in traditional food preparations.

The present study was undertaken to study the impact of carbohydrate supplementation on physical and field performance of female high school Kho-kho players of Dharwad city, Karnataka, India. Players were divided into two groups as control and experimental. Both the groups were assessed for physical measurements, physical performance, nutrient intake before and during the supplementation. Experimental group supplemented with carbohydrate rich snack (Carbohydrate -72gm) three days before the final match. On the day of competition, experimental group received a carbohydrate (6.75%) electrolyte beverage before, during and after the competition. The physical performance results revealed significant improvement in the selected fitness tests like strength by 9.6 cm, agility by 1.2 sec, and endurance by 338 mts. There was significant improvement in the game performance. From the research findings it is evident that carbohydrate supplementation can be beneficial to activities like intermittent high intensity exercise similar to that of team sports.

A cross sectional study designed to measure the nutritional status of women in the third trimester of pregnancy and to relate the birth weight of neonate as outcome of pregnancy. Participants comprised of 500 pregnant women in the age group 18-40 years who represented 7.5% of population. Mean height, weight, fundal height and haemoglobin of pregnant women were 155.6 cm, 59.5 kg, 34.0 cm and 10.6 g/dl respectively. Computation of nutrient intakes (based on 24 h recall method) showed that the mean intake of energy was 1785.0 kcal, protein 56.2, calcium 775.6 mg, iron 17.9 mg, zinc 8.5 mg and magnesium 482.3 mg. Percent adequacy of nutrient intake with reference to recommended allowances showed that only magnesium was adequate but other nutrients mentioned above were inadequate. The mean birth weight of neonates was 2.9 kg. Height, head and chest circumferences were 48.5, 33.6 and 32.3 cm respectively. Twenty five percent of neonates considered as low birth weight. Statistical analysis indicated that male neonates were heavier, taller and their head and chest circumferences were higher than female. Maternal height, weight, fundal height and haemoglobin level were significantly correlated with birth weight. Nutrient intakes, namely energy, protein, calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in the third trimester were significantly correlated with birth weight. Using binary logistic regression analysis weight, fundal height, energy and protein intake of pregnant women could be considered as predictor factors for birth weight. It is suggested that consumption of enough nutrients should be emphasized in the nutrition education component of maternal health programmes

Cloud computing providing confidentiality over the insensitive data was the major issue related to security. It verifies the data owned by the server through linear computations. The proposed work enables security and efficiency using the cryptographic techniques of hybrid algorithms, securing the sensitive information that is present in the cloud. In the hybrid algorithm, it is the combination of problem encryption, key generation, result decryption and proof generation. It also validates the results which are being computed and also provides end-to-end confidentiality over the data to both the end user. The uses of hybrid algorithm results in a random key generation, encrypt/decrypt, and validate the satisfied results. This will provide a low cost to both server and client.

The objective of this study was to measure anthropometric and haemoglobin level and nutrient intake of expecting women in the third trimester of pregnancy and to relate the birth weight of neonates as outcome of pregnancy. A cross sectional study was performed in Zahedan City. Two hospitals situated in the city were selected based on their approval and cooperation. Five hundred healthy pregnant women in the age group 16-40 years were selected for this study. Findings showed that the mean height, weight, fundal height, and haemoglobin of pregnant women were 156.4 cm, 62.6 kg, 34.2 cm, and 11.1g/dl respectively. Nutrient intake was computed based on 24 hour recall method. The results showed that, the mean intake of energy was 1802 Kcal/day. The intake of protein, calcium, iron, zinc and magnesium were 70.7 g, 544.0 mg, 16.1 mg, 10.6 mg and 266.0 mg respectively. Percentage adequacy of nutrient intakes with reference to RDA recommendation showed 95% and 80% of subjects had sufficient RDA intakes, while energy, calcium, iron and zinc intake considered as insufficient. The mean birth weight of neonates was 3.0 kg and 13% of neonates showed low birth weight. Maternal height, weight, fundal height and haemoglobin level were significantly correlated with birth weight of neonates. Energy, protein and calcium intakes in the third trimester were significantly correlated with birth weight of neonates. Using the binary logistic regression analysis fundal height, haemoglobin level and energy intake of pregnant women were considered as predictor factors of birth weight of neonates.

The effect of incorporating soy on quality of a deep-fried product was investigated. Defatted soy flour was pretreated with microwave heat, pressure heat and enzyme and incorporated at 20% level to the product prepared with Bengal gram. Product without soy served as control. They were stored in different packaging materials at room and low temperatures for 4 weeks and analyzed every week for free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and acceptability. Fat absorption reduced by 31% and 11–19% in products prepared with untreated and pretreated soy, respectively, in comparison with control. The FFA content of low temperature-stored product at week IV was 0.92% compared with products stored at room temperature (1.56–1.81%). Incorporation of soy flour did not alter the FFA content in stored products but decreased PV. Low temperature-stored products were acceptable at week IV, whereas others developed an off flavor at the end of week III. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Deep-fried foods have a large share of the snack foods industry and are specially liked for their crunchy texture and unique flavor. Generally, however, they have high fat content and need to be consumed in restricted amounts for health reasons. A reduction in fat content of fried foods without compromising the sensory quality is a major challenge for the food manufacturer. The study explores the possibility of utilizing pretreated defatted soy flour in a deep-fried snack product with the purpose of reducing fat absorption and improving sensory and keeping quality. Incorporation of soy flour resulted in reduced fat absorption in fried products and pretreatment of soy flour improved the sensory quality of products. The study has potential application in snack food industry for reducing fat content in fried products and for improving sensory attributes by incorporating defatted soy flour, which in turn has many health benefits.

A highly acceptable dehydrated fruit punch was developed with selected fruits, namely lemon, orange, and mango, using a mixture design and optimization technique. The fruit juices were freeze dried, powdered, and used in the reconstitution studies. Fruit punches were prepared according to the experimental design combinations (total 10) based on a mixture design and then subjected to sensory evaluation for acceptability. Response surfaces of sensory attributes were also generated as a function of fruit juices. Analysis of data revealed that the fruit punch prepared using 66% of mango, 33% of orange, and 1% of lemon had highly desirable sensory scores for color (6.00), body (5.92), sweetness (5.68), and pleasantness (5.94). The aroma pattern of individual as well as combinations of fruit juices were also analyzed by electronic nose. The electronic nose could discriminate the aroma patterns of individual as well as fruit juice combinations by mixture design. The results provide information on the sensory quality of best fruit punch formulations liked by the consumer panel based on lemon, orange, and mango.

Diurnal and seasonal trends in net photosynthetic rate (P N), stomatal conductance (g), transpiration rate (E), vapour pressure deficit, temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density, and water use efficiency (WUE) were compared in a two-year-old Dalbergia sissoo and Hardwickia binata plantation. Mean daily maximum P N in D. sissoo ranged from 21.40±2.60 µmol m−2 s−1 in rainy season I to 13.21±2.64 µmol m−2 s−1 in summer whereas in H. binata it was 20.04±1.20 µmol m−2 s−1 in summer and 13.64±0.16 µmol m−2 s−1 in winter. There was a linear relationship between daily maximum P N and g s in D. sissoo but there was no strong linear relationship between P N and g s in H. binata. In D. sissoo, the reduction in g s led to a reduction in both P N and E enabling the maintenance of WUE during dry season thereby managing unfavourable environmental conditions efficiently whereas in H. binata, an increase in g s causes an increase of P N and E with a significant moderate WUE.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of incorporation of selected additives on fat uptake and sensory quality of two traditional deep fried snacks.Design/methodology/approachA wheat‐based snack Diamond cuts, and a rice and gram‐based spicy snack Kodbale, were chosen. The products were prepared by incorporating to the dough, 0.2, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 per cent of 11 different additives like gum acacia, gum Tragacanth, Methylcellulose, Gaur Gum, Pectin, Gum Karaya, Gum Carageenan, Xanthan Gum, Gum Gellan, Seafoam and Beligara. Products were evaluated for sensory attributes and fat uptake was estimated by soxhlet extraction.FindingsResults indicated that average fat uptake in Diamond cuts and Kodbale was 28.00 and 30 per cent, respectively. In Diamond cuts, while addition of additives did not alter fat uptake remarkably, a slight decrease in the case of gum Tragacanth (0.2 per cent) and Gaur Gum and Gum Carageenan (0.75 per cent) was observed. Statistical analysis of sensory attributes revealed only a marginal difference in textural quality of Diamond cuts incorporated with Gaur Gum, Pectin and Beligara. In Kodbale, fat uptake was marginally lowered by the addition of Gaur Gum, gum Tragacanth, Xanthan Gum and Gum Carageenan at 0.75 per cent. No significant differences were observed among the sensory qualities except for marginal differences in textural quality of Kodbale incorporated with Gaur Gum, Gum Carageenan and Beligara. It can be concluded that addition of additives did not influence the fat uptake or sensory quality of fried products studied to a significant extent.Originality/valueSince some of the additives improved textural quality of products and fried products are usually stored and consumed, these additives can probably help in improving the texture of stored products. Further studies in this area would help in confirming this.

The present study was undertaken to study the impact of nutrition education and carbohydrate supplementation on performance of high school kabaddi players of Dharwad, Karnataka. Players were divided in to two groups as control and experimental. Both the groups were assessed for physical measurements, physical performance, nutrient intake and nutrition knowledge, practice before the intervention. Experimental group received nutrition education for 12 contact hours. Later they were supplemented with carbohydrate rich snack (Carbohydrate –72gm) three days before the final match. On the day of competition experimental group received a carbohydrate (6.75%)electrolyte beverage before, during and after the competition. Physical performance was evaluated using AAHPERD physical fitness test. Real match was arranged between control and experimental group to evaluate the field performance. The findings of impact of nutrition education revealed that overall nutrition knowledge level increased significantly by 35% where as practice was improved only 13%. The knowledge improvement was better than practice. Carbohydrate intake after the nutrition education was 70%. This was further improved due to carbohydrate supplementation to 73%, which was significantly more than control group. The physical performance results revealed significant improvement in the selected fitness tests like strength by 12 cm, agility by 1.5 sec, endurance by 432 mts. There was significant improvement in the game performance as evaluated by coaches in experimental group (7.6) and in control group (4.2) and experimental group had won the match. Self-evaluation of performance by players showed intervention program was useful for their sports performance.

The investigation was undertaken with the objective of evaluating the impact of interventions (food and nutrient) on health status of preschool children at different intervals on withdrawal of interventions. 205 preschool children attending Anganwadi centers (functional unit of a national women and child welfare program) from rural areas near Mysore city, a district of Karnataka State, Southern India were enrolled. Nutrition and health status was assessed. Children were divided into five groups based on economic status with statistician's assistance for intervention. Each group constituted 30- 50 children. Two groups were supplemented with biscuits fortified with calcium, iron and vitamin A, another two groups received the fortificants in the tablet form on alternate days for a period of 6 months. One of the two groups in both the categories were priorly dewormed. One group served as control. The impact of the programme evaluated at the end of 6 months showed a reduction in the occurrence and duration of illnesses. On withdrawal of interventions, morbidity rates of all the groups reverted to their pre-intervention state but the extent of reversion was comparatively higher in the control group. A significant improvement in hemoglobin status, lowering of duration and incidence of illnesses at the end of intervention and deterioration of health status six months after withdrawal of interventions clearly demonstrated benefits of nutrient supplements.

The present study examined the favourable influence of three spice mixes derived from a few commonly consumed spices of known digestive stimulant action on digestive enzymes of pancreas and small intestine, and on bile secretion and composition in experimental rats. The common ingredients of these mixes were coriander, turmeric, red chilli, black pepper and cumin, while the spice mix II additionally had ginger, and spice mix III contained onion. All the three spice mixes favourably enhanced the activities of pancreatic lipase, chymotrypsin and amylase when consumed during the diet. In addition, these spice mixes brought about a pronounced stimulation of bile flow and of bile acid secretion. Among the three spice mixes examined, spice mix III which is customized so as to include spices that are desirable from the point of view of stimulation of digestion, had the highest stimulatory influence particularly on bile secretion, bile acid output and the activities of pancreatic enzymes. While activities of pancreatic lipase, amylase and chymotrypsin were elevated by 40, 16 and 77%, respectively, the bile volume as well as the bile acid secretion were almost doubled in spice mix III treatment. The higher secretion of bile especially with an elevated level of bile acids and a beneficial stimulation of pancreatic digestive enzymes, particularly of lipase could probably be the two mechanisms by which these combinations of spices aid in digestion.

Cumin seed ( Cuminum cyminum ), a commonly consumed spice was examined for a possible anti-diabetic influence in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. An eight week dietary regimen containing cumin powder (1.25%) was found to be remarkably beneficial, as indicated by reduction in hyperglycaemia and glucosuria. This was also accompanied by improvement in body weights of diabetic animals on the cumin diet. Dietary cumin also countered other metabolic alterations as revealed by lowered blood urea level and reduced excretions of urea and creatinine by diabetic animals.

In this paper, systems having uncertain but bounded parameters are considered. An effective procedure to determine the reduced order model of system using mixed methods of eigen spectrum and Pade approximation is discussed. The eigen values of reduced order interval system are obtained using Eigen spectrum by preserving some of the characteristics such as centroid and stiffness of the original high order interval system. The numerator polynomial is obtained using Pade approximation by preserving some of the time moments and Markov parameters. It has been verified using numerical examples and compared with other method [14].

The dietary adequacy (qualitative and quantitative) of preschool children residing in rural areas near Mysore (a district in south India) was assessed by the 'Food frequency method' and '24-h recall method'. Food intake assessed in three different seasons revealed that their diets were predominantly cereal based with negligible quantity of protective foods. The overall nutrient intake was found to be inadequate, irrespective of the seasons. The adequacy level of the nutrients (cereal dependence) was found to be comparatively better in monsoon and winter seasons because of better labour opportunities and availability. Food consumption pattern showed no gender differences. The nutrient adequacy also varied by the age of the children. The influence of 'food expenditure' on the nutrient adequacy was not statistically significant. Nutritional status was found to be a factor influencing nutrient intake. Apart from age, nutritional status and food availability, feeding practices may also influence the nutrient intake of the preschool children.

Tribes or adivasis are considered to be the parasites of the forests, thinking that they cannot exist without depending on the forest resource. But the trend has changed after the relocation of the tribes from forest to the periphery of the forest areas. Their way of living, language, food habits, occupation, leisure and entertainment, socio-cultural setup everything has changed drastically. The study exposes both in park and outside the park tribal settlements, to show the differences in their living conditions, socio-economic activities, leisure activities among men and women of these hadis. The study mainly focuses on the Jenu Kuruba tribe who is more in number in and around the National Park than the other tribes, like the Betta Kuruba and Yerava. Under India Eco-development Project the inpark 54 hadi tribes (1568 families), are being relocated (250 families already relocated), gradually. This has brought in major impact on the tribes who are inside the park. The inpark hadi tribes are also exposed to other places like Coorg, as wage earners in coffee estates. Thus the exposure to other places for livelihood purpose and the rehabilitation programmes has changed the traditional tribes to modernisation. Key words: Nagarahole National Park, Hadi, Tribes, Leisure, Jenu Kuruba, Ashram School, and Social aspect.

Background: Congenital anomalies of urinary system are common and are found in 3-4% of population, and lethal urinary anomalies account for 10% of termination of pregnancy. Methods: A study was done to know the incidence of congenital anomalies at birth for the period of 4 months from May 99 - Sept 99 at Cheluvamba hospital attached to Mysore medical college. Congenital anomalies in the still births, live births and aborted fetuses >20 weeks were studied along with the case history and ultrasound reports. Aborted fetuses and still born babies were collected for autopsy after the consent of parents. These babies were fixed in 10% formalin and autopsy was done after fixing, and anomalies were noted. Results: Total births during study period were 3000. There were 61 babies with congenital anomalies and 6 babies had anomalies of urinary system. Among the urinary system anomalies 1 baby had bilateral renal agenesis, 1 baby had unilateral renal agenesis with anophthalmia (Fraser syndrome), 2 babies had Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease (MCDK) and 1 live baby had hydronephrosis due to obstruction at pelvi ureteric junction, and 1 live female baby had polycystic kidneys. Conclusion: Incidence of urinary system anomalies in the present study was 2 per 1000 births. U/S detection of urinary anomalies varies with period of gestation, amniotic fluid volume and visualisation of urinary bladder. Autopsy helps to detect renal agenesis.

The influence of two varieties of betel leaf (Piper betle Linn.) namely, the pungent Mysore and non-pungent Ambadi, was examined on digestive enzymes of pancreas and intestinal mucosa and on bile secretion in experimental rats. The betel leaves were administered orally at two doses which were either comparable to human consumption level or 5 times this. The results indicated that while these betel leaves do not influence bile secretion and composition, they have a significant stimulatory influence on pancreatic lipase activity. Besides, the Ambadi variety of betel leaf has a positive stimulatory influence on intestinal digestive enzymes, especially lipase, amylase and disaccharidases. A slight lowering in the activity of these intestinal enzymes was seen when Mysore variety of betel leaf was administered, and this variety also had a negative effect on pancreatic amylase. Further, both the betel leaf varieties have shown decreasing influence on pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin activities.

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of anthropometric measurements of pregnant women, gestational weight gain, fundal height, and maternal factors, namely age, education, family income, parity along with maternal hemoglobin, on birth weight of neonates. A cross sectional study was performed in Khoy City in north west of Iran. Four hundred and fifty healthy pregnant women in the age between 16-40 years were selected for this study from seven health urban centers and one referral hospital. Findings showed that the mean age, height, fundal height, maternal weight, and gestational weight gain during pregnancy were 26.1 years, 159.1 cm, 32.9 cm, 72.0 kg, 11.8 kg respectively. The mean birth weight of neonates was 3.2 kg and 11% of neonates showed low birth weight. Age, family income, maternal height, weight, gestational weight gain and fundal height were significantly associated with birth weight of neonates. Using binary logistic regression analysis, fundal height, maternal hemoglobin, family income and gestational weight gain of pregnant women could be considered as predictive factors of birth weight of neonates.

Physiological effects of feeding ragi, cowpea, brinjal, guava and fractions of ragi and cowpea were studied in rats. All the materials except ragi starch increased faecal weight with a concomitant decrease in the transit time (TT). The cotyledon portion of cowpea was more effective in decreasing TT than the testa portion. Whole cowpea and brinjal brought about changes in the caecal volume and content. Digestibility of fibre from the test materials showed a wide variation.

Auramine staining was done on 65 histopathological sections from different types of treated leprosy cases which were negative by Fite-Farraco stain. All the sections except one showed auramine positive organisms. The organisms were mostly coccoid except in BL/LL cases where beaded bacilli could be seen.

Tender cluster bean pod (Ci'amopsis tetragonoloha) is a vegetable commonly consumed in South India and contains 20% of guar gum on dry weight basis. Effects of incorporating this vegetable into a hypercholesterolemic diet of rats were studied. All test materials-cluster bean 0.5 and 2.5% levels. commercial guar gum (0.5%), cluster bean partially free from guar gum ( 1.6%), neutral detergent fiber of cluster bean (0.6%)-exerted a hypocholes- terolemic effect and also lowered liver cholesterol concentration, but did not alter liver weights. Neutral detergent fiber ofcluster bean and guar gum lowered cholesterol levels, but the effect did not appear to be additive when these components were present together in the whole cluster bean. Am J C/in Nuir 1983:38:295-299.